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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF DRAINAGE BASINS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 968-C

 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
J. A. Krug, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
W. E. Wrather, Director

Water-Supply Paper 968-C

TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF DRAINAGE BASINS

BY WALTER B. LANGBEIN
AND OTHERS

Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1944

(Pages 125-158)

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1947

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
Price 15 cents
 NOTE. This report was prepared in 1941. Conditions arising out
of the war have delayed its publication.
 CONTENTS

Abstract__________________________.___________ 125
Introduction_____________________________________________________ 125
Cooperation and personnel_____________________________________ 127
Meteorologic factors affecting runoff _________________________________ 127
Differences in character of drainage basins____-___________-_____ __ 128
Previous studies _______________________________________________ 128
Purpose and scope of the present study____________________________ 130
Methods of work______ ________________ _ ________ 132
Maps._____________________________________ 132
Area of basins______________________________________________ 133
Stream density _______________________________________ 133
Area-distance distribution._________________________________ 134
Length of basin______.___________-__________________________ 135
Land slope______________________________________________ 135
Channel slope_________________________________________________ 138
Area-altitude distribution_______________________________ 140
Area of water surfaces________---_______-____---____________--_ 141
Summary of results_______________-.___________-______________-_ 142
Index_____________________________________ __ 157

ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
PLATE 2. Topographic map of Little Androscoggin River Basin above
South Paris, Maine______________________________ In pocket
FIGURE 48. Hydrographs of two streams in New Jersey during flood of
June 1938_____________________________ 129
49. Relation between area of drainage basin and S al________ 136
50. Variation of computed slope of tributary streams with number
of subareas, West River at Newfane, Vt_________________ 139
51. Typical hypsometric curves of drainage basins___________ 140
52. Graph showing general variation in stream slopes and altitude
in relation to size of drainage basin__ _________________ 143
m
TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS

By WALTER B. LANGBEIN and others

ABSTRACT

River floods are the result of many causes, and one of the primary
objectives of scientific hydrology is the segregation and evaluation of the
causative factors. The climatic factor and the soil-vegetation com-
plex are variables that exercise their principal influence on the volume
of runoff. The topography of drainage basins is a sensibly permanent
characteristic which influences mainly the concentration or time
distribution of the discharge from a drainage basin. River systems
differ in their efficiency as agencies for collecting and conducting water.
In some systems, surface waters are quickly assembled, and the dis-
charge reflects somewhat sensitively the variations of the available
supply. In others, the surface drainage is longer delayed and the
discharge is released slowly.
As a basis for quantitative studies of these evident differences in
behavior, selected topographic features for about 340 drainage basins
in the northeastern United States were studied, using Geological Sur-
vey topographic maps. The data were compiled in cooperation with
the Work Projects Administration of the Federal Works Agency and
included information on drainage area, length of streams, stream
density, land slope, channel slope, area-altitude distribution, and area
of water bodies of basins that ranged in extent from 1.64 to 7,797
square miles. Considerable effort was made to assure accuracy of
the computations by appropriate checks, and the results are summa-
rized in the table at the end of this report.
The results indicate that none of the topographic factors are unique,
but each reflects a condition that also influences the olhers. For
example, steep land slopes are generally associated with stpbp channel
slopes and conversely. A significant variation of slope awd altitude
with area of basin is found, and stream density tends to vary^with the
land slope.
INTRODUCTION

This report presents a compilation of topographic data on drainage

basins in the northeastern United States. The configuration of the
earth reflects the impact of many natural forces, and it in turn exer-
cises profound influence upon man. Most of these influences are so
125
126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

basic that they have shaped life and civilization into conformity with
them. Mountains, plains, valleys, and rivers each favor or retard
man's search for economic stability. Within human history the
first three have remained unchanged. Rivers, on the other hand,
fluctuate in size from day to day and from year to year. The ampli-
tude and frequency of these fluctuations, so significant with respect
to navigation, water power, irrigation, and such riparian developments
as cities and highways, are largely determined by three separate, yet
interdependent features, namely climate, physiography, and the soil-
vegetation complex. The interrelation of these three features with
the behavior of rivers is imperfectly understood and is the subject of
much investigation. This report singles out the physiography of
the land for attention.
The relations between the rate, volume, and fluctuations of rivers
and the topographic characteristics of the land they drain and through
which they flow may be readily determined after discerning examina-
tion of the terrain and river developments, but expressing them in the
quantitative terms necessary for the economic design of structures
for river utilization or control requires first, topographic maps, and
second, records of river flow of length adequate to define the behavior.
The stream-gaging program of the Geological Survey is Nation-
wide and now includes over 4,500 river-measurement stations, at
which more than 65,000 station years of record were available in
1942. These records furnish an adequate source of material concern-
ing stream behavior. The mapping program of the Geological Sur-
vey, also Nation-wide, is in general not so complete. Although about
50 percent of the country has been mapped, only States in the north-
eastern part have been completely covered; the scattered areas
mapped in other States generally do not cover completely the areas in
which stream-gaging has been carried OD, so that only a small fraction
of them are suitable for use in comparisons of stream-flow character-
istics or river morphology.
In the northeastern and north-central States the range hi topog-
raphy is sufllcient to furnish a basis for studying its effect on stream
flow. The^topographic characteristics compiled from the maps
and summarized in this report can only be evaluated by a considera-
tion of the hydrology of stream flow, the assembling of waters in a
drainage system, and the hydraulic elements that regulate velocity of
flow. Many stream-flow characteristics are related either directly or
indirectly to topographic features. It would seem, however, that the
factors most sensitive to topographic difference would be those
relating to floods. In this study, therefore, particular although not
exhaustive attention is given to the correlation of flood-flow charac-
teristics with topography. This information will serve as a basis for
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 127

further study of such correlations and also of other characteristics,

such as volume yield, erosion, and deposition of sediments. Similarly
the topographic data offers basic material for studies of river mor-
phology, as geologic evidence suggests that a significant portion of
river-channel development takes place during flood.
COOPERATION AND PERSONNEL,
The cooperative project for the compilation of topographic data
was undertaken in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration, which
on April 25, 1939, became the Work Projects Administration under
the Federal Works Agency. Their cooperation in organizing compe-
tent working groups is especially acknowledged. The Geological
Survey sponsored the project and furnished technical direction, maps,
and supplies. This work was carried on by W. B. Langbein, under
the general direction of K. W. Davenport, chief of the Division of
Water Utilization. The project at Boston, Mass., was under the
supervision of H. B. Kinnison, district engineer, and his associates,
particularly C. E. Knox, M. A. Benson, and B. R. Colby. The con-
duct of the work at Pittsburgh, Pa., was ably managed by Wm. S.
Crozier, supervisor for the Works Projects Administration. Mr.
Crozier died January 21, 1941, near the close of the project. H. M.
Erskine, associate engineer of the Geological Survey at Pittsburgh,
maintained close contact with the project there, and its continuity
and efficiency may be largely credited to his competent administration.
METEOROL.OGIC FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF

River floods are the result of many causes, and one of the primary
objectives of hydrologic study is the segregation of the causative
factors and the evaluation of their effects on the resultant floods
under various associated conditions.
Readily apparent is the source of the water, generally an unusual
amount of rainfall, which may be characterized by great intensity
and in many regions may be augmented by water from melting snow.
Water in excess of that which can be absorbed by the ground or evap-
orated into the air directly or through vegetation collects in the
stream channels that drain the area. Once in 'the stream system, the
runoff flows to the mouth through channels which, as the trunk of a
network of streams, progressively increase in size as contributions
are received from tributary streams.
The quantity of rainfall or snow melt, its time distribution, and the
associated soil, vegetal, and climatic conditions that determine the
portion of the supply that becomes direct runoff are to a large extent
variable characteristics of individual storms. These variable edaphic
and climatic factors are separate phases of the rainfall-runoff relation.
128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

