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Module 2

SCIENCE
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11 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

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29Figure1. Image of an animal cell during cytokinesis. Retrieved from
30[Link] . September 4, 2017
31 An MWSP module developed by DepEd-Davao City
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35 Copyright Page

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39 Writer:
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43 MARIA CARMELA E. GILLADO
44 MT-II, Digos City National High School, digos City
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49 Evaluators:
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53 Education Program Supervisor- MWSP
54 Division of Davao City
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67 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits
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73Information about this MWSP learner’s material

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I. Objective/s: [Link] cells divide to produce new cells

2. meiosis as one of the processes producing genetic
Ia. Content Standards variations of the Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance

report on the importance of variation in plant and animal

Ib. Performance Standards breeding

Ic. Learning Competencies/ compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-
division cycle;
Objectives S8LT-IVd-16

explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the

chromosome number;
S8LT-IVe-17

2.1 Stages of mitosis

II. Content / Topic
2.2 Stages of meiosis
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99To the Learner

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103 Hello learners! Did you ever wonder where the trillions of cells in your body
104come from? How did you grow from that adorable little baby body to your
105present teenage form? How does the body repair worn out and damaged tissues?
106You will learn in this module how cells reproduce and pass on the genetic
107materials to each daughter cell.
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111Let’s Learn This
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113 You are what you are because

114 of your genetic materials. Your genes

115 contain the code for your traits. Genes are Figure Image. The organization of the DNA
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118 fragments of a long biological molecule
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120 called DNA. These are located in the
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122 chromosomes. Chromosomes are located
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124 in the nucleus ofthe cell. Every cell in our
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127 body has 46 chromosomes. We’ll be
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129 dealing about the transitions chromosomes
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131 undergo during the different stages in the
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133 cell cycle.
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136 as genetic material from the Grade 8 Science
137 Learner’s Module. P 318

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140 Let’s Try This
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144 Welcome to your first activity. This activity requires your reading
145comprehension and picture analysis skills.
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147 Activity 1
148 THE CELL CYCLE
149Objectives:
150 - Identify the stages of the cell cycle.
151 - Describe the sub stages of the interphase.

152Materials:
153 - Writing material or prepared activity sheet

154Procedure:
155 Read the selection in the box and answer the questions that follow.
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175 The Cell Cycle. Retrieved from [Link]
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181 The Cell Cycle
182 The chromosomes of a cell change form as the cell transitions from one stage to another in a
183 typical cell cycle. The cell cycle may be divided into two stages: the interphase where the
184 chromosomes are long and extended, and the cell division phase where the chromosomes
185 become condensed or thickened.
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187 The interphase refers to the period that follows one cell division and precedes another. During
188 this stage, the cell does not divide; it merely grows. The chromosome doubles or replicates
189 itself because the DNA molecule contained in the chromosome produces an exact copy of
190 itself.
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192 The interphase is divided into three substages. The stage from the formation of a new cell
until it begins to replicate its DNA is called the first gap period or G1, during which time the
193 cell grows initially. This stage is characterized by protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
synthesis. RNA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is then used to synthesize proteins.
194 The middle stage of interphase, called the synthesis stage or S, is the period of DNA
195 synthesis or replication. The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the next cell
division. The second gap period or G2, falls between the S period and the next cell division or
196 M (mitosis or meiosis). G2 represents a period of rapid cell growth to prepare for cell division.
Alternating with the interphase is the cell division phase.
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200Q1. What are the two alternating stages of the cell cycle?
201Q2. Does the cell divide during the interphase?
202Q3. What are the three substages of the interphase. Briefly describe each
203substage.
204Q4. What does the cell do during the M phase?
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206Let’s see how have you fared in the first activity. Check your answers. The answer
207key on page 17 will help you.
208You’re on to the next activity.
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210 Activity 2
211 MITOSIS
212Objectives:
213 - describe the events in the four stages of mitosis
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215Materials: prepared worksheet and pen
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218Procedure:

