BDM's Definitive Guide Series mec Peet Pei ae be Ke eet Perc Le , aie a ee 1 Ciena fupct. ~3 3 baa : F a bs Cie o “ "par ameter", word:c[g] 4TH EDITION 100% INDEPENDENTDiscover more of our Complete Manuals today... Qrer WhatsApp ihe Mal Manual Uosalss eyed tet etree) ea Manual, Discover how to turn your ideas into code Programmingis everywhere. From clicking anicon on your desktop and opening a web browser to calculating the vast distances between the stars or flying through them in the latest video game. It's one of the most important digital skills you can have in the modern world and it’s only going to get bigger as we move into a new generation of interconnected devices and mediums. Starting to learn to code isn't easy but we're here to help you get going, In the pages of this book you can learn how to start coding using Python, C++, Linux scripting, FUZE BASIC with the Raspberry Pi, Windows batch files and Scratch. We also cover the common pitfalls and mistakes every coder falls into and ways to avoid them in the future; also where you can find help and howto experiment with your code. We've put together a great collection of tutorials and step-by- step guides to help you understand how to start coding and what you need to tum your ideas into ones and zeros that will help you become a better coder. Learning how to code is an on-going experience, where you learn something new every day and every time you run your code. Come with us and let's start coding! i eves BDM Publications €) www.bdmpublications.com¢ ->image_ td. a dio); $re¥ a one BEN ier ra KG 1 ZZ p Fae aan O= function Perel anak a kell ors Pees na : Cran Me Le) errr neta_day","day_id = Bye siniace Ante a4 Prem) Nh Galle ened faehaeey WAN Ly Pree eee cost Sees How to Set Up C++ in Linux Other C++ IDEs to Install ET ec una Er menetnaciions ei ace Ten (9g eee STR TD. her Telegu sa eee 44 46 ia OC NNT ae 20 Equipment You will Need eta ed Ce Moma} Fr st at en Installing VirtualBox CENT aU eed Aeon eran Stee IS iene es ecard EMSC UCase een Ene aR cid Ci ee Cerra Ereierd fe Te Eee Lae See Ee eee a)— ee array(); tere I Pa ONE ea an Ota hake yal en coe ee B LOMRer tne Cee a cat Uae) Cee ns be Sea cage) SC MeCcUn ELC eee LS cea) seo ea iced LCM canteen Sete eS or a peri ce ca) Deca) ee ates Sree nr CMa aa Penne a ees 86 Getting Started with FUZE BASIC Sera eee ue Nga cd Cen Raa Sle aT 134 Global Variables and a Dice Game ET men R ena ee ae See ee Lolo ted Py Mes ena a-7 lee ee) Co MEL By: “stele Benen Me co Rae Dell ead rene ene et eae ee ea Pree S RM cys aC ee Le Lcd " Q - SCC eee cada He NA essed ca mr YS Se oes Nee SU ald Meo gee tena 108 Getting Started with Batch Files re renee acted 110. Getting an Output cents Cm rah Uc EM cd Creme) STs eect comitirieice ——BED ~- ing and Program! 0) So you want to start coding? It's not going to be an easy road, and there are many pitfalls along the way, but learning to programs an amazing skill and one that will stand you in good stead for the future. ‘One of the hardest steps in learning to code is the first: which programming language to learn. Then, where do you 0 to find the tools you need and what do all those terms mean? Don't worry, we're here to help you on your way. Inthis section we look at what you need to take those first tentative steps into the world of coding. 8 Choosing a Programming Language 10 Learning to Code - Study Tips 42 Coding Tools and Resources 14 Being a Programmer BENE) scene aes ancsnnCoding and. BEN ay :Language mod Tru It would be impossible to properly -— Cian = Fal explain every programming language in Oe bd Tt tate Price aeaaissrom cider ss ‘_Mod . u: [1 Pe Remnicihe arc y Br ee) a Re Mees Ess ae ec OE Leet) ee ct cue Ruesaeen en hance mod.use_z = Try Ceeee Meni Rant complex methods are being born. Here is a list of the more common languages along with their key features. da Selected” + str(mod Weirror_ob.select = @ » bpy.context. selecte ) objects[one-.name ease select e SES“sql SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQLs standard language For accessing and manipulating databases. Although SQLs an ANSI {American National Standards institute) standard, there ae different versions of the SQL language. However, to be compliant, they all support at least the major Ronee eee eet errr aa PCa ae JavaScript (often shortened to J) isa lightweight, interpreted, object oriented language with Firs class functions. JavaScript runs on the client side ofthe web, that can be used to design or program how the web pages behave on the occurrence of an event. JavaScript is Pee ee teen teh eae) Rees Pa Java's the foundation for virtually every type of networked See eo eek eee ie Pe ee eS ‘of the Java platform are the Java Application Programming Interface (AP!) and the Bt nc ete ee ec re Cee ee eer a eet) build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use Ct to create Windows client applications, XML Web eee eee ne ea curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognisable to anyone Familiar with C, oer cae Python is a widely used high level programming language used for general purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. An interpreted language, Python has a design philosophy that emphasises code readability and a syntax that allows programmers Sere eae a eee eee ta Beenie core ecm te ote ton er ete er aur) language. thas imperative, object-oriented and generic programming Features, twas designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility eter eee Deere eee tc em Seems ‘Matsumoto, blended parts of his Favourite languages (Pert, Sree eee rere et oer Ruby has drawn devoted coders worldwide. Ruby is seen as a flexible language; eee ee cae cad eres S ca Pe roea aa eee ee ee ae Seer Meee ata Met aot ded See ere aoe ro eae conrad Peeing ec EL acy cere ener aa ‘Swift isa powerful and intuitive programming language for macOS, eel . otra prea eer tt eee ese eee tat ete a eet developers love. Swift code is safe by design, yet also produces software that runs ences ee cn a ae) Coding and Programming ) Learning to Code - Study Tips Programming is one of the most valuable skills you can pick up these days, PCM Ree ecco cstsackenaetssrient kare) create something cool too. When you're new to coding, it can be hard to know where to start and it’s easy to get sucked down paths that could waste a whole lot of your time and money. If you're just getting started on your coding journey, here are some ivecdcek ae am Natalee esc CHOOSE YOUR LANGUAGE LEARN WHAT BEING A CODER MEANS Itmay sound obvious but Take some time to look atthe things coding languages are used for sof you choosing the are interested in web design, look at how JavaScript i being used on the sites Fight coding or ‘you use every day; if youare in to mobile aps, look ita Java or Swift and see programming language to how they make apps work. It can also be useful and encouraging to check aut start learning is important ‘what qualified coders can expect to get paid by looking at local job sites. We iF you want the creative are not saying that ifyou learn to code Python you are immediately going to process tobe successful. IF you need learn to code Fora specific reason, Finding ajob For example, then you obviously need to lear the language that’s relevant. IF ‘you simply want to learn coding, then picking ‘language lke Python, that is both powerful ‘and relatively easy to learn, can make success more likely be offered a £70,000 a year job but t can help spur you onto study harder. TU m= San eda elle IF you are completely new to coding leaming any programming language can seem like a huge task. Getting completely bogged ‘down in pages and pages of code examples and explanations isnot tkely to make the learning process much fun. n our ‘experience itis often better to learn through practice, or to ‘choose atask you want to perform with code, and then work backwards to learn how to complete that task. By learning small ‘chunks and repeating what you have already learned at differing intervalsis called Spaced Repettion. BET) 00 eve cate sen attonSET UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT ‘Take some time to look atthe things coding languages are used For; so if you are interested in web design look at how JavaScript is being used on the sites you use every day iF you are in tomobile apps, lookinto Java or Swift and see how they make apps work. Itcan also be useful ‘and encouraging to check out what qualified coders can expect to get paid by looking at local jb sites. We are nat saying that if you learn to code Python you are immediately ‘going to be offered a £70,000 a year job but it canhelp spur you on to study harder. t+ WS]6+0-a+]4 eo Pome st Bor vrs Doen|aaaaeo nm Dyas aa colt cae) IFat ll possible, thatis. Deadlines, although a part ofa professional programmers life, can definitely hurt your progress when inthe process of learning to cade. Ths is ( Learning to Code study Tes GE Sagas ACS ‘Sometimes, though admittedly not always, tsa good idea to get a more rounded view of computer science before you dig down into more specific ‘programming language study. There are several ree “Introduction to Computer Science” courses available online, including a great one from Harvard Univesity (va the wwwedx.org website). Another study tool that can bbe useful isto play coding games. Two ofthe best of these types of learning ‘games are CodeCombat and CodinGame. Search online to find them LEARN FROM OTHER CODERS The Fantastic Stack Overflow is one of the best places to find answers to problems and to ask your own questions to other coders around the world. There are many other language- specific Forums online but whichever site you pick, dont be afraid to ask questions. You might find that others are a bit snappy iFyou don't Follow the questioning rules of that Forum but just Figure out what you did wrong and learn to ask better uestions. Don't worry though, ask your questions, listen to the answers and remember to thank people for thelr help, remembering to come back when you are more experienced and answer a few questions yourself if you can. ‘especially tre of selFimposed deadlines, nd at this point they almost certainly willbe, as they can damage your progress when not reached. Trying to rush through any stage ‘of learning to code will not do you any good, and may make laterstages harder if you do not fully understand the basics. wor bmpublcationscom {20M Definitive Guide SeriesCoding Tools and Resources Peeks Ana ae Mes ee N cule tee ute RuS eas) commands. If you don't have the tools and resources needed to test and express that language, you won't be able to challenge and refine your skills. GITHUB You can use GitHub to create a personal project r you want to experiment with anew gramming language or host your life's work ‘Any kindof File can be uploaded to GitHub but t's designed particula les and ishugely 3. It provides access control and several tracking feature ‘making itt code in the world TEXT EDITORS. La Eee Ponte aT eng eS at errr ‘BOM's Definitive Gude Series | 4th Edition( Coding Tools and Resources HEROKU = I you are developing a web app, you willneed to host it before people can accessit, GitHub can host your code but that doesn't ‘mean that end-users wil be able to se the working app. This, . = Iswhere a service like Heroku comes into its own, Heroku is 2 cloud platform that lets you build, deliver, monitor and scale ‘apps, the Fastest way to go from idea to URL, bypassing all those infrastructure headaches. t makes the processes of deploying, —= configuring scaling tuning, and managing apps as simple and straightforward as possible, so that you can focus on what's most : Important: building great apps that delight and engage customers. INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT Integrated Development Environments, uniike text editors, offer