The channel system, however, is a relatively permanent characteristic

of a drainage basin. Some influential changes may take place in this
system; for example, variations in seasonal vegetation along the banks
may affect the hydraulic conveyance, floods may scour or deposit
sediments, and old bends may be cut through and new ones created.
Although the effect of thes.e changes on local flood stages may be
considerable, it is assumed that the resultant effect on total discharge
from a basin will tend to be compensating and that even the cumulative
effect on flood-discharge characteristics during a period as short as
the usual stream-gaging record would be minor.
DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTER OF DRAINAGE BASINS

River systems differ in their efficiency as agencies for collecting and

conducting water. In some systems the surface waters are quickly
assembled, and the discharge therefrom reflects somewhat sensitively
the variations of the available supply. In others 'the surface drainage
is longer delayed and the discharge is released slowly. This difference
is illustrated in figure 48, which shows the hydrographs of two nearby
streams, each draining about 50 square miles of coastal areas of New
Jersey, during a flood in June 1938. The rainfall causing these floods
and the volume discharged were nearly the same for both areas. The
difference in behavior illustrated by the hydrographs is normal for
these two basins and may be accounted for largely by the differences
in physiographic characteristics, Manasquan River having about
twice the gradient of Great Egg River and about one-fifth the swamp
area.
PREVIOUS STUDIES
The fact of relationship between the time distribution of discharge
during a flood and the size, shape, and gradient of a drainage system
is widely recognized. Few attempts have heretofore been made to
determine this relationship quantitatively, probably because of the
volume of labor required to evaluate the topographic factors.
Horton 1 in 1926 and again in 1932 discussed the desirability and
need for a quantitative rational procedure and proposed methods for
evaluating certain pertinent physiographic factors.
Pettis 2 in 1927 presented a formula to compute the maximum flood
discharge, in which the five-fourths power of the average basin width
was used.
Gregory and Arnold 3 in 1932 developed in detail certain expressions
1 Horton, R. E., in Jarvis, C. S., Flood-flow characteristics: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 89, pp.
1881-1086,1926; Drainage-basin characteristics: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., No. 13, pp. 350-361,1932.
8 Pettis, C. B., A new theory of river flood flow (published privately, copyrighted 1927).
* Gregory, B. L., and Arnold, C. E., Eational runoff formulas: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 96, pp.
1038-1175, 1932.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 129

1600

1400

1200

MANASQUAN RIVER AT
llOOO SOUANKUM, NEW JERSEY

Ul
£800
I

600

GREAT EGG RIVER AT

400 FOLSOM, NEW JERSEY

200

26 27 28 29 30 I 23 4 5> 6
JUNE JULY
FIGUEE 48. Hydrographs of two streams in New Jersey during flood of June 1938.

and procedures applicable to small drainage areas for translating rain-

fall into rates of stream flow in terras of basin characteristics.
Bernard 4 carried Gregory and Arnold's expressions somewhat
further and presented formulas applicable to a few selected basins.
* Bernard, M. M., An approach to determinate stream flow: Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 100, pp.
347-395, 1935.
747049 47 2
130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

Sherman 5 in 1932 presented unit hydrographs for four streams

whose drainage areas and slopes differed widely. He explained how
the unit hydrographs expressed these differences and suggested that
basins having physical characteristics similar to the four types pre-
sented would have similar hydrographs.
McCarthy 6 in 1937 also used the unit hydrograph as an expression
of the runoff characteristics of a drainage basin, stating further that
"the agreements between graphs developed from May and November
storms substantiate the contention that primarily the unit hydrograph
is a function not of surface cover, which may be subject to seasonal
change, but of topographic features of a watershed." From this
postulate he derived a working relationship between the crest dis-
charge and the length of base of unit hydrographs of 25 drainage
basins* in the Connecticut River Basin, in terms of the area, mean
slope, and stream pattern, determined by inspection and expressed
as one-stem basin, two-stem basin, and so on, for application to flood-
control design.
Morgan and Hullinghorst 7 in 1939 stated:
The factors which determine the discharge characteristics of any watersned
are innumerable, some having a major bearing on those characteristics while
others are of negligible consequence. It was determined by examination of nine
gaged basins having complete unit hydrograph and watershed data, and corrob-
orated by examination of a number of gaged basins with data ranging from
almost complete to fragmentary, that the discharge characteristics can be attri-
buted principally to three fundamental, definite watershed characteristics,
namely,
a. Area of the watershed in square miles,
b. Mean length of travel in miles, and
c. Mean height of watershed above outflow station in feet.
On this basis, empirical relations between these three factors were
established for nine streams tributary to the Chemung River in New
York.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The present project was designed to provide basic material whereby

investigations such as those outlined can be carried further, the range
being limited, of course, to areas adequately mapped, which are
mainly in the northeastern United States. Prior to this study, refer-
ences to the subject were read with the view to determining which
topographic factors were considered to have major influence upon
Sherman, L. K., The relation of hydrographs of runoff to size and character of drainage basins: Am.
Qeophys. Union Trans., No. 13, pp. 332-339, 1932.
McCarthy, O. T., The unit hydrograph and flood routing (unpublished manuscript presented at con-
ference of North Atlantic Division, Corps of Engineers, II. S. Army, June 24, 1938).
i Morgan, K., and Hullinghorst, D. W., Unit hydrographs for gaged and ungaged watersheds: U. S.
Engineer Office, Binghamton, N. Y., July 1939. [Processed.]
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 131

discharge characteristics, and, so far as practicable, the suggestions

thus obtained were incorporated in the project as proposed for cooper-
ation to the Works Progress Administration (succeeded on April 25,
1939, by the Work Projects Administration). The compilation was
based upon the topographic maps of the Geological Survey covering
areas tributary to gaging stations of the Geological Survey.
In the organization of a surface-water system, and of a large part
of the ground-water system as well, the drainage basin is a natural
hydrologic land unit. Surface runoff is divided into drainage basins
by the watersheds, and within each basin it follows a system of water
courses in which the flow undergoes retardation, acceleration, or other
changes that are distinctly related to the physical characteristics of
that basin. Similar conditions exist with respect to all or most of.
the ground-water runoff. Essentially all the water within a given
basin, except that which is lost by evaporation or transpiration,
drains out through a common outlet or mouth.
For purposes of analysis, a major stream basin may be subdivided
by considering the area tributary to the stream at any given point,
for example, a gaging station, as a basin having its own characteristics.
The separate characteristics of several contributory areas may then
be combined to obtain the resultant for the major basin.
Geographic and topographic characteristics of drainage basins,
based largely on certain horizontal and vertical dimensions, were
selected for compilation and study. Geographic characteristics
include water bodies, direction of stream flow, latitude, and longitude.
Topographic characteristics include horizontal dimensions covering
basin area, stream length, and area-distance distribution, and vertical
dimensions covering land slope, tributary and principal stream slopes,
and basin altitude.
In selecting basins for this study preference was given to those for
which long-term stream-flow records are available and to those free
from artificial regulation. In addition to areas in the northeastern
States and the Ohio River Basin a few surveyed areas in Wisconsin
and Kentucky were included to spread the range in geographic extent
and topographic characteristics. Many basins in New York, Penn-
sylvania, and New Jersey that might otherwise have been included
were not studied because of insufficient time.
Besides listing topographic and hydrologic data, the original records
afford a gazetteer of streams and lakes. Maps were prepared showing
the stream skeleton of each basin, with names of streams, length from
confluence to confluence, and drainage areas and altitudes pertinent
to the subdivisions. A list of lakes and ponds, giving names, locations,
and approximate altitudes and areas was also prepared, much of the
132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

