Influence of Dates Seeds on the Slump and

Compressive Strength of Concrete

CE 496: Graduation Project (2)

Fall 2020
 Outlines
§ Acknowledgement
§ Introduction/History
§ Advantages of concrete
§ Disadvantages of concrete
§ Experimental program
§ Existing experimental results
§ Conclusions
§ References
 Acknowledgement
§ We would like to acknowledge everyone who played a role in
our academic achievements. First of all, our parents, who
supported us with love and understandings. Without you, we
could never have reached the current level of success.
§
§ Secondly, our supervisor, committee members, each of whom
has provided valuable scientific advice and guidance through
the graduation project. Thank you all from our deep of the
heart for your unwavering supports.

 Introduction/History
§ The Romans were the first to use ordinary concrete in history,
about 2,000 years ago. They have been used in most of their
buildings for their ease of formation and the possibility of
carrying them out with simple trained workers.
§
§ Concrete is a mixture of raw materials consisting of sand,
aggregate and cement with the addition of water to them. When
mixed well, a coherence process is called a time of doubt.
§
 Advantages of Concrete
§ Abundance of raw materials entering the concrete industry.
§ The diversity of concrete manufacturing methods and ease of
implementation in proportion to the importance and size of
the project.
§ Ease of forming concrete in any engineering form.
§ Long life and increased resistance and endurance with time.
§ Reduced costs of manufacturing and maintenance of concrete
compared to other construction materials.
§ Diversity of physical and mechanical properties to suit
different facilities.
§ Relative stature of fire, earthquakes and explosions compared
to other materials.
 Disadvantages of Concrete
§ Weakness of tensile strength, ranging from 10% to 20% of its pressure

resistance. (Weakness was treated by reinforcing steel that resists the

work of composite sections consisting of steel and concrete sectors).
§ The weight of the concrete and its relative density, which constitutes a

large proportion of the weight of the origin.

§ Concrete permeability (the permeability is treated by Reduce water or

add some additives to reduce water evaporation and crack treatment).

 Experimental Program
(Concrete Ingredients)

Coarse aggregate Date nucleus Cement Fine aggregate

Fig. 1: Materials
Making concrete using the nucleus of
dates

Using the nucleus of dates to

dilute the concrete instead of
coarse aggregates and have a
hardness comparable to coarse
aggregates resistance.
Fig. 2: Date Seeds
Advantages of concrete using date-
seeds
Utilization of Date-seeds has many benefits in concrete industry such as:

§ reduce in the usage of natural resources.

§
§ high performance.
§
§ low cost than the conventional concrete.
§
§ higher ultimate strength.
§
§ improve workability.
 Concrete Mixing
There are many ways to mix concrete, including manual mixing. It
is used since the beginning of the history of concrete. With
development, there are more efficient and precise mechanical
methods in quantities to give the required properties of the product.

Fig. 3: Concrete mixing machine

 Coarse aggregate

Put the coarse aggregate and

clean it 1/3 of the total water
ratio And we mix it for a minute
by manual or by mixing
machine.

Fig. 4: Coarse aggregates with water

 Coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate and Water

§ Apply fine aggregate and coarse

aggregate mixture and add 1/3 of the
total water content.
§
§ To become 1/6 of the total water
percentage.
§
§ And stir for two minutes.
Fig. 5: Mix Fine aggregate, Cores
§
.aggregate and Water
 Cement

§ Add the cement, coarse aggregate

and fine aggregate and add 1/3
of the total water content .
§
§ Then it is mixed for three minutes.

Fig. 6: Concrete mix

 Fresh Property (Slump)
§ Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the
workability or consistency of concrete mix prepared at the
laboratory or the construction site during the progress of
the work.
§
§ Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to
check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.
§
§ The slump test is the most simple workability test for
concrete.
 Concrete Slump Test
§ Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
§ Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
§ Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal
layers.
§ Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent
layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
§ Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
§ Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base
plate.
§ Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical
direction.
 Concrete Slump Test

Fig. 7: Concrete slump test procedure (Federation of Arab Engineers, 2018)

 Casting Specimens
§ The shape and size of the sample
depends on the construction site.
§
§ Depending on the type of tests to
be performed on the samples.
§
§ The samples rely on immersion in
water for 28 days to give the
best and most accurate results.
Fig. 8: Casting specimens
(Abdullah, 2000)
 Specimens Curing
The types of samples vary between casting in the
laboratory and sampling from the site and the
accuracy of the sample depends on the experience
of the technician
After sampling, ensure that they are safe
They are treated in the following ways:
§ Restoration if the deformation rate does not
exceed 20% of the sample size.
§ Restoration of the same materials and
proportions from which the sample was made.
§ Samples are rejected if the distortion rate is Fig. 9: Curing of concrete
more than 20% . specimens (Gambhir, 2010)
1.
 Compressive Strength

