SECTION 01 & 03

TYPES OF SIGNAL
TYPES OF SIGNALS
COURSE OUTLINE

Signal expression

Time domain signal

Frequency domain spectrum

Complex exponential representation

Fourier series - Periodic signal

 SIGNAL EXPRESSION
Sinusoidal signal Consider a time-
is a common type varying voltage
of signal used in signal
communication
system
v(t ) = A0 cos(ω0t + θ 0 )
v(t ) = A0 sin(ω0t )
Can be written
Where; as sin(ω0t + θ0) but
A0 = amplitude of = A0 sin( 2πf 0t ) with a difference
the sinusoid of π/2

ω0= angular
frequency
= A0 cos(2πf 0t − π ) Sinusoid signal
2 can be presented
in time domain and
θ0= phase shift frequency domain.
TIME DOMAIN SIGNAL
Sinusoidal
signal can be
Consider a time-
sketched in time
varying voltage
domain graph.
signal

Where;
A0 = amplitude of the
sinusoid
ω0= angular frequency
θ0= phase shift
FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTRUM
Each sinusoidal signal has Amplitude and phase can be plotted
frequency (f ), amplitude (A) with frequency to produce spectrum
and phase (θ). signal.

Example: v (t ) = A1cos (2πf1t + θ1) + A2cos(2πf2t - θ2)

V V
A1 π θ1

A2

ω
ω1 ω2
ω
ω1 ω2
-π θ2
Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum
Single sided spectrum
FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTRUM
Example: Consider this
condition:

Spectrum
FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTRUM
Example
Example: Sketch the magnitude and phase spectrum of a
signal, which is given in a form of Trigonometric Fourier series
below:
v(t ) = 1 + sin ω0t + 2 cos ω0t − 2 cos(2ω0t + π )
4
Answer:
v(t ) = 1 + 2 cos ω0t + sin ω0t − 2 cos(2ω0t + π )
4
 −1  1  π
v(t ) = 1 + 2 + 1 cos ω0t + tan  −  + 2 cos(2ω0t + + π )
2 2

  2  4

v(t ) = 1 + 2.24 cos[ω0t − 0.15π ] + 2 cos(2ω0t + 1.25π )

 FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTRUM
Example
Answer (continue…)

v(t ) = 1 + 2.24 cos[ω0t − 0.15π ] + 2 cos(2ω0t + 1.25π )

Magnitude Phase
 PHASOR REPRESENTATION
PHASOR REPRESENTATION
• Sinusoidal signal can be shown as x-axis or y-axis projection by
an anti clockwise rotational phasor:
v (t ) = A0 cos(ωt + θ 0 )
v (t ) = A0 ∠(ω0t + θ 0 )
Noted: Phasor representation
is used to compare different
Imaginary
Signal with the same frequency
A0

ω0t + θ0

Real
 PHASOR REPRESENTATION
Example: Sketch the phasor representation for this signal:
π 5π  j (ωt + π6 ) π
− j ( ωt + ) 
6 
v(t ) = 2 cos(ωt + ) + sin(ωt + ) + 1.5 e +e 
4 6  

Answer:
 j (ωt + π6 ) π
− j ( ωt + ) 
π 5π π e +e 6 
v(t ) = 2 cos(ωt + ) + cos(ωt + − ) + 3 
4 6 2  2 
 

π π  π
v(t ) = 2 cos(ωt + ) + cos(ωt + ) + 3 cos ωt + 
4 3  6
PHASOR REPRESENTATION
Answer: (continue..)
π  π
π
v(t ) = 2 cos(ωt + ) + cos(ωt + ) + 3 cos ωt + 
4 3  6

Imaginary

π π
ωt + 2 ωt + 3
3 4
1

π
ωt +
6

Real
 Complex Exponential Representation
• Is used to analyze a signal
• In general: v (t ) = A0 cos(ωt + θ 0 )

• Using Euler’s theorem:

j (ωt +θ o )
e = cos(ωt + θ o ) + j sin(ωt + θ o )
j (ωt +θ o )
e j (ωt +θ o ) + e − j (ωt +θ o ) e − e − j (ωt +θ o )
cos(ωt + θ o ) = sin(ωt + θ o ) =
2 2j