data for basins in New York State being based on a gazetteer by

E. M. Douglas.8
The summarized results of the compilation, covering about 340
basins, are given in the table on pages 145-155. The original records
are on file at the office of the Geological Survey in Washington, D. C.,
and the computations for basins in New England (except Maine) are
on file also at the Boston -office of the Geological Survey.
METHODS OF WORK
MAPS
Quadrangle maps on the scale 1:62,500, are the basis of this com-
pilation, except for a few areas in New Jersey where more detailed
maps were available. On these maps the gaging stations were located
and the tributary basins with sub-basin divisions were outlined.
Generally, each basin was divided into 50 to 75 sub-basins. Care was
taken that the sub-basins crossed the streams only at confluence
points. To systematize the necessary tabulations, the sub-basins
were numbered in accord with the following system, which is illus-
trated on plate 2.
The headwater basin farthest upstream (the one farthest removed
from the gaging station along the main stream) is called no. 1; the
sub-basin which it joins at the first confluence point is called no. 2;
the sub-basin (or intervening area along the combined channel) below
the confluence of sub-basins 1 and 2 is called no. 3; the next tributary
sub-basin is called no. 4, and so on. Where a large tributary stream
that has been subdivided joins the main stream, the next consecutive
number is assigned to the farthest upstream sub-basin of this tribu-
tary. This constitutes the lowest number on such tributary, and the
sub-basins of the tributary system are then numbered in the same
manner as those of the main stream, down to the sub-basin immedi-
ately above the confluence of the tributary with the main stream.
The succeeding number is assigned to the sub-basin along the main
river immediately below the confluence, as before. The highest
number in a basin is that of the sub-basin immediately above the
mouth of the main stream; it indicates the number of sub-basins into
which that drainage area is divided. As shown on plate 2 the number
of each sub-basin is the large integer near its center; the smaller
figures represent area, length of stream, and altitude.
8 Douglas, E. M., Gazetteer of the lakes, ponds, and reservoirs of the State of New York: Map Informa-
tion Office, Board of Surveys and Maps, 44 pp., Washington, 1926. [Processed.]
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 133

AREA OF BASINS

The total area of the basin within the watershed lines above the
selected gaging station is the primary basin factor. In a humid climate
the volume of discharge varies directly with the size of the tributary
drainage area. Accordingly, the area in square miles was measured,
not only of the main basin above the gaging station but also of a
number of sub-basins (generally over 50). The size of the basins
included in this compilation ranges from 1.64 to 7,797 square miles.
In general, large streams were excluded because the size of sheets
became unwieldy, because some contained unsurveyed areas, and
because their stream-flow characteristics could best be determined by
synthesis of their components.
STREAM DENSITY

The runoff from the several parts of the drainage basin is discharged
by the streams, and, other factors being constant, the time required
for the water to flow a given distance is directly proportional to the
stream length. The stream or drainage density is-the ratio between
the total length of all streams within the drainage basin and the total
area of the basin and is an indication of the drainage development.
Accordingly, the length of all streams down to the smallest shown on
the topographic maps was measured to determine the stream density
and the area-distance distribution.
The number of small headwater streams shown on the topographic
maps would vary with the season and the wetness of the particular
year during which the survey was made, as well as with the judgment
of the topographer and cartographer as to the amount of detail to be
shown on the map. These circumstances introduce a measure of
inconsistency in stream-density results as determined from maps.
The ratio of stream density for the basins included in this compila-
tion, all of which are in the humid region, ranges from 0.89 to 3.37
miles per square mile and averages 1.65 miles per square mile. Other
factors being equal,high drainage density indicates a more effective oper-
ation, of the agencies of stream incision. Greater incision, for example,
would be associated with steep land slopes. Opportunity for incision
would be greater also where most of the discharge occurs as surface
runoff rather than through ground-water channels; such a condition
exists in areas where the ground is sufficiently impervious to shed
storm rainfall.. Drainage density is greater in humid regions than in
arid regions; it would approach zero in flat, sandy desert regions and
would approach a maximum in steep, rocky, humid regions.
134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

The variation of stream density with'the land slope is shown by the

following data derived from groups of basins in New England.
Variation of stream density with land slope
Range in stream Average land
density slope
(miles per square (feet per
mile) mile)
1.00 to 1.25.__.__._._______.____._-_-_-_____ 290
1.26 to 1.50____________--._._-----________ 550
1.51 to 2.00.____.___---._._.______-_.____ 600
2.01 to 2.25________________________________ 700
The mean land slopes for basins in New England having drainage
densities within the ranges indicated in the above data were averaged,
and the results indicate that, in general, in a given region the higher
drainage densities are associated with the steeper land slopes. The
reciprocal of the drainage density is the average distance between
streams, and half the reciprocal of drainage density is the average
horizontal distance between the streams and appurtenant watershed
lines, measured at right angles to the streams. Drainage density
appears to be inversely related to the distance of overland flow as
distinguished from flow in stream channels. However, hi basins
sufficiently permeable so that all rainfall can be taken directly into the
soil through infiltration, the drainage density approaches zero and is
associated with zero, overland flow.
AREA-DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION

The concentration of runoff from drainage basins of equal size may

be greatly affected by the distribution of the area with respect to dis-
tance from the gaging station or outlet. Other factors being equal,
the runoff from areas close to the gaging station should reach it
sooner than water from remote areas. Accordingly, a drainage basin
whose tributaries are compactly organized, so that water from- all
parts of the basin has a comparatively short distance to travel, will
discharge its runoff more quickly and reach greater flood crests than
one in which the larger part of the area is remote from the gaging
station or outlet. This basin characteristic is expressed in the sum-
mary table by the quantity Sal, computed by multiplying each partial
area in the basin (a) by the channel distance from the midpoint of the
mam stem serving it, downstream to the gaging station (1). Distances
along the stream channels were measured in 0.1 mile chords.
In a sense this quantity is also a measure of the volume of channel
storage in the basin. For example, if under a given regime of flow
the cross-sectional area of a river at a given place varies directly as
the drainage area above, then the volume in any given reach would
vary as the product of a coefficient by mean drainage area above the
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 135

reach by the length of the reach. The coefficient would be a function

of the stage of the regime selected, the slope of the reach, friction al
resistance, and other hydraulic factors. No method is proposed for
evaluating the coefficient. However, the sum of the products of
mean drainage area and length of reaches for a given basin is equal
to the product Sal which was derived by both methods of computation.
The most compact drainage basin would be a glory-hole inlet, and
the product. Sal for such a basin is 0.375 A 1>6° where A represents
total area; for an equilateral triangle, with reference to an outlet at
one of the vertices, the product is 0.94 A. 1 -50 ; and for a square, with
reference to a corner, it is 0.76 A 1 -50. Figure 49 shows the results of
plotting the products Sal against the corresponding drainage area.
Only enough points are shown to define the line of regression, whose
equation is 0.90 A 1 -56, or more approximately 1.2 A 1 -50, within the
range shown. Natural basins are generally less compact than any
of the geometric shapes mentioned.
Additional subdivision of a basin beyond the 50 to 75 sub-basins
generally used would tend to increase the value of the product Sal.
However, a study of West River Basin, above Newfane, Vt., indicates
that the product Sal for 20 sub-basins was 6,620, for 50 sub-basins
6,810, and for 100 sub-basins 6,860. The values given in this report
may therefore be considered essentially correct limiting values.
Points on the right of the trend line (fig. 49) represent basins less
compact than the average, and those on the left the more compact.
The regression line therefore furnishes a standard for comparing the
relative compactness of different basins.
LENGTH OF BASIN
The table «(pp. 145-155) lists the length of longest watercourse in
each basin measured in 0.1-mile chords to the source of the most
headward stream. This length, when divided by the mean velocity
of flow will give the time of concentration as used in the rational
formula for the computation of flood discharge.
The mean length of travel of runoff or the distance to the center of
gravity of the drainage system may be found by dividing the quantity
Sal by the drainage area in square miles. This quotient is commonly
identified by the symbol Lca. The table also lists the length of princi-
pal streams as defined under "Channel slope."
LAND SLOPE