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219  There are 2 ways in which a cell divides. The first type of cell division is
220 called mitosis. The figure shown below is a dividing with 4
221 chromosomes.
222 The events in each of the four phases are illustrated. Study the
223 illustration and answer the following questions.
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226 Spindle fibers

227 centrioles
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238Figure [Link] of the different stages of mitosis. Retrieved from
239[Link]
240September 4, 2017
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242Guide Questions:
243Q5. What are the four phases of mitosis?
244Q6. During prophase, how many chromosomes does the cell in the picture have?
245Q7. Are the chromosomes double stranded or single stranded?
246Q8. During metaphase, how are the chromosomes arranged? Where do they line
247up, at the poles or in the middle of the cell?
248Q9. Are the chromosomes double stranded or single stranded?
249Q10. During anaphase , what happens to the chromosomes? Where do they go?
250Q11. What pull the chromatids towards the opposite poles?
251Q12. Are the chromosomes double stranded or single stranded?
252Q13. During telophase, how many single-stranded chromosomes reach each pole?
253Q14. Which cell parts reappear?
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 The formation of nuclear membrane completely separates the daughter
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nuclei. The division of the nucleus is called karyokinesis. The parent cell originally has
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chromosomes. Each daughter nucleus contains the same chromosome number. Hence
259 the chromosome count of the cell is maintained. This complete set of chromosomes is
260 called diploid.
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262Q15. Does the cytoplasm also divide?
263 The division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow develops in
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the middle of the cell in centripetal direction ( from the sides to the center of the cell ) due to the
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contraction of microtubules. It occurs till the edges of the plasma membrane meet. They fuse to
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267 form a separate membrane. In plant cell, the cytokinesis occurs due to the formation of cell plate
268 in centrifugal direction ( from the center extending outwards) .
269 Mitosis occurs in somatic cells or body cells. Mitosis enables to maintains genetic stability with in
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the population of cells derived from same parental cell. It helps the growth and tissue repair. It
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helps in the replacement of dead and worn out cells. It is a means of reproduction in lower
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273 organisms.
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275Check your answers. Refer to the answer key on page 17. How did you score ?
276You’re doing a good job!
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279 Let’s Remember This

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282 Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells like the skin
283 cells. The process has 4 stages : prophase, metaphase , anaphase and

284 telophase. Two daughter cells are produced with the same chromosome
number as the parent cell. It maintains genetic stability withIn the population of
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cells derived from same parental cell It helps the growth and tissue repair . It
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helps in the replacement of dead and worn out cells . It is a means of
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reproduction in lower organisms
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290You can now spot the key features of mitosis. Remember these things. They will
291come in handy in the next activity.
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293 Activity 3
294 PHASE TO PHASE
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296Objective: arrange the stages of mitosis correctly.
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298Materials: prepared worksheet,, paste, pair of scissors
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300Procedure:
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302 1. Cut out the boxed description of each stage of mitosis and the pictures
303 below. Paste them in the sequencing chart on the next page

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305 The double- Chromosome Chromosome Nuclear
306 stranded strands are align in the membrane
chromosomes pulled towards the middle of the reappears , two
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thicker and shorter opposite poles cell. daughter cells
308 due to repeated are formed.
coiling, the nuclear
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memebrane starts
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358 Activity 4
359 MEIOSIS
360Objectives:
361 - To describe the stages of meiosis.

