Relative clauses © Page 1 © Correct the mistakes in these sentences written by exam candidates. In each case explain why itis wrong. 1. You, that have always been concerned about education, should understand this. 2 can attend the interview any time except Friday ‘evenings, which | have a Spanish lass. 3. We were disappointed there was no price reduction for students who they were not from this country 4. Firstly, the report on college food does not refer to its ‘quality, what seems suspicious, 5. Seferis was a Greek poet who's work was dedicated to his country 6 tis difficult to move to'a country that you are unfamiliar with the language, culture and everything around you. 7. My/obis to plan activites for club members which ages are between 16 and 18 8 The schoo! is advertising its Business English course which is taught very well 9 There have been serious complaints from students, which are refusing to use the canteen. In the meeting, that took place yesterday, some members made interesting suggestions. 2 Complete each sentence with a relative pronoun, adding commas if necessary. In which sentences can the relative pronoun be omitted? Why? / Why not? 10 1. My younger brother showed me the essay ...he had written 2 That's the primary school | met my best friend, 3 On Sundays... the library is closed | read at home, 4. Students... parents have a low income can apply for a grant. 5. The teacher... liked most was Mr Anderson. & Maths... was my favourite subject was our first lesson of the day, 7 My mother... isa lecturer did her PhD at Cambridge. 8 The college.....| studied at has since closed. BE owns GRAMMAR 4 In more formal styles, 8 above could be written The college ‘at which I studied has since closed. Rewrite these sentences, ‘using a preposition + relative pronoun. The research the theory is based on is unreliable. The people Stephen studied with were all experts We were shown the desk the President sits at. There is an Open Day that prospective students are invited to. 5 He isa philosopher who many books have been written about. 6 The day the Queen was born on was a Friday. 7 That distant star has a planet we know tttlé about. 8 The person | wrote to has yet to reply. BON ‘We can place quantifiers such as all of, both of or many of before which and whom. Join the sentences as in the example. Example: I read that textbook. { didn't understand half of it read that textbook, half of which I didn't understand, 1. Ihave two sisters. They are both at university. 2 Nicky sent off two job applications. Neither of them was, successful. 3 Ive lost touch with most of my ex-classmates. Many of them went abroad to study. 4 This department has done a lot of research. Allof it has, been published. 5. Astronomers observed a large number of meteorities, Few of them reached the ground. 6 Inthe study we interviewed hundreds of people. The majority lived locally 7. Thisis where the ancient city stood. Little of it remains today. 8 The talk was attended by a large audience. None of them left before the end.Words with a prefix and a suffix 3) ciniacs ths aeantn est mance written by exam candidates. What is the base word in each case? 1. [Link] unescapable fact that people regret things they have done. 2. The public use our firm's car park illegaly, 3. There are several reasons for the unsatisfaction of the staff 4. Some overprotecting parents keep that role even when their kids are grown up. 5 Undeniable, there are advantages to living longer. & Itis the children’s outbringing that will help them cope with life's problems. 7 My friend unexplicably took the other boy's side. 8 Being in a winning team brings an undescribable feeling of pride. Spelling changes 2. The words in the box form new words by changing their internal spelling. Make these changes and complete the sentences. broad depth detain maintain prove repeat resolve strong 1. The police now have sufficient that the men stole the computers. 2 The riveris being ...to allow bigger ships to reach the port. 3. Our aims to. the cultura ties between the two countries. 4. The old college building needs a lot of expensive, 5 For somebody so young, Mia has an amazing ... of knowledge. & Urgent talks are taking place to find a to the crisis. 7 Tryto avoid any -.of those mistakes. 8 At my parents’ school, ..was acommon punishment. ‘Quick steps to Reading and Use of English Part 3 ‘+ Remember that answers may depend on the whole context, not just words before and after the gap. ‘+ Check whether the word in capitals needs more than one ct 3 Quickly read the text and answer the questions. 1 What are ‘employability skills’? 