Rainfall or snow melt which becomes direct runoff flows over the
surface of the ground or, where the surface soil is shallow and per-
meable, immediately beneath it over the bedrock. The average
distance water travels before entering a stream channel may be
136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

Efll.
I betw

gsmw aavnbs KE '

 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 137

expressed in terms of stream density. (See p. 133.) The rapidity

with which the water travels to the streams likewise depends on the
slope of the land.
The contours on the topographic maps provide a basis for determing
the slope of the land by the intersection-line method outlined by
Horton 9 as follows:
The intersection-line method. In order to reduce the labor of computation of
slope of large areas the author has utilized the following method. An area the
slope of which is to be determined is subdivided into squares of equal size by lines
forming the boundaries between adjacent squares. The number of contours
crossed by each subdividing line is counted and the lengths of the lines are scaled.
Then the average scale-distance I' between contour crossing in the subdivision
lines is v
F-5
1 N
where N is the number of contours crossed and 2i is the total length of the sub-
dividing lines. If a is the horizontal angle at which each of two parallel contours
crosses an intersection line, then I' sin a is the horizontal distance between the two
contours measured normal to the contours. Contours may cross the intersection
lines at all angles from 0° to 90°. The mean value of sin a for angles from 0° to
90° is

y
J o

If D is the contour interval or difference in elevation in feet, and L is the average

normal horizontal distance between contours, then
L= 0.6366 V
and the mean slope Sg of the area is

0.6366 =.

t * » -g-
= 1.571

In applying this method it is assumed that each contour crossed represents a

difference of elevation along the subdivisional line equal to the contour interval.
Of course it may happen that two adjacent contours are at the same elevation and
are separated by land only a little higher or lower. On an average, however, the
elevations of summits or depressions between equal contours will differ from that
of the adjacent contours by an amount equal to one-half the contour interval, and
it can readily be seen that the average declivity between a pair of contours of equal
elevation is nearly the same as if the contours were separated by the contour
interval D, so that the method gives nearly correct results even where the sub-
division lines cross adjoining contours of equal elevation, as in the case of summits
and depressio'ns.
Horton, R. E., Drainage-basin characteristics: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., No. 13, pp. 350-361, 1932.
747049-47 3
138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1644

By making the subdivision lines sufficiently frequent, the average slope of an

area may be determined with whatever degree of accuracy is required.
This method has been tested by comparison of slope for the same area computed
from the measured total lengths of contours, with, in general, good agreement.
In carrying out this computation, the slope along the meridian lines
is computed separately from the slope along the parallels of latitude.
Where there is a great difference between the land slope in the two
directions, the orientation of the basin is determined by the axis of
least slope. Where the east-west slope and the north-south slope are
nearly the same, the line of orientation may be approximately midway
between the two, or it may not be clearly defined in either direction
in a cup-shaped or fan-shaped basin. Land slopes listed in the table
range from 1,598 feet per mile for the upper Pemigewasset River
Basin in New Hampshire to 55 feet for Great Egg River in Coastal
New Jersey.
Paulsen 10 found, during the flood of September 1938 in the North
Atlantic States, that the infiltration index tends to increase with
decrease in mean land slope. He states that "although the slope of the
land itself might influence the retentive capacity of the ground, this
tendency may be due to other factors related to slope, such as depth
of soil cover."
CHANNEL SLOPE

Upon leaving the land the runoff enters the channel system, through
which it flows in channels that increase progressively in size with the
entrance of additional water. Channels in a drainage basin are clas-
sified for study as principal and tributary. The principal streams of
a basin are defined as those that drain 10 percent or more of the total
area of the basin; tributaries are defined as those that drain less than
10 percent of the area of the basin. The average slope of the tribu-
taries and of the principal streams is computed separately as the
quotient of the total fall divided by the corresponding total length
and is reported in the summary table.
In computing the slope of the stream channels, only the largest
stream in each sub-basin is considered. Thus, if a basin is divided
into 75 sub-basins only 75 stream lengths and falls are measured.
These stream lengths are classified as principal or tributary, and the
average slope of each is computed. As only one stream in each sub-
basin is included in the classification, many minor headwater streams
are excluded from consideration; consequently, the reported slope of
the tributary stream is affected by the number of subareas into which
the basin is divided. The reported mean slope of the tributary
"" Paulsen, C. G., Hurricane floods of September 1938: U. S. Qeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 867, pp.
440-441, 1940.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 139
streams increases as the number of subareas becomes larger, thus
embracing more steep minor headwater streams. This is illustrated
in figure 50, which shows the result of a comprehensive study of the
slope of tributaries of West River at Newfane, Vt. The asymptote
resulting from that study is about 225 feet per mile, whereas the
channel slope obtained with 53 subareas (see table, No. 1-354) is
200 feet per mile.
The slope information for the several drainage basins listed in the
table discloses that a steep land slope is generally associated with

zo 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NUMBER OF SUBAREAS
FIQPEB 60. Variation of computed slope of tributary streams with number of subareas, West River at
Newfane, Vt.

steep tributary and principal channel slopes and conversely, as might

be expected. There is, however, no systematic variation; moreover,
according to geometric analysis by Horton,11 the ratio between
principal channel slope and average land slope is a measure of the
horizontal angle that the lateral slope makes relative to the stream
slope. A low slope ratio indicates that the laterals tend to enter the.
streams at right angles, whereas the angle of inflow into the stream
becomes more acute as the channel slope approaches equality with
the ground slope. This slope ratio tends to decrease with increase in
drainage area, but varies considerably between drainage basins of
equal size.
» Horton, R. E., op. cit., p. 360.
140 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944-47

AREA-ALTITUDE DISTRIBUTION

Another method of expressing the slope of the basin is by means of

the altitude of the several parts with reference to sea level. This is
best expressed through the hypsometric curve, as a graph showing the
area-altitude distribution is called. Although the area-altitude dis-
tribution was derived for each basin, only the maximum, mean, and
minimum altitudes as determined from the topographic maps are
shown in the table. From this information, however^ the area-
altitude distribution curve can be readily approximated. Figure 51
shows the hypsometric curves for several basins plotted in terms of
percent of range in altitude and percent of area above the indicated
altitude. The variations are wide, but in general the mean altitude
100