a complete coding envionment. This ‘makes it easier For some programming beginners to get tocarins with a new language. Integrated Development Environments also known as Code Editors, ae software applications that provides comprehensive Facilities to Computer programmers For software development. An DE normally consists ofa source code editor, bull automation tools and a debuoger. Most modern IDEs have inteligent code completion. (ne of our favourite IDE'sis Aptana Studio 3. Aptana allows you to develop and test your entre web application using a single environment. There's ‘support forthe latest browser technology specs suchas HTMLS, CSS3, JavaScript, Ruby, Rails, PHP and Python, STACK OVERFLOW SNIPPETS 7 pees | mes St8CK Overflow Snippets a programming term for a small region of reusable source ———— isa question ‘code, machine code or text. Snippets are often used to clarify the and answersite meaning ofan otherwise “cluttered! function or to minimise the For professional _use of repeated code thats common to other Functions. Snippets and amateur isa powerful application for Mac and Windows that stores the most programmers. valuable pieces of code that you can reuse indifferent projects Itsbuileand mary times. The main idea isto make the process of reusing as easy a runby usersas__as possible to avoid wasting your valuable time on writing the same part ofthe Stack code again. You can download the Snippets manager free from Exchange network ttpy//snippets.me/. of QBAsites. With its users help, the site i building a library of detailed answers to every question about programming. This site isall about getting answers; t's not a discussion Forum so there's no chit-chat. Good answers are voted Up ‘and ise tothe top and the best answers show up First so that they are always easy to find The key to getting the most from Stack Overflow is to focus on {uestions concerning actual problems you have faced. Include details about what you have tried and exactly what you're trying to do, Tags make it easy to find interesting questions. all questions are tagged with thelr subject areas. Each can have upto S tags, since a uestion might be related to several subjects. wor bmpublcationscomEee ene mmc Used oma eer Reveal oOo Mitekerrecere MY Idea T ated Cee ener eRe Nc game to a critical element on-board the International Space Station. How do you become a programmer though?‘Times have changed since programming inthe ‘80s, but the core values still remain. Being able to follow a logical pattern and see an end resultis one ofthe most valued skills ofa programmer. enone! want to be takes time, patience poner ietcas “ Being a Programmer Em” MORE THAN CODE For those of you old enough to remember the 80s, the golden era of home ‘computing, the world of computing was avery different scene to how itis today. -bit computers that you could purchase as a whole, as opposed to being in kit Form and you having to solder the parts together, were the stuff ‘of dreams; and getting your hands on one was sheer bliss contained within 2 large plastic box. However, it wasn't so much the new technology that ‘computers then offered, moreover it was the act that forthe first time ‘ever, you could control what was being viewed on the ‘elevision Instead of simply playing one of the thousands of games available at the time, many users decided they wanted to create their own content, their ‘own games; or simply something that could help them with their homework ‘or home finances. The simplicity ofthe 8-bit home computer meant that creating something from a few lines of BASIC code was achievable and so the first generation of home-bred programmer was born, From that point on, programming expanded exponentially. It wasn't long before the bedroom coder was a thing ofthe past and huge teams of designers, coders, artists and musicians were involved in making a single ‘game. This of course led to the programmer becoming more than simply ‘someone who could Fashion a sprite on the screen and make it move atthe press of akey. Naturally, time has moved on and with it the technology that we use. However, the fundamentals of programming remain the same; but what ‘exactly does it take to be a programmer? ‘The single most common trait of any programmer, regardless of what they're doing, isthe ability to see a logical pattern By this we mean ‘someone who can logically Follow something from start to finish and envisage the intended outcome. While you may not feel you're such a person, itis possible to train your brain into this way of thinking. Yes, it takes time but once you start to thinkin this particular way you will be able to construct and follow code. ‘Second to logic san understanding of mathematics. You don't have to be at a genius level but you doneed to understand the rudiments of maths. ‘Mathsis all about being able to solve a problem and code mostly falls under the umbrella of mathematics, Being able to see the big picture is certainly beneficial for the modern programmer. Undoubtedly, as a programmer, you will be part ofa team cof other programmers, and more than likely part of an even bigger team (of designers, all of whom are creating afinal product. While you may only be expected to create a small element of that Final product, being able to ‘understand what everyone else is doing willhelp you create something that's ultimately better than simply being locked in your own coding cubicle. Finally there's also a level of creativity needed to be a good programmer. ‘Again though, you don't need to be a creative genius, just have the imagination to be able to see the end product and how the user will interact with it. ‘There is of course a lot more involved in being a programmer, including learning the actual code itself. However, with time, patience and the determination to learn, anyone can become a programmer. Whether you want to be part ofa triple-A video game team or simply create an ‘automated routine to make your computing life easier, i's up to you how far to take your coding adventure! sos tenets son=> Say Hello to Python.) Python is one of the most popular modern programming languages available today. Not only is it easy to learn and understand but also remarkably powerful; and with just a few lines of code you can create something spectacular. This section covers what you need to get up and running with Python, which version to install and use and how to set everything up in Windows, macOS and Linux. There’s a lot you can do with Python and this is just the beginning. 18 Why Python? 20 Equipment You will Need 22 Getting to Know Python 24 Howto Set Up Python in Windows 26 Howto Set Up Python on a Mac 28 Howto Set Up Python in Linux 30 Installing a Text Editor BEET) scene ates ancsnSay Hello to PythonWhy Python? Seen ics ae curl cue tce sr eee cial computer, and some still available For older 8 and 16-bit computers too. Some of (ena ee tle. ee Melee ecole e le ieee mele CP ccm Te) trap Rees M Nuon toi Gna ed PYTHON POWER Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic. ‘These pioneers of programming carved their way into anew Frontier, Forging small routines that enabled the letter’ to scroll ‘across the screen It may not sound terribly exciting to a generation {that’s used to ultra high-defintion graphics and open world, multi player online gaming, However, Forty-something years ago it was blindingly brillant. "Naturally these bedroom coders helped form the foundations for, every piece of digital technology we use today. Some went on to become chief developers for top software companies, whereas others pushed the available hardware tots limits and Founded the billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us. Regardless of whether you use an Android device, iOS device, PC, Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 player, GPS device builtin to car, settop box ora thousand other connected and smart’ appliances, behind them als programming. ‘Allthose aforementioned distal devices need instructions to tell. them what to do, and allow them to be interacted with, These instructions form the programming core ofthe device and that core ‘canbe built using a variety of programming languages. ‘The languages in use today differ depending onthe situation, the platform, the device's use and how the device wil interact with ts ee acct >: ‘Setcursor(p.y)2 certsichitsentFocust? itleurgor >= 0) ofreshnow(cureor) aoe Ure er break d Siramatay i iMlcn"= 0) BET 20 eine cae see atton oid Arraycert::childLostFocust) whitets < catcount()) ¢ Getiinev (3) LilePeop etze.ey) breaks Fitop t oeteinecy (als js < colum.catcount(); jst) ( reader eotisomdenty ef: weregrad "Lys colum, cetcount() = 2)) >= 0) Color fe = Blend(scoleroissbled, ScolorPaper: ob; < column, cetcaunt(); int be header GetTabusdtnth)s int em = columip) marginsenvironment or users. Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS {and such are usually a combination of C++, C#, assembly and some Form of visual-based language. Games generally use C++ whilst web pages can use a plethora of available languages such as HTML, Java, Python and so on, ‘More general-purpose programming is used to create programs, apps, software or whatever else you want to call them. Theyre widely used across all hardware platforms and sult virtually every conceivable application. Some operate faster than others and some are easier to lear and use than others. Python is one such genera purpose language. Python is what's known as a High-Level Language, in that it talks to the hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays, variables, objects arithmetic, subroutines, loops and countless ‘more interactions. Whilst it's not as streamlined as @ Low-Level, Language, which can deal directly with memory addresses, call stacks and registers, its benefits that it's universally accessible and easy to learn, TPT: aveke. ava import java. lang.reflect.*; class tnvoke { public Statte void main¢ string () args > { eikae c = class.fornama( argef0l 3: satleg' = Caetnethode OPS, hon lass Sbjeck hee = minyoke( mull, mull >; systen.out printinc ‘Stqvokee, static method: * + args[1] of class: * + args{ol with no args\nkesults: * + ret); } catch ( Classnotroundexception e ) { 77 Class. fornane(”). can't find the class } cach € NosuchMethodexception 2") { 77 that method doesn't exist 2 each’ ¢ TTlepataccessexception e3 ),{ 77 we don'tshave permission to invoke that method. 2 Gatch mocarionrargetexcept fon e4 ) { ‘an exception ocurred while Invoking that inechod ack Systen.out. print yeesNethod threw an: " + ef gettargetenception( *)')} Javais a powerful language that’s used in web pages, set- top boxes, TVs and even cars. wn bdmpublcationscom 7 (why Python? el Python was created over twenty six years ago and has evolved to become an ideal beginner's language For learning how to programa ‘computer. Is perfect For the hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher ‘and those who simply need to create their own unique interaction between either themselves ora piece of external hardware and the ‘computer itself Python i free to download, install and use and i avallable or Linux, ‘windows, macOS, MS:DOS, 05/2, BeOS, IBM iseries machines, and ‘even RISCOS. Iehas been voted ane of the tap Five programming languages in the world andis continually evolving ahead of the hardware and Internet development curve. ‘So to answer the question: why Pythor? Simply put, it's Free, easy to lear, exceptionally powerful, universally accepted, effective and a superb learning and educational tool. BASIC was once the starter language that early ‘eit home computer users learned. so rarer Lon a eta eee aa Python isa more modern take on BASIC, i's easy to learn and makes for an ideal beginner's programming language. 