362Materials:
363Procedure:
3641. Study the illustration of a cell with 4 chromosomes undergoing meiosis.
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382 Retrieved from [Link]
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384Guide Questions:
385Q16. How many chromosomes does the cell in the picture have?
386Q17 Are they double stranded or single stranded?
387Q18. Are the chromosomes in pairs or not?
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392 The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called (synapsis.) The pair is called
393 bivalent. In this stage the exchange of genetic material takes place between the non
394 sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This process is called genetic crossing
395 over. This results in genetic recombination which is responsible for variations. The
396 region at which the crossing over occurs is called chiasmata (It is a visible expression
397 of crossing over)
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400Q19. During metaphase I, how do chromosomes line up, in pairs or individually?
401Q20. During Anaphase I, are the separating chromosomes double stranded or single
402stranded?
403Q21. During telophase 1, how many daughter cells are formed?
404Q22. How many double stranded chromosomes does each daughter cell have?
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One set of chromosomes in a is called haploid (n).
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Cytokinesis may or may not occur at the end of meiosis I. The Interphase after the first
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meiotic division is called Interkinesis. It may be present or absent between meiosis-I and
408 meiosis-II. If present it may be short or in some cases telophase-I directly enters to prophase-
409 II. It is similar to Interphase except for the absence of replication of DNA.
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411Q23. How many double stranded chromosomes does each cell have during prophase II?
412Q24. During metaphase II, how do the double stranded chromosomes line up in the
413equatorial region, in pairs or individually?
414Q25. Are the chromosomes double stranded or single stranded?
415Q26. During anaphase II, what happens to the chromosomes?
416Q27. Are the chromosomes double stranded or single stranded?
417Q28. Each of the daughter cell divides in telophase II . How many daughter cells are formed
418all in all ?
419Q29. How many chromosomes does each daughter cell have?
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428 Let’s Remember This

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432 Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells particularly those involved in the
433 production of sex cell or gametes. It is important to note that the daughter cells in
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meiosis contain only one set of chromosomes from the parent cell. This is to help
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restore diploidy and maintain the constant number of chromosomes for a species.
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Meiosis also produce new combination of chromosomes and genes by
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crossing over and by a random distribution of paternal and maternal
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chromosomes to daughter cells. These two events result in variations which are
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the food for speciation.
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442I’ll refer you to the answer key on page 17 . Congratulations! You did a great job in spotting
443the key features of meiotic events. Now , fill in the cells below with the correct number of
444chromosomes during the indicated meiotic sequence .
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452 MEIOSIS I

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460Indeed, if a parent cell with 10 chromosomes divides by meiosis, during the first meiotic
461division, each cell would have 5 chromosomes each. During the second meiotic division,
462each daughter cell would still have 5 chromosomes each.
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465 Activity 5
466 Gametogenesis
467Objective:
468 - explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number;
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470Procedure:
471  Read the selection in the box below and and answer the questions.

472 Gametes or sex cells are formed by meiosis. Sperm cells are produced in the testes of
male animals. Meiosis produces four cells which are very small but of similar size. These
473 cells become spermatozoa (singular form is spermatozoon) or sperms. The nucleus is
474 found in the head of the sperm; mitochondria are found at the midpiece that connects the
475 head to the tail. These mitochondria provide the energy for the movement of the sperm’s
476 tail. Sperm cells formation is called spermatogenesis.
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505Q30 . If the parent cell contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each
506sperm cell have ?
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In female animals, egg cells are produced in the ovary. When a cell in the ovary
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undergoes meiosis, new cells which differ in size are produced. After meiosis I, two
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cells – one big and one small – are produced. Meiosis II produces one big and one
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small cell from the first big cell. The small cell produced from meiosis I may or may not
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divide. If it does, two small cells are produced. The big cell becomes the egg cell; the
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small cells disintegrate. The egg cell contains a lot of stored food which is used by the
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growing embryo at the start of its development. Formation of egg cell is called
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oogenesis.
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522Q31. If the parent cell contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the egg
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525Q32. What happens during fertilization?
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527Q33. Of what importance is the reduction of chromosome count into haploid during meiosis?
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530 Gametes such as eggs and sperms unite during fertilization, forming a diploid zygote.
531 The zygote has one set of chromosomes from the male parent and another set from
532 the female parent. In humans, both father and mother contribute 23 chromosomes
533 each through their gametes. Thus, the zygote has 46 chromosomes. The zygote
534 divides many times. This produces a new diploid multicellular organism.
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537Does that make sense? Meiosis is called reduction division. Turn to the answer key on
538page 18 . You deserve a short break. Review your answers again before you proceed
539to the next worksheet.
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548 Let’s Do this
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550 Activity 6
551 Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
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MITOIS MEIOSIS
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Place the following items in each proper place. Items that are common in both types of cell
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division are placed in the overlapping parts.
565 1. Occurs in body or somatic cells
566 2. Produces haploid cells
3. Produces 2 daughter cells
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4. Chromosome count of the parent cell is reduced to haploid.
568 5. Undergoes cytokinesis
6. Has 2 division sequences
569 7. Occurs in cells that produce gametes or sex cells
8. Chromosome count of parent cell is maintained in the daughter cells
570 9. Produces 4 daughter cells
10. Undergoes karyokinesis
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577 Let’s Test Ourselves