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
PERCENT OF AREA
FIGTTBB 51. Typical hypsometric curves for drainage basins.
1-104. Swift Biver near Eoxbury, Maine.
1-153. East Branch of Pemigewasset Eiver near Lincoln, N. H.
1-175. Lake Winnipesaukee outlet at Lakeport, N. H.
1-435. Quinnipiac Eiver at Wallingford, Conn.
1-464. Leadmine Brook near Thomaston, Conn.
3- 18. Brokenstraw Creek at Youngsville, Pa.
4-250. Otter Creek at Center Rutland, Vt.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 141
*

of a basin is located at 0.34 of the range between the minimum and

maximum; thus a basin is comparable to the surface of a cone.
The area-altitude distribution curve has several applications. For
example, snow surveys generally show an increase hi depth of cover
and water equivalent with increase in altitude; the area-altitude rela-
tion provides a means for estimating the mean depth of snow or its
water equivalent over a drainage basin. Barrows 12 describes a signifi-
cant variation in annual precipitation and runoff in the Connecticut
River Basin with respect to altitude. The obvious variation in
temperature with change in altitude is further indication of the utility
of the area-altitude distribution curve.
The mean altitude of the basin above the altitude at the outlet or
gaging station represents the potential head of a uniform depth of
water over the basin with respect to the outlet or gaging station, and
as such is a factor in determining the rate at which the waters are
collected and discharged. The data in the summary table shows
that, hi general, the land slopes and channel slopes vary with the mean
altitude of the basin above the outlet. Thus steep slopes are associ-
ated with a high altitude above the outlet, and conversely. A rough
average relation between slope and mean altitude is as follows:

where Ki=0.31
K2 ranges from 0.97 at 50 square miles to 3.0 at 1,000 square miles.
KZ ranges from 3.5 at 50 square miles to 23.4 at 1,000 square miles.
<Si=mean land slope, in feet per mile.
St= slope of tributary streams, in feet per mile.
S9 slope of principal streams, in feet per mile.
AREA OF WATER SURFACES

The effect of storage in retaining flood runoff and prolonging its

discharge until the flood^in channels farther downstream^has 'begun
to subside tends to reduce flood peaks and increase the time lag be-
tween rainfall and its consequent runoff. Natural storage in lakes
and ponds and artificial storage in reservoirs aids this retardation.
A measure of the amount of storage available for such modification
of flood discharge can be derived from the surface area of the water
bodies shown on the topographic map. (See table.) The computa-
tions at Boston included the determination of swamp areas, which had
been part of an earlier project carried on hi 1936 in cooperation with
the Works Progress Administration; this covered compilations for the
Merrimac and Connecticut River Basins, both in square miles and
i' Barrows, H. K.( Precipitation and runoff and altitude relations for Connecticut River: Am. Geophys
Union Trans., 14th Ann. Meeting, pp. 396-406, 1933.
142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

in drainage percent.13 The computations made at Pittsburgh did

not include swamp areas.
The areas of swamps as reported would be affected by the hydro-
logic conditions under which the topographic surveys were made.
Surveys made in spring or early summer would probably show a
greater swamp area than those made in late summer or fall, and
surveys in a wet year would show marked contrast with those made
in a dry year. It is not known to what extent the results given in
the table were affected by hydrologic conditions.
It should be pointed out that the area of water surfaces is only
one measure of their effect on the time distribution of flood discharge.
The position of the water bodies in the river system is also important;
thus a large pond near the headwaters would affect but a small
part of the runoff, whereas one of the same size farther downstream
would affect a larger part of the runoff.
In addition to the effect of storage in modifying the shape of flood
waves or the time distribution of runoff, the total volume of runoff may
be influenced by evaporation from lakes, reservoirs, and swamps.
The loss of water by evaporation from water surfaces in the northeast
is about twice that from land surfaces, per unit of area. Accordingly,
basins with a large proportion of water and swamp surfaces may be
expected to yield less runoff than those with a small proportion.
In many of the basins listed in the table the proportion of lake and
swamp areas exceeds 10 percent, and in a few, especially in New Eng-
land, it approaches 20 percent; doubtless the effect on water losses is
significant. The percentage of lake area is highest in New England
and northern New York and generally in the glaciated portions of
the areas studied.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The summary table that follows gives the results of measurements

on topographic maps on a scale of 1:62,500. It includes about 22,000
areas covering 145,000 square miles. A total of 240,000 miles of
stream length was measured, and nearly a million contours on the
topographic maps were counted and translated into land and channel
slopes.
Reference has already been made to general relationships between
the topographic factors listed in the table. Each item is not neces-
sarily unique, but it may reflect a condition that also influences the
others, consequently other relationships between them may be found.
For example, figure 52 shows that, in general, larger drainage areas
are associated with flatter stream slopes; but average land slopes and
» Grover, N. O., The floods of March 1936, pt. 1: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 798, pp. 335-338,
1937.
 CHARACTERISTICS OP DRAINAGE BASINS 143
mean altitudes of drainage basins above outlets or gaging stations
show a tendency to increase with drainage area. The points shown
on figure 52 correspond to averages of groups of drainage basins within
limited ranges in size. If individual basins were plotted on figure 52,
material scattering of points would result, the basins plotting on the
left being relatively flatter than those on the right. The average
curve therefore provides a means fdr comparing the slopes and alti-

SUOPE OF TRIBUTARY STREAMS

<FE£T PER MILE)

\
MEAN LAND SLOPE
(FEET PER MILgl
SLOPE OF PRINCIPAL STREAMS
(FEET PER MILE)
\
; IEAN ALTITUDE OF BASIN i
>BOVE GAGING STATION/
(FEET) /

POINTS SHOWN ARE FOR

AVERAGES OF GROUPS WITHIN
LIMITED RANGE IN DRAINAGE AREA
\

2 K> | 100 1000

SLOPES. IN FEET PER MILE AND ALTITUDES, IN FEET

FIGURE 52. Graph showing general variation in stream slopes and altitude in relation to size of drainage
basini

tudes of basir»s of different size, the divergent trends of the lines

showing principal channel slope and average land slope indicate that
the slope ratio of the basins analyzed tends to decrease with increase
in drainage area.
A principal shortcoming of the computations of physical character-
istics may be that it was not practicable to determine in detail the
distribution of stream and land sloj es and of lake and swamp areas
within every area. Steep slopes on i few tributaries may increase the
average slope considerably, yet thess slopes may have little effect on
flood-peak discharges. Moreover, 1,he course of a river in a given
144 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

length may be characterized either by uniform slope or by a series of

pools with intervening rapids or perhaps cataracts. The velocity in
a stretch of uniform slope would probably be the greater if other fac-
tors were constant, as pools have a detention storage effect and the
fall at rapids or cataracts imparts but little horizontal velocity to the
water. A lake on the headwaters of a stream may have no noticeable
effect, whereas a lake of the same size on the main channel near the
lower reaches of an otherwise flashy stream may greatly modify flood
discharges. Also, steep slopes or abnormally high elevations in the
part of a drainage basin upstream from a lake may affect considerably
the average land slope and the mean elevation of a basin, but the lake
may decrease the flood discharges so much that the outflow from the
lake would differ little from that of a basin in which the slopes and
elevations were much less.
Storage capacity was not computed, as topographic maps furnish
no information'from which channel and lake cross sections at different
stages can be determined, except that they might be crudely corre-
lated with the stream slopes.
 ^CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 145
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 Summary of drainage basin topographic characteristics Continued
C *J
Land slope (feet Channel Altitude of land Area of water
densi slope (feet Longes
watercourset ga (feet above surfaces (square Nuof
sub-mber basisub-wasn
Draraineage Streamty(miper
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No. Name of gaging station "8 to

Tributary s"3! Maximum Minimum Lakes
and reser- divided
mile) Average Principal Swamps
voirs
$ i 3*1
2°~ "8
H
H z i EH