It is safe to say that the compressive

strength of concrete is the most
important parameter used in the design
of concrete structures; however,
concrete does not provide significant
tensile strength. Perhaps, this is the
very fundamental idea of building
reinforced concrete, where steel
reinforcement provide the much needed
tensile strength of the section.
Fig. 10: Universal testing machine
 Compressive Strength
It is safe to say that the compressive
strength of concrete is the most
important parameter used in the
design of concrete structures;
however, concrete does not provide
significant tensile strength. Perhaps,
this is the very fundamental idea of
building reinforced concrete, where
steel reinforcement provide the much
needed tensile strength of the section. Fig. 11:Compressive strength vs. days
 Experimental program
Table 1: A sample concrete mix design

Note: The design of concrete mixes is determined according to the required stress of the
concrete and the quality of the constituent materials of the mixture and volumetric weight.
 Tensile Strength of Concrete
Tensile Strength of Concrete The tensile strength of concrete is
much lower than the compressive strength, largely because of
the ease with which cracks can propagate under tensile loads
The tensile strength of concrete is measured in three ways:
§ Direct tension.

§ Splitting tension.

§ Flexural tension.
S lu m p (m m )
Existing Experimental Results
5

4
12
Slump (in)

10 3

8 2

6 1
4
0
2 0 12.5 25 50

0 date-seeds(%)
)%( date-seeds

Fig. 12: Slump of fresh concrete over date-seeds

 Existing Experimental Results
20

15
fc' (Mpa)

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

)%( date-seeds

Fig. 13: Compressive strength of concrete over dates-seeds

(Jnyanendra and Sanjaya, 2015)
ft (Mpa)
Existing Experimental Results

20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

)%( date-seeds

Fig. 14: Tensile strength of concrete over date-seeds

(Jnyanendra and Sanjaya, 2015)
 Preparation of the specimens
Prepare the tools we use, namely:
§ Weight device

Fig. 15: Weight device

 Preparation of the specimens
§ Stop watch

Fig. 16: Stop watch

 Preparation of the specimens
§ Mixing device


Fig. 17: Mixing device

 Preparation of the specimens
§ Slump test device


Fig. 18: Slump test device

 Preparation of the specimens
§ Cylindrical molds

Fig. 19: Cylindrical molds

 Demolding the specimens
§ After finishing the mixing of the concrete to be tested, we will fill the test
molds in 3 layers and each layer will add 25 times.


Fig. 20: We will fill the test molds

 Demolding the specimens
§ The samples are kept for 24 hours in a place where the humidity is not less
than 90% and the temperature is between 15 and 20 degrees C.


Fig. 21: The samples are kept

 Demolding the specimens
§ The samples are removed from the molds and submerged in water of 15 m to
20 m until the date of testing, after placing the distinctive signs for each
cube.


Fig. 22: The samples are removed from the

molds and submerged in water
 Demolding the specimens
§ Each cube is loaded up to the fraction to determine the resistance of the
concrete to fc pressure.

Fig. 23:Universal testing machine

 weight of the specimens (kg)

Table.2: weight of the specimens (kg)

 EXISTING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Slump of Fresh Concrete Containing Date-seeds
§ The test of the concrete stagnation when using the seeds of dates instead of
coarse aggregate as the operability in the nucleus of dates is better than
coarse aggregate because its shape is smooth and helps in the movement of
concrete.


Fig 24: Slump test

 EXISTING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Table.3: Test of mixing of concrete slump

 Conclusions
§ DS has physical properties such as specific gravity, bulk density and absorption capacity far
less in values to that of CG. DS concretes with mix ratio [Link] attained the requirement of
BS 8110 (1995) for structural concrete at 28 days exception of 100% replacement. All the
Concrete produced with DS can be regarded as normal weight concrete. Replacing CG
with 100% of DS could lead to 37.98% strength reduction for mix ratio [Link] and 46.36
therefore, concrete produced with DS should not be fully but partially replaced of CG if
adequate compressive strength is to be obtained at 28 days.
§ Recommendations DS is recommended as alternative material (partial replacement) to CG in
production of light weight concrete but the concrete produced should not be fully but
partially replaced of CG, hence, 25, 50 and 75% replacements are recommended.
Further studies should be carried out to determine the durability of DS concrete in certain
aggressive environments such as fire and chemicals.
§
 REFERENCE
§ Mahmud, A.A., A book on testing materials in concrete , April (2008).
§ Abdullah, M.A., Effect of aggregate shape and gradient on concrete
resistance, oct.(2000).
§ ASTM Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C143 / C143M - 15a.
§ Federation of Arab Engineers, 2018.
§ Jnyanendra.K.P ,Sanjaya.K.P , May 2015
§ Gambhir, M. L. (2004). Concrete technology. Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 127.
§  ASTM C1170/C1170M-08 October 2008 Standard Test Method for
Determining Consistency and Density of Roller-Compacted Concrete Using
a Vibrating Table.
§ Davis, Joseph R. (2004). Tensile testing (2nd ed.). ASM International. ISBN
978-0-87170-806-9.