20M = Define Gudeseries|ahestion QE]=> Say Hello to Python.) Equipment You Will Need Dole Means ene LCA SB YA ee Mn Ike IK ROM LAMA Ce Leen a Cot] een seen er cele VA Co i cee UMA MU ear cet Tel Liss WHAT WE'RE USING Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. If you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python. COMPUTER Obviously you're going to need a computer in order to learn how to program in Python and to test your code. You can use Windows (fram XP onward) on either a 32 ‘or 64-bit pracessor, an Apple Mac or Linux installed PC. AN IDE AnIDE (Integrated Developer Environment is used to enter and execute Python code, It enables you to inspect your program code and the values within the code, a5, Wells offering advanced features. There are many different IDES avalible, so find the one that works For you and gives the best results. PYTHON SOFTWARE ‘macOS and Linux already come with Python preinstalled as part of the operating system, as does the Raspberry Pi However, you need to ensure that you're running the latest version of Python. Windows users need to download and instal Python, which well cover shortly. TEXT EDITOR Whilst atext editor is an ideal environment to enter code into, it'snotan absolute necessity. You can enter and execute code directly from the IDLE but atext editor, such as Sublime Text or Notepad +, offers more advanced features and colour coding = when entering code. INTERNET ACCESS. Python isan ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make it a more efficient language. Having access to the Internet will keep you up-to-date, help you lout when you get stuck and give access to Python's immense number of modules. |_| TIME AND PATIENCE Despite what other books may lead you to believe, you won't become a programmer in 24-nours. Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. You may become stuck t times and other times the code wil flow Uke water. Understand you're learning something entirely new, and you wil get there EID 200s DeFintve Guide Series sth EstonTHE RASPBERRY PI Why use a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Pisa tiny computer that's very cheap to purchase but offers the user a fantastic learning platform. Its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many Modules and extras. PS ag) The Raspberry Pi 3 isthe latest version, incorporating a more powerful CPU, more memory, Wifi and Bluetooth suppor. ‘You can pick upa Pi for around €32 or asa part ofkitFor £504, depending on the kityou'e interested in FUZE PROJECT The FUZE is learning environment built onthe latest model of the Raspberry Pi. You can purchase the workstations that come with an electronics kitand even a robot arm for you to build and program. You can find mare information on the FUZE at www. Fuze.co.uk. ne eae reet apie cceaeelnnet se baimpucationscom Our P books cover how tb ou fest Raspberry P ieee aerator fystepelec wanoesaed eal eee eater the Raspberry Ptoo [7 The Raspberry P's main operating system isa Debian-based Linux distribution that comes with everything you need in 2a simple to use package. I's streamlined for the Piand is an ideal platform for hardware and software projects, Python programming and even asa desktop computer. wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitive GudeSeries |«tnecition QJay => SayHello to Python ) Getting to Know Python uN eer ecole rec ae | Cute ka enec eter SoA MUMIA en ae Ree Reo TMs (Ure enlace] one TRI WHAT IS PROGRAMMING? It helps to understand what a programming language is before you try to learn one, and Python is no different. Let's take 3 look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages. aro] PROGRAMMING RECIPES ‘A programming language Programs are lke recipes For computers. A recipe to bake a cake could go like this: isa listof instructions that ‘a computer follows. These instructions can be as simple ‘as displaying yourname or playing a music ile, or ‘ascomplex as building 2 ‘whole virtual world Python isa programming language conceivedin the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum Put 100 grams of selFraising flourin a bow ‘Add 100 grams of butter tothe bowl, ‘Add 100 mliitres of milk. Bake for half an hour, CODE Just lke a recipe, @ program consists of instructions that you follow Jnorder. A program that describes acake might run tke this: ‘at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CW) in the bowl = 1 Netherlands asa successor to flour = 100 the ABClanguage. [butter = 50 milk = 100 TE Stttaceiartetarnsiny Guido van Rossum, the Father of Python. bon .append([flour, butter mic] I cake. cookCbon) PROGRAM COMMANDS You might not understand some of the Python commands, lke bowL append and cake.cook(bowl) The firsts alist, the second an object; we'l look at both inthis book. The main thing to know is that it’s easy to read commands in Python. Once you learn what the commands do, i's easy to Figure out how a program works, soso ite ees honHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES Computer languages that are easy to read are known as high evel Thisis because they fly high above the hardware (also referred to as like Assembly, ne metal’, Languages that “fly close to the metal ‘are known 35 “low-level”. Low-level languages commands read a bit ike thisimsg db ,@xa len equ $ = msg PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2 ou eae et rE e! Created WORLD OF PYTHON pees ee age eas CE pet ise ieee frequent upd PC Roe eure uy PYTHON 2.X J rir od eee Cetera Se eee ged ramming languages For beginners and experts to code. ee gs wr bdmpubleaions.com ZEN OF PYTHON Python lets you ace that humans can u Zen of Pythor influences the design ofthe language. Principles include “Beautiful isbetter than uoly” an import: this int all the power ofa computer ina language ferstand, Behind all this isan ethos called "The Thisisa collection oF 20 soPeware principles that ‘simple is better than complex.” Type Python and Iwill dsplay al the principles, istence of two active versions of the language: peers PYTHON 3.x re at eee nse enna ge ets ean pe ten as rt seas Pe ttn eee eee Ca ens ets eee ee tes 3.X WINS palueneeen Cae iththe rot Python 3 For snippets oF important=> Say Hello to Python.) How to Set Up Python in Windows WO teat ne aicea eed enna aaa Pla eree eMC uenee enon ararake Caeser eea nA iret tar platform of choice For building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners. INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X Microsoft Windows doesn’t come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually. Thankfully, i's an easy process to follow. Start by opening your web browser to www.python, ora/downloads/. Look For the button detaling the Bis «download link or Python 3.xx (in our case thisis Python 3.6.2 but as ‘mentioned you may see later versions of 3). Click the download button For version 3x and save the file to your Downloads folder. When the fle is downloaded, double-ick the executable and the Python installation wizard wil launch, From here you have two choices Install Now and Customise Installation. We recommend opting for the Customise installation link. — @ PU cesar tenn nonnens windows Gasman rn Gis Install Python 3.6.2 (32-bit) EXD 200s DeFntve Guide Series sth Eston BETERER Choosing the Customise option allows you to specify certain parameters, and whilst you may stay with the defaults, it's a good habit to adopt as sometimes (not ‘with Python, thankfully) installers can include unwanted addtional Features. On the fist screen available, ensure all boxes are ticked and click the Next button, Optional Features deemeaatn ml Bn eee emtbrie wind a) Siar) The next page of aptions include some interesting additions to Python. Ensure the Associate file with Python, Create Shortcuts, Add Python to Environment Variables, Precompile Standard Library and Install for All Users options are ticked. These make using Python later much easier. lick install when you're ready to continue. ‘Advanced Options (acme fn fie py ae) easier mtr re wl as — wind me Ora earHow to Set Up Python in Windows BED (erretocointensitaionsthtne — EEEEEB cing nett hors 325k Mindowsstherscation notation Sry ce inne eigen ed ahem yacan git Yes and Python wil begin to instal, Once the installation is complete your Python programming journey. Don’t worryifyour version the Final Python wizard page will alow you to view the latest release _isnewer, as long as it's Python 3.x our code will work inside you aeons * ticate the p Again, click Yes to aut installation window. cess; then you can Close the © Disable path lenath limit Close Saar oo | ERD eccreeete enim rntonvarin much the same way as the Sell you opened in dows 1Duserswilnow gm“ Step 8; nate te three leftfacing arrows (>>). Whitt’ perf find the installed Python eee Fine environment, i's not too user friendly, so leave the command 3.x within the Star button ar tne For now. Enter: exitO) to leave and close the Command Recently Added section. The frstlnk Python 3.6 (32-6) wll launch the command ine version of Python when dlcked (more on that ina moment). To openthe IDLE, ype IDLE nto Windows statWHAT IS BERG Laeen ee cd providing you various content: LC Coe a a ae ee ee ee CCS eM Co [ooo Unlimited satisfaction one low price Cheap constant access to piping hot media Protect your downloadings from Big brother Safer, than torrent-trackers 18 years of seamless operation and our users' satisfaction PRE to Brand new content elt et) AvaxHome - Your End Place We have everything for all of your needs. Just open https://avxlive.icuSay Hello to Python How to Set Up Python on a Mac (ann Eur Cnc TT ers Acconci) Weiao eae em Cmte ir Cet etichtinints) aka Re INSTALLING PYTHON Apple's operating system comes with Python installed, so you don't need to install it separately. However, Apple doesn't update Python very often and you're probably running an older version. So it makes sense to check and update first: (pena new Terminal ng co Cickon he ates version of ython 3 in or Ena Utilities, then double-click the Terminal icon. Now Sus) case this is the download button For Python 3.6.2. ester python’ =-version voushouldsee"Pytion?.5.‘ and Ths wil avtomaticaly downoad the test version o Python and even later, i Apple has updated the OS and Python instalation. 