1-213.5.---- 23.3 2.34 97 359 257 301 49.6 12.8 8.3 9.4 360 124 15 0.54 0.48 1.02 26 O
1-216 Charles River at Charles River Village, Mass. 183 1.27 3,638 270 210 236 22.6 4.24 38.7 31.9 580 232 100 2.88 3.54 6.42
1-218 251 1.37 8,126 273 223 244 20.7 3.57 59.8 44.1 580 211 20 3.86 8.50 12.36
1-220A. - 35.2 1.27 202 200 159 176 35.3 19.2 11.6 14.6 540 213 28
60 1.02 .04 1.06
9 §i-3
1-222 260 1.28 3,738 129 105 116 13.5 3.28 26.7 36.6 420 99 10 13.95 12.24 26.19 65 £S
1-223 42.2 1.20 327 158 129 141 24.0 11.6 15.0 15.3 440 195 70 .92 .25 1.17 21 §
1-225 31.3 1.69 164 458 308 371 77.9 41.5 11.5 13 1,400 746 480 1.36 .03 1.39 21 2
1-227 139.2 1.36 1,861 414 279 337 58.7 12.5 26.5 26.5 1,400 611 270 5.90 .08 5.98 49 3
l-230 417 1.32 8,184 370 262 307 41.5 12.3 44.5 48 1,400 495 130 12.96 2.29 15.25 72 O
1-232A. Quinsigamond River at North Grafton, Mass. 26.1 1.57 139 374 248 301 101 20.0 9.8 10.5 760 496 360 1.50 0 1.50 30 !2j
CD
1-232B. 27.8 1.14 117 293 275 283 97.6 46.1 7.6 11.4 910 637 360 1.44 0 1.44 34
1-237A J 93.3 1.47 966 323 213 260 59.0 21.6 17.0 19.9 805 500 200 3.02 1.50 4.52 50 1-3
1-249A- 199.8 1.51 3,416 298 228 258 55.6 15.1 27.7 39 805 392 15 4.88 8.02 12.90 57 O
1-264 Willimantic River near South Coventry, Conn. 121 1.69 1,775 471 312 378 91.4 25.1 25.3 27.9 1,280 698 250 1.82 .06 1.88 51 ..
1-267 Shetucket River near Willimantic, Conn __ . 401 1.62 6,815 414 293 344 61.7 13.3 32.6 49.6 1,290 620 160 4.12 3.42 7.54 66 W
H
1-272 _. 76.2 1.61 707 377 303 334 114 20.7 19.6 16.9 1,015 605 280 .90 .10 1.00 51 2
1-275 169 1.63 2,320 424 280 341 79.9 22.0 26.5 33 1,290 614 190 1.30 3.22 4.52 57 W
1-279A _ 93.8 1.46 993 579 330 436 60.2 8.97 19.1 17.8 1,280 825 540 2.94 1.16 4.10 48 0
1-282 ___ 157 1.57 2,362 549 319 415 56.1 12.2 28.3 24.7 1,280 779 380 3.46 1.23 4.69 50 £
1-284 331 1.55 6,332 478 291 369 51.0 13.7 38.1 45.3 1,280 696 240 10.12 3.04 13.16
60 8
1-289 . ... 711 1.56 22, 477 420 261 328 42.1 12.1 65.3 69.5 1,280 553 80 16.19 9.28 25.47 73 ^
1-294A. 27.7 1.62 141 449 274 348 76.6 37.4 9.5 13.1 1,080 744 490 1.18 0 1.18 28
1-295.5 58.7 1.61 617 355 237 285 70.9 26.2 17.8 18.3 940 536 220 1.64 .76 2.40 45 "-*.
1-298 . 83.5 1.51 723 319 220 262 68.7 24.3 16.5 20.6 860 512 220 .61 3.16 3.77 44 <=>
1-301 _ 88.6 1.67 738 351 271 305 64.0 24.9 16.4 20.1 760 406 110 2.02 .42 2.44 55 £
1-329A. Ammonoosuc River at Bethlehem Junction, 64"
N. H 88.5 1.72 968 1,225 1,056 1,130 575 75.8 20.2 22.3 6,288 2,512 1,190 .01 .07 .08
1-332... 1 395 1.53 8,575 1,034 855 931 274 35.9 50.7 52.4 6,288 1,712 460 .83 2.28 3.11 60
1-334 241 2.09 4,272 1,378 1,236 1,295 350 21.8 31.3 32.8 3,800 1,801 550 0 .08 .08 56
1-336.8A.... 30.5 1.99 172 1,168 693 890 375 119.0 10.1 11.8 2,300 1,324 640 0 .12 .12 31
1-339A - Mascoma River at West Canaan. N. H... 80.5 1.60 622 734 486 588 234 39.2 15.2 20.2 3.220 1.402 840 1.50 1.33 2.83 50
1 «ijrt 153 1.57 1.912 756 512 614 157 23.8 23.9 29.4 3,220 1,285 750 6.17 2.95 8.12 53
1-346 Ottauquechee River at North Hartland, Vt 221 1.76 4,562 1,215 994 1,090 241 30.0 37.8 34.? 4,241 1,514 360 .23 .05 .28 67
1-347-.. .- 269 1.59 5,211 707 548 615 157 28.4 32.7 39.1 2,781 1,246 370 9.86 3.50 13.36 55
1-350. 158 1.45 2,733 969 792 868 227 26.4 34.9 32.6 3,737 1,494 460 .99 1.63 2.62 52
1-352A...... 72.2 1.69 666 1,073 823 932 238 53.6 17.6 18.1 2,770 1,318 400 .04 .28 .32 50
1-354 308 1.53 6,812 879 753 806 200 42.9 39.3 43.6 3,859 1,655 430 .85 .73 1.58 53
1-356 . 71.2 2.17 751 665 520 580 175 40.5 22.8 19 2,544 1,517 790 1.82 4.76 6.58 52
1-358 .. 420 2.21 11, 9^2 710 544 614 110 22.1 60.9 55.1 3,166 1,204 220 5.48 10.02 15.50 ,67
1-359 41.8 2.32 274 700 630 660 193 67.4 11.8 13.4 2,240 1,435 740 0.74 1.88 2.62 35
1-362. South Branch Ashuelot River near Marlboro,
N.H.. . _... 36.4 2.17 204 630 444 522 246 59.2 10.3 12.2 3,166 1,277 700 .45 .97 1.42 41
1-363........ 83.8 1.72 664 376 282 322 63.9 17.9 14.7 19.8 1,848 1,110 850 3.37 1.64 5.01 52
1-363A- 186 1.90 2,236 370 265 310 50.4 16.4 21.5 32.6 1,900 1,070 785 5.66 2.53 8.19 59
1-365 .... 370 1.97 8,025 479 320 387 65.4 17.4 39.4 37.9 1,900 988 490 7.78 3.50 11.28 87
1-367 19.0 1.82 74 392 278 328 85.5 31.1 8.0 9.8 1,303 1,038 865 .61 .62 1.23 25
1-368.. 18.7 1.73 109 376 271 314 126 24.2 11.4 12 1,900 1,108 865 .05 .22 .27 28
1-371. 49.9 2.00 344 537 317 409 120 37.2 13.5 18.4 1,890 1,060 630 .56 .26 .82 39
1_?79 12.2 1.96 46 768 508 173 61.3 6.8 7.5 1,620 873 530 .18 .18 .36 29
1-375 362 1.71 9,838 884 702 778 168 32.3 53.4 47.4 3,839 1,966 520 1.36 .68 2.04 63
Deerfleld River, excluding Somerset Reservoir,
332 1.72 8,389 914 722 803 180 31.0 45.5 3,764 1,918 520 1.01 .68 1.69
Deerfleld River, excluding Harriman Reser-
178 1.94 2,418 1,022 850 922 205 56.5 32.9 3,071 1,712 520 .34 .36 .70 35
1-376A _ ... 663.5 1.85 24,550 821 649 721 144 26.5 78.0 69.4 3,839 1, 557 120 2.01 .68 2.69 76
1-380A 88.4 1.64 890 699 600 642 245 75.8 19.5 22.7 2,440 1,438 460 .18 0 .18 47
1-380.4A..... Green River above mouth at Greenfield, Mass. 89.4 1.75 1,125 726 527 610 192 53.1 28.0 24.5 2,440 988 120 .38 0 .38 51
1-383.2...... Mill River at Northampton, Mass. ........... 53.3 1.94 446 760 494 608 218 59.3 15.1 17.7 1,720 870 140 .30 .01 .31 41
4fl4
1-384 100 1.67 919 246 313 69.3 22.9 17.8 25.7 2,000 990 675 2.42 1.72 4.14 41 I
1-387.. 201 1.52 4,017 402 281 357 66.5 16.0 36.7 28.4 2,000 910 400 3.08 1.72 4.80 52
1-389 702 1.50 22, 677 519 318 404 52.2 12.3 57 81 2,000 788 120 9.83 3.73 13.56 72
1-390 . 188 1.59 2,998 628 ld.7 468 98.5 12.1 28.7 42.7 1,380 800 390 1.64 .08 1.72 55 i
1-394 149 1.56 2,413 461 301 371 70.5 17.4 28.2 27.9 1,227 840 380 3.89 1.65 5.54 52
1-396.8-. 34.1 1.06 216 232 151 186 49.7 11.7 12.1 16.3 905 266 130 .83 .26 1.09 25 B
1-399 Westfleld River at Knightville, Mass... ...... 162 2.05 2,562 722 458 570 125 50.7 30.4 26.8 2,560 1,466 500 .37 .12 .49 60 B
1-402 Westfleld River near Westfleld, Mass ___ .. 497 1.77 12,258 678 485 567 115 30 51.0 57.2 2,560 1, 395 120 3. OS .41 3.49 74 *
00
Westfleld River, excluding Westfield Little 448 1.84 11, 266 698 487 577 111 29.8 51.0 54.7 2,560 1,192 120 2.68 .41 3.09 51
River, near Westfleld, Mass.
1-406........ Middle Branch of Westfleld River at Goss 62.6 2.24 544 794 555 655 276 94.9 19.1 17.7 2,295 1,418 420 .01 .22 .23 66
Heights, Mass.
1-407 West Branch of Westfleld River at Hunting- 93.7 1.95 1,051 795 620 695 208 87.6 20.8 21.3 2,295 1,420 400 .95 .07 1.02 56
ton, Mass.
1-410 ... Westfleld Little River near Westfleld, Mass- 48.5 1.12 352 476 422 446 150 71.4 13.3 14.5 1,751 1,290 570 .40 0 .40 44
1-413 98.4 1.58 1,129 485 303 381 105 20.4 21.8 21.6 1,240 4fl7 20 .24 .14 .38 51
1-416 92.0 1.34 ' 758 580 411 482 113 61.5 17.5 20.9 2,140 1,508 775 2.78 .42 3.20 51
75.3 1.36 582 639 446 526 130 67.7 19.8 2,140 1,503 775 .61 .05 .66 43
near New Boston, Mass.
1-431- ...- Hoekanum River near East Hartiord, Conn.... 74.5 1.64 749 403 292 339 106 28 22.0 23.9 1,060 432 60 1.35 .78 2.13 51
 Summary of drainage basin topographic characteristics Continued
Channel & Altitude of land Area of water
8
Land slope (feet slope (feet (feet above
Draraineaage densi
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No. Name of gaging station "S !0 res-