2 Doyou think they are a useful addition to university courses? 4 Do the exam task. Which answers require both a prefix and a suffix? Which need internal spelling changes? ifyou need a noun, decide iit is countable or uncountable. ScuecE For questions 1-8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example: 0 REASONABLY Graduates need employability skills Years ago, anyone with a degree could be (0) REASON confident of finding 2 job. But with ever more graduates looking for work, that confidence has now been replaced by (1) CERTAIN, ‘even among those with a Master's. Graduates, no matter how well qualified, are (2). being «INCREASE required to show they also have ‘employability skills, such as numeracy, business awareness and the (3) to deal with problems creatively. CAPABLE Fortunately for 4) undergraduates, many PROSPECT Universities already aim to develop such skill as part of their courses, frequently with the help ‘of professional (5) working in the relevant ADVICE business sector. The approach often has both (©) and practical elements, for instance ‘THEORY designing 2 marketing campaign and then working with actual cients. Activities are dene in groups, thus (7) that. SURE students become used to team work. Any (8) WILLING ‘to take part can be overcome by pointing out that for thany employers the ability to work in a team is ‘essential READING AND USE OF ENGLISH uNIT 8 [ZZ1. Workin small groups. Which of the expressions in the box mean a-e? What differences in meaning are there? appoint beemployed dismiss fill position fire gointo hire hold down ajob lay off let go make redundant on benefits out of a job practise quit recruit resign retire sack serve stepdown take on a) getor doa job b) give somebody a job ©) leave a job 4) make somebody leave a job @) without ajob 2 Discuss these questions. 1 How many people are out of work in your country? 2. Inwhich industries have a lot of people been laid off? 3. What are the most common reasons for people being dismissed? ‘4 Why do some people find it difficult to hold down a job? 5 Which organisations recruit people of your age? 6 What kind of work or profession would ‘you like to go into? 7 What would make you resign from a job? 8 Atwhat age would you like to retire? 3 Lookat the photo and answer the questions about being an airline pilot. 1 What personel qualities are needed? 2 What training is required? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the work? Quick steps to Listening Part 2 + Be sure you know how numbers, including ordinals (Ist, 2nd, etc) and fractions, are pronounced. + Take care with words or numbers that appear to fit a gap, but are the right answer, * Write up to three words. 4 Study the exam task. What kind of word, phrase or number is needed for each answer? 5 SOREN Read the Quick steps and Exam tip, then do the exam task. Sued You will hear airline pilot Anita Ricci talking about her work. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. My job: airline pilot Anita's (1) wesn't good enough for her to become a military pilot. Most airline pilots start their careers as a (2) pilot. It is becoming less common to have a (3) aeroplane, Anita cannot fly a plane on her present route for more than @ without a break. ‘Anita likes flying into Swiss airports because of the excellent 8) there, Anita says that as a pilot you have to be able to accept 3) from others. Over pilots applied recently to work for Anita's company. Anita says airlines are particularly sensitive to changes in @). i Itis simpler to write any numbers as figures, for example 9% rather than ninety-six. You also avoid the risk of making spelling mistakesAdding emphasis 1. Foreach of a~d, complete the second Omnn sentence with one word. Then answer ‘questions 1-4 about each of those sentences. 2) I want to study physics at university, What | want to study at university physics. b) | took the job as I needed the money. The reason | took the job ... that Ineeded the money. ©) The manager replied to my email The person who replied to my email... the manager. 4) | sent off my application last month. It... last month when | sent off my application, Which information is emphasised? How does the sentence begin? What comes before a form of the verb be? Is any other change needed? Rewrite the sentences to emphasise the underlined expressions, using the words in brackets. 