1g on how you've got your Mac configured, it automatically Either way, i's best ta check forthe latest version. installation wizard Spenstaandheadovertowwstnonce/ ERE Winte yon station ward open ikon Pe downloads. Just as with the Windows set up Sues) the Continue button to begin the installation. It’s. procedure on the previous pages youcansee two yelow dounload worth aking amomentto read trough he Important infermaton ns: ane For Python 3.6.2, and the other For Python 2.7.13, section, in case it references something that applies to your version that version numbers may be different due to the frequentThe next section details the Software License Agreement, and whilst not particularly interesting to most folks it's probably worth a read, When you're ready, clck on the Continue button once again Final you're be presented withthe amount of Suid ‘space Python will take up on your system and an Install button, wbichyou need to clk to starthe actual nstalaton af Python 3xonto your Mac. You may need to enter yout pasword to authenticate the instalation process. The instalation should take to ong te older uP Mac Mini we used in this section isa little slower than more modern Mac maine andi on tock round hit seconds forthe neato Sucesful prompt tobe delayed wor bmpublcationscom Ter’ noting mich le etn dante Python SH) installation wizard so you can click the Close button. you now crop backinto Terminal session andreente the commanc python3. =-verston you can eethe ne versions now std. To enter the commantine version oF Python, you need Center python3 Toate exitO You need to searchin Finder forthe Python IDLE ui) when you've Found it, click it to launch and it shoul lok ila to that the Windows DLE version shown on the previous page The onl difference being the Mac detected hardware platform ts uneing on ese Pitan Sho Pyar 3.6.0 (3.6.0414F926I1, bee 22 206, 1723-0) GC 42 Conte inc. build S866) Cant 3) on aren Toe ami races Yo ry norman. Older Mac versions may have trouble with the newer versions of Python, in which case you will need to revert toa previous Python 3.x build; as long as you're using Python 3.x, the code in this book will work for you. Python 3.1.2 (r312:79360M, Mar 24 2010, 01:33:18) {6ce 4.021" (apple inc. build 5493] on’darvin Type "copyright", “credits” or "license()" for mo Ee ineornation. eeHow to Set Up Python in Linux SNC aie ua eee sent ea ee aCe AT Ree eed nec ia imac kana kas Thankfully, it’s not too difficult. PYTHON PENGUIN Linux is such a versatile operating system that it's often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we will stick to Linux Mint 18.1 for this particular tutorial PEPER Fistyounced to ascertain which version of Python PEM some Linux distros will automatically update iscurrently installed in your Linux system; as we the instalation of Python tothe latest versions ‘mentioned, we're going to be using Linux Mint 18.1 forthis section. whenever the system is updated. To check, First doa system update ‘Aswith macOS, drop into a Terminal by pressing Ctr, and upgrade with sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade fle Eat View Search Terminal Help Enter your passward and let the system do any updates. Netra yon =-verstonixote Teno! ERE orci nde snd. sue screen. You should have the output relating to SUES may need to answer 'Y’ to authorise any upgrades, version 2x of ythoninthedsply. Ousinthisease Python enter python3.=-version tose itPython 3xis updated or even aria installed. inthe case of Lox Min the version we haves Python 3.5.2, whichis fine for or purposes daidedavdmint File Edit View Search Terminal Help aE srrHowto St Up Python inti Hower Fouwantteitetveron 62aepe EIREAEB wine tron eer eae the Python website at the time of writing, you need Sues ‘Jeonfiguee Lobuldyten romance Sry eer tee conan Fesonfoies stan ‘This could alittle while depending on the speed of your computer, Once Finished, enter: python3.6 ==versivon to check the installed latest version sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstalt sudo apt-get install libreadLine-gplv2-dev LibncursesnS-dev Libsst-dev Libsqlite3-dev tk-dev Libgdbm-dev Libc6-dev Libbz2-dev Open up your Lin eb browser and goto EEE 2 2212 soenestoenerneotonrs Suid the Python download page: www.python.org/_ S12? 9 command into the Terminal: downloads Cickon the Download Python 342 (or whichever version it’s on when you look) to download the source Python- SeOpISTERINSHOLNNTALES Sezione The LE can thenbe stated with the command: idl @3.Note, that DDLErunsa diferent verso rom the one you installed from source @ python Inthe Terminal, go the Downloads folder by | sTEP 10 You also need FAP (Pip installs Packages) whichis a Suzry entering: ed Downloads/. Then unzip the SHEP tool to help you install more modules and extras. Contentsof the downloaded Python source code with: tar =xvF) Enter sudo apt-get install. python3-pip Python-3.6.2. tar.xz, Now enter the newly uneiped folder . i: EE PPPs then installed: checkfor the atest update with pip3 install --upgrade pip ‘When complete, close the Terminal and Python 3 willbe available via the Programming section in your distro’s menu.=> Say Hello to Python.) Installing a Text Editor Tee ae Ces Ld esp te Tete ean Ne Cuan AW NN ol RA Keele OOM Rem eT ke) unique characters, paragraph settings and much more, so it’s not a good platform For eye keels( SUBLIME CODE Sublime Text is an excellent, cross-platform text editor that's designed for entering code. It hasa slick interface, many Features and performs magnificently. In short, it's an ideal starting point. Lets begin by navigating tothe Sublime Tee sa?) webpage, to download the latest version for whatever operating sytem youre current runnin. Youcanfind the website at wwwsublimetext.com, together with a download button for the detected 0S that you're using Sublime Text ‘However, iF you want to specify a particular sure ‘operating system version, then click on the Download Ink Foundinthe topmenu baron the ste, Tis wil open {page with links For the latest version for OSX, Windows, Windows {64-bit and Linux machines. Sublime Text 3 Download EDD eortsbetintive cute series sth tion whichever version you choos, download the setup SUa?e) files and double-click them to begin the set up proces. youre usng Windows which we are inthis instance, then you see the standard installation wizard, The defaults wil suffice, so ‘go ahead and install the program. Welcome to the Sublime Text 3 Setup Wizard arena oto om ear oe cet ctr Cnal nent Sep when stale Subime defaults tos Black suaPs) ‘background and white text; whilst this is perfectly Fine Formos user, snot aay he most comfortable Vewing ‘setup. Thankfully, there are countless themes you can apply by Clcking Preferences» Colour Scheme, Weve optedForiDLEIn thiscreenshotInstalling a Text Editor el iG 19 Sublime Text offersome excellent estes over eae that of the standard Python IDLE. For example, enter the flowing print (Hello everyone!) ‘Thisisan actual Python command, which will print the words Hello everyone! on the screen, Notice how Sublime automatically recognises this as code and places the quotes and parentheses. suid that the standard IDLE isn’t quite up to the task af keeping up wth your code alterations andinecton of code tna through along progra However, Sublime wl keep you Updated and you can evens indents ea we're not going to getto heavily inthe uP code right now but an indent is part of Python programming, where astatementicatesthat the Falling Indented commands mustbe rn nti a partcular even hs appened after hich the nets top, Pressing Ce] wiindent a Une oF codein Fehon, wor bmpublcationscom Soon, as you become more Python-savvy, youll find However, we recommend you us the ILEto sua begin with. Although the Python IDLE isn’t as. chanced a Sublime fs a perfect aceon wien to buld your sls ‘Once you've mastered Python, andthe way it works, you can move ‘ontoa text editor forthe better Features FEED svbiime isnt just for Python ether. wth t you can build code for a number of programming languages. Click on Tools > Build System to see which languages you're able to build wth in Sublime. FEE siincconcuanonmie eves this point n ime but you wil ikely find them useful as your Python skills increase. ‘AP Reference eeMY SayHellotoC++ ) C++ is an amazing programming language. Most of what you see in Front of you when you power up your computer, regardless of whether you're using Windows, macOS or Linux, is created using C++. Being able to code in C++ opens up a whole new world for you in terms of desirable professional skills and the ability to code amazing apps and games. C++ is an efficient and powerful language that's used to develop operating systems, applications, games and much more. It’s used in science, engineering, banking, education, the space industry etc. We're here to help you take your first steps into the world of C++ and get your First Few lines of code up and running. Why C+? Equipment You will Need Getting to Know C++ How to Set Up C++ in Windows How to Set Up C++ on a Mac How to Set Up C++ in Linux Other C++ IDEs to Install RRESBRE OM Definitive Guide Series sth Eston=> Say Hello to C+ +») Why C++? eee gas Cr cc eateries let ACHE Palko Kee ecoem acute Ie ere me eM eeu etcisrnogaty rene enter ce ue ure tieke yeni nerl eo kn C EVERYTHING Due to how complex the language can be, and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs, device drivers and even entire operating systems. Dating backto 1979, the start ofthe golden ere of home ‘computing, C++, or rather C with Classes, was the brainchild of Danish computer scientist Bjame Stroustrup while working on his PhO thesis. Stroustrup's plan was to Further the original C language, which was widely used since the early seventies. C++ proved to be popular among the developers ofthe 80s, since it was a much easier environment to get to atps with and ‘more importantly, it was 99% compatible with the original © language. This meant that it could be used beyond the mainstream ‘computing labs and by regular people who didn't have access tothe mainframes and large computing data centres. ‘C#4'simpactin the digital world is immense, Many ofthe programs, applications, games and even operating systems are coded using ‘Cr For example, all of Adobe's major applications such as Photoshop, InDesign and so on, are developed in C++. You will find that the browser you surf the internet with is written in C++, as ‘well as Windaws 10, Microsoft Office and the backbone to Google's search engine. Apple's macOS i written largely in C++ (with some G cvs nerontattiton 1] #include 2 | using namespace std; 3 | void main() 4 |Dchar ch; 5 cout<<"Enter a charater to check it is vowel or not"; 6 cin>>ch; 7 switch (ch) 8 10 ( 9 case'a': case'A': 10 cout< Say Helloto C++ ) Equipment You Will Need Soiree Men eu ema aad eee hat don't need an entire computing lab at your disposal either. Providing you have a fairly modern computer, everything else is Freely available. C++ SETUPS Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. If you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python. COMPUTER Unless you fancy writing out your C++ code by hand on a sheet of paper (which is something many older coders used to do), then a computer is an absolute must have component. PC users can have any recent Linux distro or Windows OS, Mac users the latest macos, AN IDE ‘As with Python, an IDE is used to enter and execute your C++ code. Many IDEs come oe with extensions and plugins that help make t work better, or add an extra level of [<=] Functionality. Often, an IDE will provide enhancements depending on the core OS being used, such as being enhanced For Windows 10. pe _ COMPILER Acomplersarogamthat ion the C+ ngs binary thatthe Gnu cr unestona Whe soe scone who comoer atm thers dort Cols sour notre tha come wv rs compl ae the pase Moreonths ater TEXT EDITOR ‘Some programmers much prefer to use atext editor to assemble their C++ code before running it through a compiler. Essentialy you can any text editor to write code, just sve it with a.cpp extension. However, Notepad++ is one of the best code text editors available, INTERNET ACCESS. ‘While it's entirely possible to learn how to code on a computer that’s not attached tothe Internet, it's extraordinarily difficult. You will need to instal the relevant software, keep it up to date install any extras or extensions, and look for help when coding. Allof which require access to the Internet. TIME AND PATIENCE Yes, as with Python, you're going to need to set aside significant time to spend on learning how to code in C++. Sadly, unless you're a genius, i's not going tohappen ‘overnight, or even a week. A good C++ coder has spent many years honing their craft, sobe patient, start small and keep learning ERD vorrsbetintive Gude series sth tion(“Equipment You will Need OS SPECIFIC NEEDS ‘C++ will work in any operating system, however, getting all the necessary pieces together can be confusing to a newcomer. Here's some OS specifics For C+. DNL NEy ‘Aswe've mentioned previously, a oad IDE Is Microsoft's Visual Studio. However, a better IDE and compilers Code:Blocks, which is regularly kept up to date with a new release twice a year, or so. Otherwise Windows users can enter their code in Notepad++ then compile it with MinGW ~ which Code:Blacks uses, ray) Linux users ae lucky in that they already have a compiler and text editor butt into their operating system. Any text editor will alow you type out your C++ code, when it’s