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CQ
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1-432 104.7 1.62 821 433 286 349 74.6 40.2 17.5 21.4 920 500 90 0.91 0 0.91 51 0
1-435 109 1.66 1,323 452 274 351 91.2 9.42 23.2 22.3 1,000 300 40 1.00 .03 1.03 48 o
1-438 57.1 1.91 405 567 486 521 165 78.6 12.2 14.5 2,300 1,678 1,030 .60 .10 .70 52 y
1-444 . . Housatonic River near Great Barrington, 280 1.52 6,841 607 513 553 135 13.1 43.0 36.7 2,660 1,432 720 4.74 .36 5.10
Mass. 72 3
1-446 632 1.35 21,092 621 487 543 79.8 8.45 63.7 55.6 2,660 1,264 555 9.24 1.72 10.96 69 3
W
1-460 . 1, 545 1.57 81, 138 666 477 557 54.2 10 111.2 99.3 2,660 981 40 16.87 9.42 26.29 51 d
1-453 204 1.34 3,497 736 480 537 113 17.1 33.0 31.6 1, 787 819 320 1.51 2.26 3.77 75 1-3
1-455. 68.5 1.81 820 593 407 487 85.2 17.1 19.4 17.6 1,070 568 210 .96 1 02 1.98 50 g
1-458 133 1.98 2,431 574 388 465 88 31.4 34.7 33.1 1,680 1,029 300 2.26 0.62 2.88 50 2
1-459 - 75.3 2.29 710 624 366 474 153 33.4 17.1 19.5 1,140 685 310 .37 .48 .85
02 §
1-462 . Naugatuck River near Thomaston, Conn..... 71.9 2.21 822 644 475 546 175 41 21.8 21.1 1,700 1,016 410 .19 0 .19 52 LJ
1-463 Naugatuck River near Naugatuck, Conn. . ... 245.8 2.05 4,483 598 399 483 103 17.5 40.4 31.4 1,700 801 160 1.69 .12 1.81 74 §
1-464 . 24.0 2.15 121 552 334 424 147 72.3 10.1 11 1,200 870 420 .10 0 .10 33
1-466 77.5 1.84 710 614 368 474 92.6 32.2 19.7 26.4 1,060 459 30 .14 1.10 1.24 53 hj
1-471 Hudson River near Newcomb, N. Y __ ...... 192 2.21 2.282 1,148 1,010 1,091 250 13.0 24.4 37.1 5,344 2,193 1,550 5.85 49 3
1-476 Hudson River at Hadley, N. Y.. ............. 1,664 1.68 89, 931 973 882 920 127 12.37 93.7 111.7 5,344 1,848 560 40.97 234 §
1-482 Cedar River below Chain Lakes near Indian
Lake, N. Y.... ..... .... 160 1.77 2,503 684 883 800 159 32.61 35.0 36.3 3,865 2, 231 1,544 3.84 45 2
1-485 Schroon River at Riverbank, N. Y ............ 527 1.58 13,054 1,100 998 1,040 118 16.54 47.3 44.5 4,842 1,450 700 18.55 63 O
1-488 . 491 1.60 9,640 1,022 961 987 124 35.7 35.9 53.9 3,595 1,888 905 13.84 105 O
1-492 East Branch of Sacandaga River at Griffin,
N. Y ........ ... ... ... ..... .... ... ... 114 1.37 1,258 1,275 1,074 1,157 183 42.5 22.3 23.1 3,595 1,896 1,248 .63 53
1-496 Batten Kill at Arlington, Vt. __ __ . 152 1.51 1,552 1,120 827 953 314 52.7 22.2 23.3 3, 816 1,700 620 .20 1.27 1.47 49 £
1-499 Kayaderosseras Creek near West Milton,
N. Y-- .... ........ ... *...... .... .... 90 1.68 894 494 390 432 163 24.36 19.9 21.8 2,020 778 374 .10 .49 tf»
1-501 46.2 1.77 268 842 144 3Q7 77 111 14 9 790 .74 0 .74 39
Hoosic River, excluding Hoosic Lake, at
31.4 1.79 142 844 533 669 414 113 11.5 3,300 1,650 790 0 0 0 27
1-506 510 1.68 11, 036 1,047 795 900 181 17.7 46.0 53.3 3,764 1,269 370 1.27 51
1-508 _ North Branch of Hoosic River at North
39.1 1.92 210 1,005 719 841 479 146 9.5 12.2 3,143 1,835 870 .08 0 .08 40
1-510 Walloomsac River near North Benninston. Vt. 111 1.74 1.057 950 653 777 271 80.2 18.3 21.2 3.764 1.649 530 .29 .16 .45 44
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 149
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3-161 Killbuck Creek at Killbuck, Ohio.... ... 466 1.87 12, 196 421 414 417 39.5 3.01 56.8 46.2 1,400 999 796 01
3-163 27.5 2.22 129 882 731 . 799 127 19.23 9.4 10.4 1,280 958 785 0
3-166 140 2.26 1,891 650 667 660 74.5 9.97 29.3 28.7 1,260 960 745 0