• In exponential representation:
v(t ) = A0 cos(ωt + θ 0 ) Time-domain/polar form
A0 j (ωt +θ )
v(t ) = {e + e − j (ωt +θ ) } Complex- exponential
2
 A0 j (ωt +θ ) − j (ωt +θ )
v(t ) = A0 cos(ωt + θ 0 ) = {e +e }
2

In time-domain/polar representation: In exponential representation:

Imaginary A0/2
A0
ωt + θ A0cos(ωt + θ)

-(ωt + θ)
ω0t + θ0
A0/2
Real
A0 j (ωt +θ ) − j (ωt +θ )
v (t ) = A0 cos(ωt + θ 0 ) v(t ) = {e +e }
2
Exponential form - Double Sided Spectrum
• This signal can be seen as one function which is generated by 2
complex components.
• This signal can be plotted in amplitude and phase spectrum as
below:
V0 j (ωt +θ ) − j (ωt +θ )
v(t ) = {e +e }
2
Amplitude
Phase
θ
V0/2 V0/2
-ω
Freq.
Freq. ω
-ω ω
-θ
Amplitude vs Frequency Phase vs Frequency
 Example:
t-domain signal vs exponential form
A j (ωt +θ ) − j (ωt +θ )
v(t ) = A cos(ωt + θ ) = {e +e }
2

V Amplitude
A
A/2 A/2

Freq.
ω ω
ω -ω
Amplitude spectrum
Amplitude spectrum

V Phase θ
θ1
-ω
ω Freq.

ω
ω -θ
Phase spectrum Phase spectrum
 Example
Example
For the continuous-time periodic signal:
 2π   5π 
x(t ) = 2 + cos t  + 4 cos t
 3   3 
a) Represent the signal x(t) in the form of complex exponential Fourier Series.
b) Sketch the double sided frequency spectrum (magnitude and phase).
2π 2π 5π 5π
Answer: j t −j t j t −j t
e 3
+e 3
e 3
+e 3
x(t ) = 2 + +4
2 2

Amplitude
Amplitude spectrum

Phase θ

Phase Spectrum
2 2
2
1/2 1/2
5π 2π 2π 5π Freq.
− −
Freq. 3 3 3 3
5π 2π 2π 5π
− − 0 0
3 3 3 3
 Example
Example
For the continuous-time periodic signal:
 2π π  5π π
x(t ) = 2 + 2 cos t +  + 2 sin  t+ 
 3 4  3 2
a) Represent the signal x(t) in the form of complex exponential Fourier Series.
b) Sketch the double sided frequency spectrum (magnitude and phase).
Answer:
2π π 2π π 5π 5π
 2π π  5π  j( t+ )
+
− j( t+ ) j t
+
−j t

x(t ) = 2 + 2 cos t +  + 2 cos

3 4 3 4 3 3
t  x(t ) = 2 + 2 e e e e
+2
 3 4  3  2 2
π
Phase θ
Amplitude π
Amplitude spectrum

Phase Spectrum
2 4 4

1 1 1 1
5π 2π 2π 5π Freq.
− −
Freq. 3 3 3 3
5π 2π 2π 5π
− − 0 0
3 3 3 3
FOURIER SERIES: PERIODIC SIGNAL
Repeats itself at equal intervals of time, T0.

v(t)=v(t ± nT0)
Where T0=1/ f0
n = integer

Representation of a
periodic signal in the
frequency domain by its
frequency components
(spectrum)
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION
s(t) volt

-20 0 20 40 t(ms)

FS can be represented in two forms:

Complex-
Complex-
Trigonometric
exponential
exponential
 TRIGONOMETRIC FS
TRIGONOMETRIC FS
• Periodic signal can be written as infinite cosine and sine function.
• General form of Fourier Series:
a0 ∞
v(t ) = + ∑ (an cos nω0t + bn sin nω0t )
2 n =1
a0
v(t ) = + a1 cos ω0t + a2 cos 2ω0t + a3 cos 3ω0t + .... + an cos nω0t
2
+ b1 sin ω0t + b2 sin 2ω0t + b3 sin 3ω0t + .... + bn sin nω0t

