PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3

(INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS)

I. Definition of Play, Games, Sports and Athletic Sports

A. Play

- An individual performs an activity lightly and quickly and with no end in view except
the pleasure one gets in the activity.
- (Johan Huizinga):
It is an activity that is free, stand outside ordinary life, regulated by rules that
evolve during the prowess of play and result in “no material gain”.

Elements of Play:

 Activity is free
 Has imaginative state
 Has regulations

B. Game

- Consists of a contest between two individuals or group of individuals played in

accordance to a set of rules.
- (Roger Caillois): It is an activity that contains elements of play. It is characterized by
playful competition, physical limitations, defined by rules, determined by skills,
strategy and chance.

Author maintains that game is uncertain, no planning or preparation is required.

C. Sports

- Is athletic diversion or pastime done by indoor or outdoor.

- A physical activity, a game of skills that needs a long range of preparation.
- It involves the 5s: strength, stamina, strategy, speed, skill
- (Peter Maintosh):
It is an activity that may contain one or more elements of play and
characteristics of a game but more specifically has the components of
competitions, physical prowess, skill and superiority.
- (John Log):
It is highly organized, needs planning and preparation.

Elements included in sports:

 Skills
 Established patterns of performance
 Training
 Organizational level
 Preparation

D. Athletic Sports

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 - Contain no elements of play but have certain characteristics of a game.
- There are material gains to be obtained.
- In this situation, competition becomes one’s life work.

Components of Athletic Sports:

 Physical skills
 Excellence in performance
 Recognized records and traditions
 Formed clearly with in hierarchy of content

B. Objectives of Sports

1. Enjoyment of those involved.

2. Striving to win
3. Entertainment
4. Love
5. Focus on Controllable
- we can always control two things: our attitude and our effort.
6. Discipline
- Discipline is not something done to someone for the purpose of punishment but rather
daily practices that help individuals achieve their goals.
- As the old saying goes, “Discipline is the fuel of achievement.”
7. Friendship
- Bonds form in sport as a result of people coming together who share the same
interests and are striving toward a common goal.
- you must rely on others, a good teammate always thinks of others first, holds people
accountable and supports others during the high’s and low’s all characteristics of a
true friend.
8. How to compete
- Head Coach of The Seattle Seahawks Pete Carroll has a philosophy to, “Do things
better than they have ever been done before, with competition being the central
theme driving us to maximize our potential.” Athletes and Coaches don’t only learn
how to compete in games but also in practice.
9. Sportsmanship
10. Team work
11. Goal setting
- Athletics creates an atmosphere where Coaches and Athletes strive toward team
goals, like winning the championship or individual performance goals such as
becoming an all-star.
- Goal setting and creating a plan to achieve those goals help athletes and coaches
improve themselves each day.
12. Confidence
13. Humility
- Humility is a great characteristic of any leader. Sport can offer the chances to serve
one another and also the platform to be humble in victory.
14. How to handle losing
- That when we lose, that’s when the learning takes place.

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 - Losing forces, you to evaluate your performance, correct your mistakes and pick
yourself up to try again! Anyone can handle winning but it takes a mentally tough
person to handle losing because it hurts.
15. Appreciation / Gratitude
16. Motivation
- Sport requires an unbelievable time commitment.
- It taes both the body and mind and no matter how much someone loves their sport
they need Intrinsic motivation to grind day in and day out.
17. How to handle pressure
- Legendary Pittsburgh Head Coach Chuck Noll defined pressure as ”something you
feel only when you don’t know what you’re doing.”
- Many people create stress for themselves due to a lack of preparation and daily
discipline.
18. Health
19. Procedure
- Learn how to follow team policies and procedures.
20. Risk taking
- “The biggest risk in life is not to take a risk.” Sport is filled with risks.

C. Officials Duties and Responsibilities

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials typically do the following:

 Officiate sporting events, games, and competitions

 Judge performances in sporting competitions to determine a winner
 Inspect sports equipment and examine all participants to ensure safety
 Keep track of event times, starting or stopping play when necessary
 Signal participants and other officials when infractions occur or to regulate play or
competition
 Settle claims of infractions or complaints by participants
 Enforce the rules of the game and assess penalties when necessary

While officiating at sporting events, umpires, referees, and other sports officials must anticipate
play and position themselves where they can best see the action, assess the situation, and
identify any violations of the rules.
Sports officials typically rely on their judgment to rule on infractions and penalties. Officials in
some sports may use video replay to help make the correct call.
Some sports officials, such as boxing referees, may work independently. Others, such as
baseball or softball umpires, work in groups. Each official working in a group may have different
responsibilities. For example, in baseball, one umpire is responsible for signaling balls and
strikes while others are responsible for signaling fair and foul balls out in the field.
Regardless of the sport, the job is highly stressful because officials often must make split-
second rulings. These rulings sometimes result in strong disagreement expressed by players,
coaches, and spectators.
Many umpires, referees, and other sports officials are employed primarily in other occupations
and supplement their income by officiating part time.