saved with a _epp extension, use g¢+to compile it. fl RASPBERRY PI The Raspberry P's operating system is Raspbian, which isLinux based, Therefore, you're able to write your code ‘out using a text editor, then compile twith g++ as you would in any other Linux distro MAC Mac owners will need to download and install Xcode tobe able to compile their C++ code natively. Other ‘options For the macoS include Netbeans, Eclipse o Code:Blocks, Note: the latest Code:locks isn't available for Mac due toa lack oF Mac developers \s |i wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitve Gudeseries|«hestion. => Say Helloto C++ ) Getting to Know C++ eee E LC cu CUM ACR eee Tce cee or work at the cutting edge of science or engineering technology, then being able to code in C++ is a must. Remember, you're never too old to learn how to code. #INCLUDE Learning the basics of programming, through Python for example, enables you to understand the structure of a program. The ‘commands may be different, but you can start to see how the code works. #INCLUDE = *newcode.cpp (-/D neduavectaceecoan eaten ene eee ene ecyerene” (Ate se | yon | 3 ‘<> The directive instructsthe "| *newcode.cpp ‘section of the standard C++ #include input/output operations. CH C++ was invented by Danish student Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979, asa part of his PhO thesis. nitially C++ was called with Classes, which added Features tothe already popular C programming language, while making ita more User-friendly environment. Bjame Stroustrup, inventor OF C++, INT MAIN() . *newcode.cpp (~/D int main) initiates the Fae eave cenretiarceenbecees een fiecs declaration ofa Function, which ieee function, regardless of whereit "| *newcode.cpp | #include int main() BRACES . *newcode.cpp (-/Documents) Z The openbrace’s File Edit View Search Tools Documents Help something that you may nothave come across evel Oe) >| xeelas viedo Python The opentraceindcatesthe ) fneweodecpp x begining the man fancon and contain al the code that belongs to that function, int main() { soso ite ees hon #include COMMENTS Lines that begin with a double slash are comments. This means they won't be executed in the code and are ignored by the compiler, Why are they there? Comments are designed to help you, or another ‘programmer looking at your code, explain what's going on, There ‘are two types of comment: * covers multiple line comments, // a single ine, ss snamcode pp -PDecuments Fle Eat View Search Toots Docent: Help Boa -~ xomjag fe) revcodecap % leinctude ‘int main() 1 My First Cos program! Std:teout << (HELLO World!\n") STD while std stands for something quite different, in C+ it means ‘Standard. I's a part ofthe Standard Namespace in C+, which covers ‘a number of ifferent staterents and cornmands. You can leave the std part out ofa code, but it must be declared atthe start with: using namespace std = sneweode.cpp -/Decuments) File Edt View Search Tools Documents Help Boaln~/yaonjag snancode cpp ® include using nasespace std; int main() {17 rst Coe progrant COUT Inthis example we're using cout, which isa part of the Standard "Namespace, hence why t's there, as you're asking C++ to use irom that particular namespace. Cout means Character OUTput, which displays, or prints, something to the screen. IFwe leave std: out we have to declare it atthe start of the code, as mentioned previously. . *newcode cpp -/Decuments) File Eat View Search Tools Documents Help Aoan~ yoo ag (e) *newcodecpp x #include int main() £ 11 My first coe progeamt Std: fcout wor bmpublcationscom OUTPUTS Leading on, the ("Hello World!) part is what we want to appear on the screen when the code is executed. You can enter whatever you lke, as long asits inside the quotation marks. The brackets aren't needed but some compiles insist on them, The \n partindicates a new line is tobe inserted 11 My first C++ program! Std: teout <¢ (°HeLLo World! \a")] ; AND} Finally you can see that lines within a Function cade block (except comments) end with a semicolon. This marks the end ofthe statement and all statements in C++ must have one at the end or the compiler wil fall to build the code, The very last line has the closing brace to indicate the end of the main Function, ee: Getting to Know C++ ea. => Say Helloto C++ ) How to Set Up C++ in Windows Me ene Rea eee Or ec Reema are loads of IDEs and compilers available, including Visual Studio From Microsoft. However, in our opinion, the best C++ IDE to begin with is Code::Blocks. CODE::BLOCKS Code:Blocks is a free C++, C and Fortran IDE that is Feature rich and easily extendible with plugins. It’s easy to use, comes with 2 compiler and has vibrant community behind too BARD Ser by istiatne code:stcsdounioadste at ATED) when youve oatedthe fleck onthe wonw.codeblocks.org/downloads From there, Sourceforge.net ink atthe end ofthe line and a onthe Dounicad tne bnay recess Inktobetlentthe atest ownondntfeton wow sopests ck on sove Fl fost downloadable version for Windows. the download and save the executable to your PC. Locate the downloaded Code:Blocks installer and double-click ta star. Follow . << the on-screen instructions to begin the installation Welcome to CodeBlocks Setup Seng nl ge you trough eaten Cote Rereommended tec sete ete jueves psa uote ‘Seve ynon detest wre ERE There you conse, there are several Windows COnceyouageetothe ening ters, ache of Veron aalable The oneyou want to downoad instalation options becomes able Youn opt hasmingwsetupere atthe end fhe cureneveion number at forasmarinstal, ising ut on some othe components bur we thetime of wring this codeblcks1712mingwsetupexe The recommend that oop forthe ul option as efat differences that the mingw-setup version includes a C++ compiler {and debugger from TDM-GCC (a compiler suite). a —— = nn ss Sapte mune organs yout nat 2 nent “seep chet RSA oi kg name we! | qrecttewtel — pociat a nenenaenae a=) | re | $lcmnrin : ret (Pescara a se nye tp Me agente lessccvet Peet ate Snrenrd: 25488 ET evr beFnive Guide Series sth Eston(_ How to Set Up C++ in Windows em” Next choos an instal acation fr te Codes Blocks Susp files. t's your choice but the default is generally. sufficient (unless you have any special requirements of course). twhenyou cick Net the ntl begins when’ nshed 2 netifation ppsup ating youl you want start CodeBlocks now, socks. == crate rt Ler i tc anny curso er rae [eae Banco * Sere oit7 er Sead ett ~ i ur fe : vr Seat nora C awa eas aco nda ores ESTEE The Fisttime CodeBlocks loadsitruns an auto: detect For any Cr+ compilers you may already have installed on your system. I you don't have any, click onthe First detected option: GNU GCC Compiler and click the Default button to setit as the systems C++ compiler. Click OK when you're ready to continue. iebitieeeceraensetccect FEPISED) The program starts and another message appears informing you that Code::locksis currently not the default application for C+ files. You have two options to leave {everything ast sor allow. Code:Blocks to associate all C++ fle types. Again, we would recommend you opt forthe last choice, to ‘associate CodeBlocks with every supported file type. wor bmpublcationscom Inthe new window, enter the Following #include Int main) { 7My frst C++ program Std: scout << “Hello World!\n"; E Notice how Code:locks auto-inserts the braces and speech quotes. FETSETR ick File> Save as and save the code with a Epp extension (hellowarld.cpp, For example). Code:Blocks changes the view to colour code according to C++ standards. To execute the code, click on the Build and Run icon ‘along the top of the screen. l’sa green play icon together with 3 yellow cog.. => Say Helloto C++ ) How to Set Up C++ ona Mac neta eased PIMs ne Mee CN creel Mccain (ected ere eee okt ene Ney ee ee rt ene eli used to create C++ code relatively easily. XCODE Apple's Xcode is primarily designed for users to develop apps for macOS, iOS, tvOS and watchOS applications in Swift or Objective-C, but you can use it For C++ too. FETTER 2tby opening the App Store on your Mac, Apple "Menu > App Store nthe Search box enter Xcode and ress Return, There will be many suggestions Filing the App Store ‘window butts the Fist option, Xcode, that you need to click on ERTeEED When you're ready, click on the Get button which then turns into ‘install Ap’. Enter your Apple ID ‘and Xcode begins to download and install It may take some time ‘depending on the speed of your Internet connection. FE es onexicvinsancuninews EDD) eons DeFntive Guide Series sth Eston ESTEEM When the installation is complete, click on the Open button to launch Xcade. Click Agree tothe licence terms and enter your password to allow Xcode to make changes tothe system. When you've done that, Xcode begins to install ‘additional components, Xcode a(How to Set Up C++ on a Mac ea eeennngrouintstedincdesthe EEA tense stewheretocentesGtResestn Susp additional components, Xcode launches, displaying Bue) for all your Future code. Choose a location on your theverson number along wth tee chokesandary recent projets Maco anetworlocato, nck the Crete utton hen thetyulveworked on athoughforaeshintal the showsblanke you've oneal that you cantar to code The efthan pane ‘details the files used in the C++ program you'e coding Click on the main.cpp file inthe list a ‘Welcome to Xcode = ‘ i FETED St2rtby clicking on Create New Xcode Project; this ENSIIEM Youcan see that xcode has automaticaly ‘opens a template window From which to choose the completed a basic Hello World program for you platform you'te developing code for. Clickthe macOS tab, then the The differences here are thatthe int main (function now contains ‘Command Line Tool option and finaly, Next to continue. multiple Functions and the layout i slightly different. This s ust oo Xcode utilising the content that’s available to your Mac. FETE EE AD lin the various fields but ensure that the PEPE when you wantto run the code, click on Product > Language option atthe bottom i set to C++. Simply un, You may be asked to enable Developer Mode choose it from the drop-down list. When you'efiledinthe fields, on the Mac; thisis to authorise Xcode to perform functions without ‘and made sure that C++ isthe chosen language, clickon the Next’ _ needing your password every session, When the program executes, button to continue, the output is displayed at the bottom of the Xcode window. sete) setingeszon ee:. Say Helloto C++ ) How to Set Up C++ in Linux tare Nexen Reel Teun ea ora eae ere CCN Ley essential components preinstalled, such as a compiler and the text editors are ea (na come Ree MoM ale Reol ol Reels Me MU Cee elcome er] Sol iaW REVEL C CHM hotell at LINUX++ We're going to be using a fresh installation of Linux Mint for this particular tutorial, More on Linux Mint can be found in the next section of the book. PEPE the fiststep with ensuring Linuxisready foryour — FEB Amazingly that'sit. Everything sall ready for you Cr code is check the system and software are tostart coding. Here's how to get your First C++ Lup to date. Open a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get update program up and running. In Linux Mint the main text editor is Xed 8& sudo apt-get upgrade. Press Return and enter your ‘ane launched by licking an the Menu and typing Xed into the password. These commands updates the entire system and any _—_search ba. Click on the Text Editor button inthe right-hand pane to installed software, ‘open Xed. File Edit View Search Terminal Help PEPER) ost Linux distros come preinstalled with allthe EEE |” X2d, or any other text editor you may be using, necessary components to start coding in C++ enter the lines of code that make up your C++ Hello However, is always worth checking to see iF everything s present, World program. To remind you its: sostill within the Terminal enter: sudo apt-get install build-essential and press Return. you have the right components, nothingisinstalled but iF you're missing some then int. main) they are installed by the command, i #include : My first G++ program waa std::cout << “Hello World!