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580 Draw an arrow to connect to the cell in the illustration that is in the following stages of
581 mitosis:
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583 1. Prophase
584 2. Metaphase
585 3. Anaphase
586 4. Telophase

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590 Retrieved from [Link]
591 Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
592 _____ 1. Which stages of the cells cycle do most of the life of any cell is spent in the period
593 of growth and development?
594 a. M only c. G1, G2, and M
595 b. C and M d. G1, S, and G2
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597 _____ 2. In which stage does the cytoplasm divide to form two individual cells?

598 a. G1 phase c. mitosis

599 b. G2 phase d. cytokinesis

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601 _____ 3. Which statement describes what happens during karyokinesis?
602 a. DNA replication c. Doubling of cell size
603 b. Division of nucleus d. synthesizing enzymes for mitosis

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605 _____4. In which type of cells does meiosis occur ?

606 a. nerve cells c. reproductive cells

607 b. muscles cells d. connective tissue cells
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609 _____ 5. Which of the following cells actively divide by mitosis?
610 a. brain cells b. nerve cells c. ovarian cells d. skin cells

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616 Answer Key

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618Activity 1
[Link], M Phase
6202. No
6213. G1 : period of cell growth
622 S: DNA replicates
623 G2: cell continues to grow
6244. divides
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626Activity 2 1

6275. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 2 10

6286. 4 3
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6297. Double
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6308. Line up in the middle
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6319. Double
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63210. Separate, towards the opposite poles 8
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63311. Spindle fibers 9
63412. Single 10
63513. 4 11

63614. Nuclear membrane 12 5 5 5 5

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63715. Yes
638Activity 4
63916. 4
64017. Double
64118. In pairs
64219. In pairs
64320. Double stranded
64421. 2
64522. 2
64623. 2
64724. Individually
64825. Double

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64926. Separate
65027. Single
65128. 4
65229. 2
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654Activity 5
65530. 23
65631. 23
65732. Sperm and egg unite
65833. Restores the diploid condition of the zygote
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660Activity 6
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Mitosis Meiosis
663 5,10 2, 4, 6,7,
1,, 3,8
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669Test:
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671Prophase
672Metaphase
673Anaphase
674Telophase
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678 1. d 2. d 3.b 4.c 5. d

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683References:
684
685Campo, P., Chavez, M.,Catalan, M. H et. al . Science Grade 8 Learner’s Material-
686 Unit 4 (p. 320 - 321), 2013, Pasig City, Philippines, Department of
687 Education.
688
689Cell Cycle and Cell Dvision. Retrieved from [Link] bridge/
690 biology/ chap_14.pdf. September 5, 2017
691
692
693Department of Education (2016).DepEd logo, Retrieved from K to 12 Science
694 Curriculum Guide (August, 2016) on May 5, 2017.
695
696From [Link]
697From Science 8 Learner’s Material Unit 2, p.318, by P. cAMPO et al., 2015, Pasig
698 City, Philippines, Department of Education.
699
700From [Link]
701 a8eff56ba1d0#.Wa5p1CLwauk mitosis picture
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703From [Link]
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705From [Link]
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