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[Link] Rules and Conduct

 Positive attitudes and conduct make sport enjoyable for everyone. Some people can ruin
the experience with poor behaviour.
 This can include things like undue pressure, abuse, taunting, poor sportsmanship, foul
language, harassment, bullying, victimisation and more. It can be verbal, written,
physical or emotional.
 Poor behaviour can occur in many places - during play, on the sidelines, at training, in
the clubhouse or outside of the sporting arena.
 It can be coaches, players, parents, spectators, officials or administrators that behave
poorly. Any one of these people, children or adults, can be the victim of poor conduct
too.
Tips for Players

Players can help promote positive sporting environments by: 

Being a good sport  Play with respect, integrity and fairness

 Be modest in victory and gracious in defeat
 If you win, don’t rub it in
 If you lose, don’t make excuses
 Control your temper
 Don’t use bad language or make derogatory remarks.
Respect your opponent  Treat your opponent the way you would like to be treated
 Thank the opposition at the end of the game
Respect officials  Accept and respect the official’s decision
 Thank the official at the end of the game
 If you have an issue, raise it in a professional way with
your coach or captain after the game.

[Link] of Tournament

1. Single Elimination

 Also known as the knock-out system.

 Considered as the easiest, simplest, and shortest type of a tournament pattern.
 Once you lose, you are out of the game.

Formula: to determine the number of games

N-1= no. of games

Where: N refers to the total number of entries

2. Double Elimination

 Considered as one of the fairest types of tournament because each team must
be defeated twice before being eliminated from the tournament.

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 Formula: to determine the number of games

2(N-1) = no. of games

3. Round Robin Tournament

 Is one of the best types of tournament to be used if there is sufficient time and
adequate facilities and equipment available.
 It allows each team to compete against the total number of team.

Formula: N(N-1) / 2 = no. of games

In case of an odd number of teams, a bye must be part in one of the positions of
an opponent, usually the top left.

Define BYE/S

- Are teams that have an advantage over other teams because they only play after
one game is over.
- It is determined through draw lots.

Formula:

o to determine the no. of byes (there is a bye if the number of team does not
belong to the number in multiples of two such as 2,4,6,8,16,64, etc.)
o subtract the number of teams from the nearest number of in the multiple of two

Example: 6 teams (nearest no. highest to 6 is 8)

8 - 6 = 2 byes

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BADMINTON

Introduction

Badminton is a tennis-like game played with light strong rackets that are used to strike a
shuttlecock (a feather cork missile) back and forth, before it hits the ground across a high net
with a rectangular court.

History

 Badminton is believed to have originated from a game called ‘Poona” that was played by
the English army officers stationed in India during the 17th century.
 It was brought to England about 1870.
 The duke of Beaufort introduced the game at his country place, Badminton in
Gloucestershire. Not having a name at that time, the games was referred to as “that
Badminton game.”
 In 1873, the first Poona Laws came from India. These rules were later revised by J.H.E.
Hunt three times and were also the bases on which Col. S.S.C. Dolby worked in.
 The oldest Badminton club in the world is the Badminton Club of the City of New York
which was founded in 1878, however it did not become widely popular in the United
States until the mid-1930’s.
 1893 when the Badminton Association was formed and the first official laws of
badminton were written.
 In 1934, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales urged the formation of international association
which is now the International Badminton Federation (IBF). It is the worldwide law maker
and arbiter or the governing body of badminton.
 In 1948, the premier International Men’s Team Championship is the Thomas Cup was
established.
 It was followed in1965 by the Uber Cup Competition for women.
 In 1972, badminton was presented as demonstration sports in Olympic games in
Munich, Germany.
 The World Badminton Federation was founded in 1977 and sponsored the first World
Championship in Malawe, Sweden.
 IBF approved “open” badminton in 1979, which effectively opened international
competition to non-professional players to negotiate professional contracts.
 In 1981, badminton was included in the first world games held in San Jose, California.
Chinese also dominated on this sport.
 It was not until 1985 that a decision was made to make badminton an Olympic medal
sport.
 In 1987, the Chinese hosted the World Championship in Beijing, China.
 The Suderman Cup was established in 1989 in memory of the former IBF Vice President
and the father of Indonesioan Badminton, Dick Suderman.
 Badminton attained the status at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain thus
strengthening its international status.

The Development of Badminton in the Philippines

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It started by military officer playing badminton in camp Crame (from America)
Then it was played by executives, movie personalities at exclusive venues.
Played also