1. Youneed to work harder. (What) 2 Travelling to work causes the most stress. ) BONS 3. Bankers seem to make the most money. (The people) 4. Emma resigned because she didn't lke hhecboss. (The reason) 5 | found all the form-filling really boring. (It) & My friend and I frst met at the office. (The place) Tell your partner the following, using ‘emphatic forms from Exercises 1 and 2. The job you'd most like to do. ‘The most boring thing you have to do. The country you'd most like to live i The kind of people who annoy you most. The time when you feel most relaxed. ‘Something you would lke to achieve. eusens Quick steps to Speaking Part 4 * Whenever the examiner aks you aquetion try to think of two orth replies. * Ifyou prefer not to give an opinion immediately, say something like It depends or I'm not sure, and outline arguments on both sides. * Ifyou partly agree with an opinion, say something like Yes, point, but... 4 6@RERM Listen to this extract from Maxim and Dariya practising Part 4 and answer the questions. ‘1 What question does the teacher esk them? 2. Which speaker considers arguments on both si their opinion? 3. Does the other speaker completely agree? before giving S (@RERM Listen again and answer the questions. 1. What expressions does Maxim use to avoid giving an opinion immediately? 2 What expression does Dariya use to show she partly agrees with ‘Maxim? 3. Which phrases beg 19 What ... and It... do they use? 6 In groups of three, do Part 4 three times. Each time, one of you is the 1. Ask the ‘candidates’ three questions, if necessary prompting with Why? or Do you agree? 2. Stop them after five minutes and comment on how well they did the task. List of questions for Speaking Part 4 ‘Which jobs in your country are considered to be good jobs? ‘Which job would you least like to do? ‘Would you prefer to work on your own or as part of a working team? Do you think itis more important to make a lot of money orto enjoy your job? 5 Inwhat ways do you think people's working conditions should be improved? & Why do some people find it dificult to choose a career? 7 Would you prefer to have one career, or a series of different jobs during your working life? 8 Which is more important for an employee: qualifications or experience? is better: working in an office or working online from home? Bens is eee oti greeterFormal language 1. Which of these are common in formal writing, and which are more likely to be found in informal writing? 1. tong words 6 conversation expressions 2 exclamation marks 7 contracted forms of words 3. passive forms 8 impersonal tone 4 long, completesentences 9 5. phrasal verbs 10 Replace the underlined informal expressions with more formal words from the box. [cre weit informed understand the situation excessive extremely disappointed fortunate misunderstand me Iam quite interested in Iwas completely unaware question tags abbreviations 11 lke the sound af the vacancy advertised by your company. I feel the price you have quoted me is over the top. Please don't get me wrong when | make this point. I realise that | am in luck to be given this opportunity. It’s news to me that the firm intends to close this office. I would be gutted not to be offered this position. Jam extremely grateful for your explanation, I now completely get the picture. tis clear from our correspondence that you know your stuff. Nowsun rt eed A) rave 101 3 ‘Work experience’ typically involves school or college students doing one or two weeks unpaid work in term time, Discuss these questions in small groups. 1. What are the advantages for students of doing work ‘experience? 2. How does the employer also benefit? 3. Ifyou are a student, what kind of work experience would you like to do? If you are already working, what kind would you like to have done when you were at school? UNIT 8 WRITING Look at the exam task and answer the questions. 1 Who are you writing to? 2 Why are you writing to them? 3. What must your letter contain? 4 What style should you write in? Your company has a number of vacancies for students who wish to do two weeks’ work experience during the next summer term. You have been asked by your manager to write letter to a local college. Your letter should explain: | Write your letter. ‘what your company does ‘+ what kind of work the students would do ‘+ how they would benefit from working for the company. Which of the following would be appropriate for this task? Which would not? Why? 1. They can chill out with their mates in the coffee bar. 2. They would develop their skills in a professional working environment We've got loads of fun jobs for the guys at your college. The fulltime staff would ensure they made the most of their time here. ‘Check out our website for more infol I trust you will find this information helpful ook forward to hearing from you. Speak soon.