3-167 672 1.98 16, 414 368 358 363 26.4 8.21 51.4 62.2 1,400 1,002 754 4 4?
3-169 .. 386 2.26 10, 822 1,661 1,610 1,642 76.6 6.99 61.6 55.4 2,800 1,195 702 0 53
3-170- 913 2.40 35, 364 1,677 1,670 1,673 54.6 3.97 86.9 85.4 2,800 1,081 664 0 112
3-175 460 2.09 10, 582 546 532 540 32.7 4.97 44.1 53.3 1.-240 915 730 0 67
3-176 2.29 40,234 737 746 742 29.5 2.44 81.8 76.9 1,240 879 638 .07 104
3_OAQ 438 2.03 15, 130 1,345 1,332 1,338 108 22.76 74.3 63.3 4,300 2,392 1,444 .10
3-205 540 2.14 17,475 1,534 1,606 1,575 154 17.19 64.4 75.7 4,842 3,068 2,080 0 61
3-206 1,357 1.42 91, 988 1,431 1,474 1,455 114 10.52 139.2 128.1 4,842 2,764 1,522 .04 115
3-208 236 1.46 5,597 1,317 1,349 1,335 275 27.19 43.3 51.2 4,710 2,990 1,995 0 74
3-211 1,315 1.56 74, 848 1,344 1,302 1,321 148 25.15 105.5 116 4,710 2,703 675 0 258
3-213 Williams Eiver at Dyer, W. Va... .. _____ 128 1.40 2,041 1,257 1,373 1,318 347 44.12 31.6 29.1 4,710 3,166 2,185 0 47
3-216 150 1.40 1,569 1,334 1,481 1,414 259 72.76 21.1 34.8 4,524 3,079 2,076 0 45
3-217 287 1.26 7,542 1,212 1,133 1,183 130 18.59 44.3 47.4 4,372 2,761 1,856 0
3-220 Elk River at Centralia, W. Va 281 1.56 11,004 1,764 1,774 1,768 285 35.41 64.8 65.6 4,839 2,587 925 0
3-222 1,145 1.80 88, 456 1,832 1,722 1,770 145 11.56 152.6 142 4,839 1,856 608 0 172
3-224 393 1.87 12, 726 2,260 2,149 2,218 140 24.1 61.9 61 3,400 1,581 635 0 55
3-227 Little Coal River at Madison, W. Va 267 2.12 4,740 2,294 2,169 2,244 198 18.21 34.7 50.9 3, 350 1,370 674 0 53
3-230 587 1.59 23, 203 802 853 830 26.5 2.28 79.9 85.5 1,100 761 574 .14 67
3-232 762 2.10 32, 960 2,013 1,993 2,002 130 11.26 86.3 85.2 3,536 1,723 704 0 95
3-233 1,226 2.12 91, 646 2,098 2,061 2,077 118 7.01 142.7 119.7 3,536 1,399 561 0 180
3-235.3 389 2.09 15, 246 2,594 2,511 2,563 171 18.06 69.1 63 3,095 1,665 694 0 - - 61
3-235.7.. 1,225 2.17 56, 421 2,343 2,268 2,302 113 13 86.8 94.3 3,765 1,649 639 01 120
3-236 2,150 1.77 149, 121 2,281 2,211 2,242 86.1 8.02 135.5 137.7 3, 765 1,378 569 .01 215
3-238.5- 198 1.64 5,436 2,495 2,077 2,325 120 7.79 52.2 57.9 2,500 1,129 618 0 37
3-238.5A 209 1.64 6,708 2,113 2,496 2,339 120 7.30 58.4 64.1 2,500 1,111 601 0 40
3-243 255 1.39 5,373 103 100 102 19.4 2.19 43.0 33.8 1,220 997 910 0 0 0 87
3-250.5 73.3 1.16 967 64 56 60 11.9 4.8 22.8 27.4 1,050 972 905 0 31
3-252 387 1.37 9,778 96 102 100 17.8 5.4 54.0 64.4 1,420 1,038 879 ,04 93
3-253 _ 438 1.37 13, 733 97 118 110 18.1 4.85 63.4 65.4 1,420 1,018 830 .04 108
3-254.5 195 1.42 3,533 147 134 140 29 12.04 36.2 33.8 1,420 1,061 820 ,01 83
3-255 Big Walnut Creek at Rees, Ohio- - _____ 544 1.32 17, 090 132 130 131 26.6 6.47 60.0 87.5 1,420 989 708 01 164
3-256 IQft 1.37 5,060 136 146 28 6.75 51.1 44 1,220 927 735 03 66
3-257 533 1.62 21, 339 110 116 114 22.7 5.28 68.0 86.5 1,490 950 715 ,08 92
3-258 Deer Creek at Williamsport, Ohio . __ ----- 331 1.05 9,800 83 107 96 16.8 7.32 57.7 53.3 1,300 963 720 ,01 76
3-261 808 1.64 31,960 227 226 227 24.2 7.51 80.5 84.8 1,343 970 667 .01 134
3-261.5 286 2.09 6,271 1,059 983 1,016 59.9 7.07 38.4 34.8 1,200 856 584 0 87
3-262 76.5 2.17 551 811 802 806 64.5 7.06 14.8 15.7 1,000 749 630 0 45
3-267 Little Miami River at Milford, Ohio. _ .. ... . 1,195 1.62 60,323 214 218 216 19.6 6.72 92.4 101.4 1,200 868 500 ,03 81
3-269 _ . 477 1.73 16, 837 199 162 183 21.4 8.5 77.5 70 1,200 884 516 0 57
Ohio.
3-278 Miami River at Sidney, Ohio. ................ 545 1.44 13,509 136 118 126 17 2.52 44.4 38.1 1,550 1,036 928 8.96
154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO HYDROLOGY, 1944

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Page
Abstract .-.... . -. . 125 Massachusetts, drainage basins in.. 145-146,147,148
Area-altitude distribution curve, expressing
New Hampshire, drainage basins ha _ 145,146-147
slope of basin by._ _______ 140-141
New Jersey, drainage basins in 149,150
Channel slope, computation of. _ ______ 138-139 New York, drainage basins in 148,
variation of with number of subareas.. _ 139 149,150,151,154-155
Channel storage, measurement of volume of 134
Ohio, drainage basins in.. 152-154
Connecticut, drainage basins in..___ 146,147-148
Pennsylvania, drainage basins in 150,151,152
Drainage basins, differences in character of. 128,129
Previous studies._.__ . - 128-130
relation of slope and altitude to size of._ 143
Purpose and scope of present study. 130-132
summary of topographic characteristics
of-_ 145-155 Rhode Island, drainage basins in. ..._ 146
typical hypsometric curves for_,____ 140 Runoff, effect of area-distance distribution
use of maps in tabulating data on__ 132; pi. 2 on i . 134-135,136
effect of area of water surfaces on. ___v 141-142
Iowa, drainage basin in. ... __________ 155
Meteorologic factors affecting. ___ 127-128
Kentucky, drainage basins in_________ 153
Stream density, features of._____-___ 133-134
Land slope, intersection-line method for deter-
mination of.. .- --._.. 137-138 Vermont, drainage basins in.- 146,147,148,155
Maine, drainage basins in.--_________ 145 West Virginia, drainage basins in______ 152,153
Maryland, drainage basins in________ 150,151 Wisconsin, drainage basins in.. 154,155
157
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