Where;
a0/2 = d.c. current
an and bn = Fourier coefficient
ω0 = fundamental frequency
nω0 = harmonic frequencies
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
 TRIGONOMETRIC FS
TRIGONOMETRIC FS
• To plot frequency spectrum, FS should be represented by:
a0 ∞
v(t ) = + ∑ An cos(nω0t + θ n ) (single sided spectrum)
2 1

Where θ n = tan −1 (−
bn and
An = (an + bn )
) 2 2
an

• Fourier coefficient an and bn can be obtained by integration:

T
T T
2
2
a0 = ∫ v(t )dt an =
2
∫ v(t ) cos nω0tdt bn = ∫ v(t ) sin nω0tdt
T 0 T 0 T 0
FS SYMMETRICAL PROPERTIES
FS Symmetrical Properties
a0 is merely the time average of v(t). It is zero if it is
symmetry in the period of time T.

bn = 0 if v(t) has cosine-like even symmetry along the

time axis about t = 0 (i.e. v has same value at t and –t)

an = 0 if v(t) has sine-like odd symmetry along the time

axis about t = 0. (i.e. v has same magnitude but opposite
sign at t and –t)

an = bn = 0 for all even values of n (except a0) if v(t) has

skew (rotational) symmetry (i.e. successive half periods
have mirror image shapes)
FS Symmetrical Properties - example
a0 ∞
v(t ) = + ∑ (an cos nω0t + bn sin nω0t )
2 n =1
• If signal v(t) is an even symmetry in the period of time T the equation for
Fourier coefficient can be simplified and become:
s(t) volt bn = 0, n = 1,2,3...
2
T 2
4
-20 0 20 40 t(ms)
an =
T ∫ v(t ) cos nω tdt ,
0
0 n = 1,2,3...

• If signal v(t) is an odd symmetry in the period of time T the equation for
Fourier coefficient can be simplified and become:
an = 0, n = 1,2,3...
 Example 1 – Trigonometric FS
Find the trigonometric Fourier Series for v(t) until the 5th harmonics.
v(t)

20 mV

t (ms)
-1 0 1 2

-20 mV

Answer:
T T /2
2 4
a0 = ∫ v(t )dt = 0
T 0
an = 0 bn =
T ∫ v(t ) sin nω tdt
0
0

0 80 80 80
v(t ) = + sin 1000πt + 0 sin 2000πt + sin 3000πt + 0 sin 4000πt + sin 5000πt
2 1000π 3000π 5000π
3
80
v(t ) = ∑ sin 1000π (2n − 1)t
n =1 1000π ( 2n − 1)
 Example 2– Trigonometric FS
Find the trigonometric Fourier Series for v(t) until the 5th harmonics.
v(t)

20 mV

t (ms)
-1 0 1 2

Answer:
T T /2
2 2
T −T∫/ 2
a0 = ∫ v(t )dt = 20mV an = 0 bn = v(t ) sin nω0tdt
T 0

20m 40 40 40
v(t ) = + sin 1000πt + 0 sin 2000πt + sin 3000πt + 0 sin 4000πt + sin 5000πt
2 1000π 3000π 5000π
3
40
v(t ) = 10m + ∑ sin 1000π (2n − 1)t
n =1 1000π ( 2n − 1)
 COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FS
• Using Euler’s relation, we can express Fourier Series in complex exponential
form.
e jnω t + e − jnω t
0 0

cos nω0t =
2
• Original FS:
a0 ∞
v(t ) = + ∑ (an cos nω0t + bn sin nω0t )
2 n =1
• Complex FS:

a0 ∞ e jnω0t + e − jnω0t e jnω0t − e − jnω0t

v(t ) = + ∑ (an + bn )
2 n =1 2 2j
a0 ∞  an − jbn  jnω0t  an + jbn  − jnω0t 
= + ∑  e + e 
2 n =1  2   2  

C0 Cn C-n
 COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FS

• Now, v(t) has been simplified to:

{ }
∞
v(t ) = C0 + ∑ Cn e jnω0t + C− n e − jnω0t
n =1

Where cn is complex conjugate of c-n.

• Hence, complex FS can be represented by:

∞
v(t ) = ∑ n
C e
n = −∞
jnω0t

• where
v(t )e − jnω0t dt
1 T
Cn =
T ∫
0
USEFUL TRIGONOMETRI