\n”; Ent maint Upmy tat Coe program Star cout << “welt wort \o" > eosin ttt onHow to Set Up C++ in Linux The esthingyou can se that ied has SUS automatically recognised this as a C++ file, since the fle extension now set. cpp The colour coding i resent nthe Cote andi you open up the le manager you canals see that the Fes conhas Grr stamped on PEPTIED) With your code now saved, drap into the Terminal again. You need to navigate to the location of the C++ file you've just saved. Our examples in the Documents Folder, so we can navigate to it by entering: ed Documents. Remember, the Linux Terminals case sensitive so any capitals must be entered correctly. FETS Before you can execute the C++ file you need to compile. In Linux t's common to use g++, an open source C++ compiler and as you're now inthe same folder as the Ci file, go tothe Terminal, enter: g++ helloworld. cpp and press return . davidemit File Edit View Search Terminal Help rrr roomates Porras ‘There willbe a brief pause asthe code is compiled bby g++ and providing there are no mistakes or ‘errors inthe code you are returned to the command prompt. The ‘compiling of the code has created a new file, you enter Us into the Terminal you can see that alongside your C++ files aout. : davide Fle Edit View Search Terminal Help rer Documents § ts emer roy FEET RD te acutfileisthe complied C++ code. Torun the code enter: /a.out and press Return. The words Hello World appears on the screen, However, a.cutisntvery friendly ‘To1name it something else post-compiling, you can recompile with: gt+ helloworld.cpp -0 helLoworld. This creates an output file called heloworld which can be run with: /heLLowor', File Edit View Search Terminal az Help Pesan Documents $ wor bmpublcationscom Fle Edt View Search Termin! Help [8DMs Definitive Guide Seis | sth tionOther C++ IDEs to Install ACM TS CCT clone R Neem Aer plenty of options available to you. Windows is the most prolific platform for C++ IDEs but there are plenty for Mac and Linux users too. DEVELOPING C++ Here are ten great C++ IDEs that are worth looking into. You can install one or all of them if you like, but Find the one that works best For you. ren Ste Eclnseis a hugely popular C++ IDE that offers FRSTEMTTER odelite isa free and open source IDE that's the programmer a wealth of Features, has a regularly updated and available for Windows, ‘great, clean interface, is easy to use and available For Windows, Linux and macOS. t's lightweight, uncomplicated and extremely Linux and Mac. Head over to www.ecipse.org/downloads/ to powerful. You can find out more information as well as how to download the latest version. If you're stuck, click the Need Help link download and istallit at www.codelite.ora/. for more information, FAA The GNAT Programming Studio (GPS) isapowerful — NPEESSRNNERS Another popular choice is NetBeans. This ‘and intuitive IDE that supports testing, debugging |s another excelent IDE that's packed with and code analysis. The Community Edition is Free, whereas the Features and a pleasure to use. NetBeans IDE includes project based ro version costs; however, the Community Editionis available for templates for C++ that give you the ability to build applications with \windows, Mac, Linux and even the Raspberry PiYoucanfinditat dynamic and static libraries. Find aut more at www.netbeans.org/ wwrwaadacore.com/downtoad. Features/cpp/index.html. ETD corr beFnve Guide Series sth Eston(Other C++ IDEs to install el \ RTE OR) Microsoft's Visual studioisa mammoth C++ IDE that allows you to.create applications for Windows, Android, iOS and the web. The Community version is Free to download and install but the other versions allow 2 ree tral period, Go to www.visualstudio.com/ to see what itcan do For you. ESRD Ths ross platform DE s designed to create C++ applications For desktop and ‘mobile environments. Itcomes with a code editor and integrated tools For testing and debugging, as well as deploying to you chosen platform, i's nat free but there sa trial period an offer before ‘requiring purchasing: www.at-io/at-Features-libraries-apis-tools- andide/. Bloodshed Dev C++, despite its colourful name, isan older IDE that is for Windows systems only. However, many users praise its clean interface and uncomplicated \way of coding and compiling. Although there's not been much updating for some time, i's certainly one to consider if you want something cifferent: www.bloodshed.net/devcpp html wor bmpublcationscom The Anjuta Devstudio ia Uru ony DE that NUTS Features some of the more advanced features you would normally dina pad software development tudo, Theres ‘8 GUI designer, source ecitor, app wizard, interactive debugger and much more, Go to wwwanjuta.ora/ For more information a ane Ts excellent IDE allows developers towrite C++ code For desktop and ‘web applications across all the major platforms. There's an advanced text editor, integrated debugger and a configurable workbench to help you create your code. I's available for Windows, Mac and Linux ands ree to download and use: www.monodevelop.com/. Ultimates isa cross:platform C+ IDE that boats @ rapid development of code through the smart and aggressive use of C++. Forthe novice, it'sa beast of an IDE but behind its complexity is a beauty that would make a developer's knees go ‘wobbly. Find out more at www.ultimatepp.org/index.htmL eeCoding on Linux | Linux is such a versatile operating system and is both malleable and powerful, while offering the programmer a perfect Foundation ‘on which to build their skills. Linux scripting in particular is a highly prized skill with employers at the moment and learning to master it and the operating system will certainly enhance your future job prospects. Scripting is an amazing interface to the Linux system, so we've crafted this section to help you get to grips with how everything fits together, and how to make some amazing Linux scripts. 50 WhyLinux? 52 Equipment You will Need 54 Transfer Mint to DVD or USB 56 Installing VirtualBox 58 Testing Linux Mint’s Live Environment 60. Installing Linux Mint on a PC 62 Installing Linux Mint in VirtualBox 64 Getting Ready to Code in Linux 66 Creating Bash Scripts—Part 1 68 Creating Bash Scripts—Part 2 70 Creating Bash Scripts —Part 3 72__Creating Bash Scripts —Part 4 74 Creating Bash Scripts - Part $ 76 Command Line Quick Reference 78 AZof Linux Commands BEE) 20sec onCine Coding on Linux tCoding on Why Linux? Many developers, across all the available programming languages, use Linux as EIR arlene ecu Mace me meee MOET nc eae Ua PARA TN advantages over other systems and while it also has some quirks, it makes for a great place to learn to code. FREE AND OPEN Linuxis a Fantastic fit For those who want to develop multi-platform code. The efficiency of the system, the availability of applications and stability are just a Few good reasons. ‘The First thing we need to address is that there iso such operating system called Linux. Linux in Fact the operating system kernel, the core component of an OS. When talking about Linux what we, and ‘others, are referring to are one of the many distributions, or distros, that use the Linux kemel No doubt you've heard of atleast one of the current popular distros: Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, openSUSE, Debian, the list goes on. Each one of these distros offers something ait different forthe user. while each has the Linux kernel at itscore, they provide the user with a different looking desktop environment, different preloaded applications, different ways in \which to update the system and get more apps installed and a slightly different look and feel throughout the entre system. However, at the centre lie Linux whichis why we collectively say, Linux Linuxis a great operating system in hich to start coding. re ta oe arr tw ey POS Oe Kee ae BD | o er BET) 20 eve cae see atton Linux works considerably differently to Windows or macOS. I's Free fora start, Free to download, install on as many computers as, {yu lke and use For an unlimited amount of time. It's also free to upgrade and extend using equally free programs and applications, This Free to use element is one of the biggest draws for the ‘developer, While a Windows license can cost up to €100 and a Mac ‘one considerably more, a developer can quickly download a distro {and get to work coding in a matter of minutes. ‘Alongside the free to use aspect comes a level of freedom to ‘customise and mould the system to your own use. Each of the ‘avaliable distros avallableon the Internet have a certain ‘spi’, in that some offer increased security Fancy looking desktop, a sama: || a‘gaming specific spin or something directed towards students. This extensibility makes Linux a more desirable platform to learn coding ‘on, as you can quickly shape the system into a development base, including many different kinds oF IDEs forthe likes of Python, web development, C++, Java and soon, ‘Another remarkable advantage is that Linux comes with most of the popular coding environments builtin, Both Python and C++ are preinstalled in a high percentage of available Linux distros, which ‘means you can startto program almost as soon as you install the system and boot it up for the first time. Generally speaking, Linux doesn't take up as many system resources ‘as Windows or macOS. By system resources we mean memory, hard drive space and CPU load; the Linux code has been streamlined and is Free from third-party ‘bloatware’ which hogs those systems resources. A more efficent system of course means more avaliable resources forthe coding and testing environment, and the programs you eventually create. Less use of resources also means you can use Linux on older hardware that would normally struggle or even refuse torun the atest versions of Windows or macOS, So rather than ‘rowing away an old computer, it can be reused with a Linux distro ‘There are thousands of free packages available for programmers under Linux. However t'snat all about C++, Python or any of the other more popular programming languages. Using the command line of Linux, ‘also called the Terminal, you're able to create Shell scripts, which are programs that are designed to run from the command line and are made up of scripting languages. They are used mainly to automate tasks or offer the user some Form of input and output For a certain ‘operation, They are surprisingly powerful and we look at how to create them within this section, Finally, although there are many more advantages to list, there {are thousands and thousands of free programs and apps avaliable that cover near every aspect of computing, Known as packages, there are (atthe time of writing) over 8,700 specific programming applications just for Linux Mint alone Linux therefore, is a great resource and environment For programming in. ts perfectly suited for developers and is continually improving and evolving, IF you're serious about getting into coding, then give Linux a try and see how it works For you &. 8 = aan Ql Mandriva slackware s © @ 2 Each distro offers something unique to the user but all have Linux atthe core ©éebian Linux programming environment can be as simple or as complex as you need it to be. wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitive GudeSeries |«thezttion |Coin snte Equipment You Will Need Out of all the many different distros available, Linux Mint is considered one of the best For both the beginner and more advanced user alike. It's an excellent coding platform, with many languages built-in. Here’s what you need to get up and running OUTTA ae FROM FREEDOM CAME ELEGANCE With Mint's versatility, you have several choices available to install Mint. Take your time and see which method works best for you. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS The minimum system requirements For Linux Mint 18 are as follows: Obviously the better the system you have, the better the experience willbe, and quicker too. cpu To0MHz RAM 512MB Hard Drive Space 9GB (20GB recommended) Monitor 1024 x 768 resolution USB INSTALLATION You can install Linux Mint onto your computer via USB oF VD. Well look into each alte later on but ifyou'e already Familiar withthe process or you're thinking of USB and just {gathering the hardware you need, then you're going toneed a ‘minimum 4GB USB Flash drive to contain the Linux Mint SO. IE) 501s eve cesses onDVD INSTALLATION YD installation of Linux Mint simply requires a blank DVD-R disc, OF course, you also need a DVD Writer drive before you can transferor burn the SO image to the disc INTERNET CONNECTION Tegoes without saying really, that an Internet connection is vital For making sure that Linux Mint is up to date with the latest updates and patches, as well as the installation of Furthersoftware. Although you don't need an internet ‘connection to use Linux Mint, you'r sure to miss out on a ‘world of free software avalabe For this distro, Xe UGS although Linux Mint can be installed onto a Mac, there's ‘school of thought that recommends Mac owners use a virtual environment, such as VirtualBox or Parallels; and why ‘ot, macOS is already a splendid operating system. Fyou're wanting to breathe new life into an older Mac, make sure i's an intel PU madel and nat the PowerPC models. VIRTI eh ans Installation toa virtual environment isa Favourite method of testing and using Linux distros. Linux Mint works exceedingly well when used ina virtual environment. More on that later. There are many different virtual environment apps available however For this book we are using VirtualBox from Oracle. You can get the latest version From www.virtualbox.orgEP Coding on Linux. ) Transfer Mint to DVD or USB You need the latest version of Linux Mint before you can transfer it to a DVD or USB. Go to www.linuxmint.com/download.php and download the 64-bit version of Cinnamon to start with. Other versions can be tested once you're accustomed to the system. DVD BOOTABLE MEDIA We're using a Windows 10 PC here to transfer the ISO to a DVD. process is extremely easy. First locate the ISO image of Mint you've already downloaded, You can usually ind this in the Downloads Folder of Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 computers; unless you specified a different location when saving it. what to do with the newly inserted dis; ignore this, as you're going to use the built-in image burning Function, DVD RW Drive (E:) soso ite ees hon you're using a version of Windows from 7 onward the Righticlick the Mint ISO and from the menu select ‘Burn Disc image, Depending on the speed of the PC, itmay take afew seconds before anything happens. Don't worry too ‘uch, unless it takes more than a minute in which case it might be ‘worth restarting your PC anditrying again, With Luck, the Windows Disc image Burner should launch, FETS Banecick the Mint iSO and from the menu select ‘Bum Disc Image. Depending on the speed ofthe PC, itmay take a Few seconds before anything happens. Don't worry too ‘much, unless it takes more than a minute in which case it might be ‘worth restarting your PC and trying again, With luck, the Windows Disc mage Burner should launch, © Windows Disc Image Burner x Discimageffle: linumint-18-cinnamon-64bit iso Disc burner: BD-ROM Drive (0) Status Burning disc image to recordable dsc.USB BOOTABLE MEDIA USB medias Faster than a DVD and it’s often more convenient as most modern PCs don't have an optical drive installed. The process of transferring the image is easy but you need a third-party app first and a USB flash drive of 4GB or more. FETE ERD Fi'stopen up a web browser and go to wwrw.rufus. akeo.i, Scroll down the page alittle and you come to ‘a Download heading, under which you can see the latest version of Rufus (2.12 in this instance. Left click the link to star the download, Double-click the downloaded Rufus executable; you can click 'Yes' to the Windows security question and "Yes' to checking for updates. With Rufus launched it should have already identified your inserted USB flash drive; If nat ust remove and reinsert. 9 Rafer 211995 = x ewes ee (06 us6 Fae) 7968) Y Partition scheme and target system type MBR partion scheme for BIOS or UEFL 7 Fe sytem (rar32 (Detaut » cuter sae hen youre ready, clckon the tart button atthe Sue ‘bottom of the Rufus app. This will open up another dialogue boxastngyouto dourioed an ee aren version o Spinoc Sper isa selection of bot oadersvsedto alow 3 moder to scess and bot rom 3 USB ash ive tis necessary, sodickon Yes tocontinve ‘The next step asks which image mode you want the Mint ISO to be written tothe USB fash drive in. Both methods work for different situations but generally, the recommended ISO Image Mode is the more popular. Make sure this mode is preselected and click OK to continue, followed by OK again toccanfirm the action, FETED *t fist clance the Rufus interface can look title confusing, don’t worry though i's really uite simple. To begin with, click on the disc and drive con next to the “Create a bootable disk using.” section and the ‘FreeDOS’ pull-down ‘menu. This will launch a Windows Explorer window where you can locate and selectthe Linux Mint SO. wor bmpublcationscom ‘einige yeu arse ca SO age mane can be ‘sen shen Stee copy maser 00 rage ak me mace. Tercera ng bene bas nos oh ete fyonenenet ering bet ou cnt tg image (2 vite nso mage made commended) The Mint ISO is now being transferred to the USB Sry fash drive. The process shouldn't take too long, ‘again depending on the speed ofthe USB device and the PC. You ‘may find Rufus will auto-open the USB drive in Windows Explorer during the process; don’t worry you can minimise o close tif you ‘want. When the process is complete, click on the Close button. Create a bootable ask using (BBTRBBE 3 Create extended label and icon files = ‘Copying ISO files. Baw) [to start Cancel Transfer Mint to DVD or USB? Em”BY Coding on Linux Installing VirtualBox GOING VIRTUAL Using a Virtual Machine (VM) will take resources from your computer: memory, hard drive space, processor usage and so on; make sure you have enough of each before commencing, PEPER The First taskis getting hold of VirtualBox. Fyou haven't already, head over to www.virtualbox.org {and lick on the large ‘Download VirtualBox 5.1" box. This wil take you to the main download p: system, Windows or Mag, th system, and click to begin the download, 3e. Locate the correct host for your 7 . WY VirtualBox Download VirtualBox ESTEE DD ex, while stil at the vitvalBox download pase, locate the VirtualBox Extension Pack ink The Extension Pack supports USB devices, as well as numerous other extras that can help make the VM environment a more accurate emulation ofa ‘real’ computer. S . Gg VirtualBox Download VirtualBox OMS Definitive Guide Series | th tion hostisthe current installed operating PTTED) withthe correct packages downloaded, and before we install anything, you need to make sure that the computer youre using able to host a VM. To do this, reboot the computer and enter the BIOS. As the computer starts up, press the Del, F2 or whichever key is necessary to Enter Setup. FETIP 5 cach 8105 is laid out citferently i's very dificult to-assess where to look in each personal example However, as a general rule of thumb, you're laoking for Intel Virtualisation Technology or simply Virtualisation; i's usually within the Advanced section ofthe BIOS. When you've located it, Enable save the settings, exit the BIOS and ot the computer.(installing VirtualBox el th the computer back pandrnning locate Susp the downloaded main VirtualBox application and doubleciektobegin the instalation proces chckNext to continue, when you're ready. 8 orci Vetoc51.10 Seip x Welcome to the Oracle VM VirtualBox 5.1.10 Setup Wizard ‘Te Se and dra Wo 5.13008 omen \heninstalingVituaBoxyour network connection Sus will be disabled for a very brief period. This is due LoVitulBox creating inked, vtul network connection that any VM installed wl beable to aces the terme, rdyourhome network resources va the computers aleady estab shed network Connection, ck Yes then allo beginthe instalation, /dev/eull ) UL 2m “soutput’ 15 then fo ~Soutput aise’ a a“ Creating Bash Scripts - Part 5 STEGER When executed the script wats for input fromthe JESSIE The output from colours sh can, of course, be User, inthis case the file extension, such as pa, mixed together, bringing different effects ‘mp4 and so on t's not very friendly though. Let'smakeit alittle depending on what you want to the output to say For example, friendlier. Add an echo, with: echo =n “Please enter the white textinared background flashing (or blinking). Sadly the extension of the file you’re looking for: just blinking effect doesn’t work on all Terminals, so you may need before the read command, change toa different Terminal ‘speak, sh. As youcan seeit'sa rehash ofthe fist greeting script \we ran, Only this time, it uses the variables in the espeak output \We briefly looked at putting some colours in the - BD ict torcurscrts whist k’stoolongtedga EBB whiswe'reon making fancy crits, how about little deeper into the colour options, here's script that outputs sing Zenity to outputa graphical interface? what's avallable, Create anew script called coLours.sh and enter Enter what you see below into a new script, menu sh Make it the text (see below) intoit ‘executable and then runit You should have a couple of dialogue com boxes appear, Followed by final message. FERED Wile gaming in a Bash script isn't something that's often touched upon, itis entirely possible, albeit, little basic. Fyou Fancy playing @ game, enter nget hetp://oruxy. regnet..cz/Linux/housenka/housenka. sh, make the scrint executable and runit, sin Polish, written by Martin Bruchanov but we're sure you can modify it Hint: the title screen isin Base6s4Coding on Command Line Quick Reference When you start using Linux Full time, you will quickly realise that the graphical interfaces of Ubuntu, Mint, etc. are great for many tasks but not great for all tasks. Understanding how to use the command line not only builds your understanding of Linux but also improves your knowledge of coding and programming in general. Our command line quick reference guide is designed to help you master Linux quicker. TOP 10 COMMANDS ‘These may not be the most common commands used by everyone but they will certainly Feature Frequently for many users of Linux and the command line. ‘The ed command is one of the commands you will use the most at the command ine in Linux It allows you to change your working directory. You seit to move around within the hierarchy of your file system. You can also use chair. The Us command shows you the files in your current directory, Used with certain options it lets you see fil sizes, when Files where created and file permissions. For example, 1s ~ shows you the files Uthat are in your home directory, ‘The Ep command is used to make copies of files and directories. For example, cp file sub makes {an exact copy of the file whose name you entered {and names the copy sub but the first ile wil tl exist with ks original name. ‘The my command maves a file toa different location or renames file. For example my file sub renames the original fle to sub. mv sub =/Desktop moves the file ‘sub to your desktop directory but does not rename it. You must specify ‘anew filename to rename file. ‘The chown command changes the user and/ ‘oF group ownership of each given fil. IFonly an ‘owner (a user name or numeric user ID) s given, that users made the owner of each given file, and the files’ group isnot changed. ‘The chmod command changes the permissions on the files sted. Permissions are based on afairly simple model. You can set permissions For user, ‘group and world and you can set whether each can read, write and or execute theffe The pd command prints the Full pathname of the current working directory (pwd stands For “print working directory’). Note thatthe GNOME terminal also displays this information in the ttle bar ofits window, @ ‘The Lear command clears your screen if this 's possible. t looks in the environment forthe terminal type and then in the terminfo database to figure out how to clear the screen. This s {equivalent to typing Control when using the bash shell soso ite ees hon ‘The Fm command removes (deletes files or directories. The removal process unlink aflename ina filesystem from data on the storage device ‘and marks that space as usable by Future writes. In ‘other words, removing fils increases the amount (of available space on your disk ‘Short for ‘make directory", mkdir is used to ‘create directories ona ile system, ifthe specified directory does not already exist. For example, Inkdin work creates a work directory. More than ‘one directory may be specified when calling mir.Command Line Quick Reference Epes USEFUL HELP/INFO COMMANDS The Following commands are useful for when eset Linn eons Cute a asta a iia Buttock Met saute sede ie eae Cen errands CE ae iio the system, For example, ISTEREET aives the ae tore ei ase ees oe Bic ore cutee Cee rarest ry adduser gst mires ores) ‘The BERMEER command adds 3 new user tothe untrue Psp DSO ee eae es The BENTEEG command removes a user from EZ ee eg ee aes CS ong test home divectory,you need to add the STONE Cis [EE option. crane et ese Foc are eed allsytem information, including machine name, ARMY. th ster. You cannot removes group thats the Dee UE EL tues primary group of any users. Bsa ee eh ee na ‘operating systems version of psis slightly Cee eis ‘The EREELcommand brings up the manual Cig ume tess eset ‘The FIRE command allows you to search inside 3 Opie mae eee ent te ‘The TERRIERS command is especialy useful In displays the Intraduction to User Commands, Serer emai Beat eger eens wor bmpublcationscom [8DMs Definitive Guide Seis | sth tionBUNT e ae] meal Lae ole Ne HORN Hana anole: Kee unl) cnr waaeol) Cole M CIN AO a Kee Te ACOA TI Makes Programming with the FUZE ) The Raspberry Piis the powerhouse For many excellent projects. However, ‘one project stands head and shoulders above the rest, the FUZE Project. FUZE isa learning environment for the Raspberry Pi that’s amazingly accessible and gets students, teachers and enthusiasts coding and ‘experimenting with the Raspberry Pi quickly and easily. Used in hundreds of schools across the UK, the FUZE is the perfect combination of Pi potential, imagination, engineering and education, all presented ina cleverly designed retro-themed keyboard case. More importantly, the FUZE also comes with its own programming language, FUZE BASIC. With FUZE BASIC you're able to create simple routines, games, complex algorithms and even interact with robots and other electronics. Introducing the FUZE Project, Setting Up the FUZE Getting Started with FUZE BASIC Coding with FUZE BASIC Part 1 Coding with FUZE BASIC Part 2 Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 3 Using a Breadboard 96 Using the FUZE 10 Board 98 Using a Robot Arm with FUZE BASIC 100 FUZE BASIC Examples — Part 1 102 FUZE BASIC Examples Part 2 S88eRe8 BE) 20's eve cesses onProgramming: - VVieahepcaneyacce = baIntroducing the FUZE Project Baga ed Naina aried tienda a ce ua go Pere ncdnumlacdeuctcl a cecek iso emt teat en cette ants hardware side of the project, incorporating a Raspberry Pi inside a stunning retro- themed case, complete with a full-sized keyboard, IO board and connectivity. The software side is FUZE BASIC, available For both Windows and as a boot image for Raspberry Pi models 2 and 3. The FUZE Workstation itself, styled on ‘3 BBC Micro Model B from the 80s, nstrycted with a metal body and high quality keyboard complete with programmable red coloured F-keys. Note the holes atthe top edges: these ‘are compatible wth many popula plastic building blocks and electronic struction kts. Inside the FUZ! the beating heart of the project, a Raspberry Pi3.lt's connected t FUZE 0 board via the 40-pin GPIO pins with a ribbon cable, wth the other connections branching from it: HDM power, SD Card and USB. The USB ports have been rauted to a pawered USB hub, attached tothe rear ofthe workstation, providing the user with Four USB ports accessible through the rear lO back plate; there'san Ethernet port too. workstation is ‘The Rear back plate is where you plug in your power, connection toa monitor, mause, SD card, audio and ‘any USB devices you want to include, Fromleftto right, acrossthe back pate, there's an on/off switch, a power port, bank of four USB ports the Ether port, SD card slot and HOMI port. You can remove the four corner screws oF the back plate to gain access tothe Raspberry, USB hub and cables inside the workstation if needed. slot at the top ofthe workstation, is the connection to extended hardware With ityou can connect, program and se sensors, LEDs, rabatics and all ‘manner af amazing electronic proj(Introducing the FUZE Project Em” You aso receive an electronics kitas part of the FUZE workstation, to help you getstarted con some ofthe projects the FUZE's designed 5 to support. within the kit you can Find 24 WI ZES Coloured LEDs, 1 sevensegment LED, 1 ight aed dependant resistor, 8 mico switches, 30 mixed Tiecront components it specication resistors, 20 jumper cables and 60 jumper wives. Complementing the electronics project kit, the FUZE team also bundles an 840-socket solderless breadboard which you can use towire up interesting projets and use FUZE BASIC together withthe Raspberry Pland the FUZE IO board to contro the E components from the electronics kit. In ‘ase you're wondering why it'scalled a breadboard its because inthe early days of electronics users would use abread board or the base oftheir projects, ‘Alongside the ather components with the FUZE workstation, you also get ether ‘wired USB or wireless (batteries are included if necessary) mouse and FUZE (ogo mouse mat ‘The kit comes with two ring-bound books Containing projectideas forthe electronics kitand a programmer's reference guide for FUZE BASIC. f you've purchased the FUZE kt, then it's certainly worth your ‘while reading through this book and familarising yourself with how everything works. Depending on which FUZE workstation kit you've purchased, you could also have a robot arm that requires building, ‘along with four Dsized batteries, a BBC micrbit or even a Capacttive Touch kt. Needless to say, there's plenty of project potential with the FUZE. entation covsoehtve citesees| «incon INSetting Up the FUZE Rede. rel radeon ania RCo eke at En MOT eg Monae Muar ur ancnece alan ecm iel eI aces Monnet cette am at Mn orcas Maeno oan LIGHT THE FUZE Getting the FUZE up and running is as simple as plugging ina standard desktop computer; but it’s always worth running through the process For those who don't know what to do, FERED Before you power up your FUZE, mak provided SD cards inserted into the SD card slot ‘on the rear IO back plate ofthe FUZE workstation, The chances. he SD card is already inserted but depending on how the FUZE was easier to establish a wired connection First f poss packaged, it may bein the electronics kit box. Ethernet cable to rear 10 back plate ofthe FUZE w, use the Ethernet port, LAN cable, fo ‘connection tothe home network and BETSEDD ib spare monitor orif your existing monitor (or EREEZD tet o7en tne box contrng te rouse and TY) can support more than one HOMI connection plug it into one of the USB ports on the rear 1 of ‘The FUZE comes with a quality HOM cable, emoveit the FUZE workstation back plate. and connect one end to the HOMI port on the rear IOSetting Up the FUZE § sTePs See BED roe oasis te tescentnor othe FUZE workstation tele red [ae pring cp, teeter d-dh {and start to boot tom the arrows and the current WiFi access points willbe displayed Connect to yours as you would normally You can now unplug the e° Ethernet cable iFyou wish, BED You may need to change the source of the monitor BED Beyond the different desktop presentation, the ‘or TV's input to the HOM, or the numbered HOM! FUZE setup works exactly the same as any other port that you've connected the FUZE to. Once the signal is found by Raspberry Pi Raspbian system, You can click the First F (the white ne monitor it displays the FUZE desktop, Fon a black background) to open the systern menu detailing the avalable apps and programs. The second F launches FUZE BASIC, which well look tin the next tut PPE the ist tingto notice that es sina BEER errr neat te tare a afferent tht othe standard Rasphety | programs cckon the stat button, allowed Raspbianinefae. The aunch panel and buttons are cated along by Accessores> Terminal nthe Terminal enter sudovapt=get hebottomolthescieen aswthawindowstypesetup witha, update 8X sudo’ apt-get upgrade and accept ary changes ‘of icons on tt and updates the system has to offer, This will update al your installed software and system files, vow dmpubliationscom [8DMs Definitive Guide Seis | sth tionGetting Started with FUZE BASIC FUZE BASIC is a marvellous programming language to begin learning to code with. It cele MU ae Mea M1095) WS) RESO MCO MONEE aU Len Lem ea Me Meany the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro. BACK TO BASICS Let’s begin our programming journey with FUZE BASIC, an environment where you can create anything, from simple scripts to ‘complex games with graphics and sounds. FERRER nthe bottom right panel the one that’scoloured — EEEMEMB the retro style interface of FUZE BASIChas several white on ared und? Click t and you launch themes that you can cycle through, depending the FUZE BASIC, complete with a C64-stye retro interface. You canon your taste. The default view i that of a Commodore 64 but if also double-click the FUZE BASIC V3 icon on the desktop. you want a different view press the Insert key to cycle through the available interfaces. You'll ne doubt recognise some of them, so find one you like PEPER Don't worryityoudon'thave a FUZE Workstation, AVR thescreen you're looking at naw is called FUZE BASIC is availabe For Windows, the BBC immediate Mode; pressing the Enter key will reveal microsbit and the Raspberry Pi (since i's already running on aRP). a cursor where you can start to enter code. Try this: press Enter, a browser to www.Fuze.co.uk/download-fuze.html then type: Hello everyone and press Enter again. The output on the download instructions for FUZE BASIC For Wi screen wil display whatever you've typed into the quotation marksGetting Started with FUZE BASIC FER ou conaso int thetotal output of evra ED numbers From within the nmetiate Mode. For fore we get into variables and ather such programming terms, let's havea little play around example, try: print 10/4120 430, and press Enter. The sum of with a quick isting to ask For user input. Enter this: the numbers you've entered will now be displayed on the screen, intiscasetnenumberéO.Tymorenunbesanderendieent 30°68 Ee 20 input “What is your nane? “, nS " shee 30 print 40 print “Hello “; nS Enter Pun to execute the c oon er PEI i yourind the screen getting alitle Full, enter 1S to lear the BASIC display. BASIC in Immediate Mode is also capable of storing variables, something which well look at in more depth inthe next tutorial. For now, try this and press Enter aftereach line ato Print a { ster 9 ) Dissecting the previous code, we have the command 10 clear the screen [CLS], then the Input command asking for user input and storing the input as the variable nS. The Print tine 30 puts blank tine on the screen, whilst the Print command at line 40 displays the message HeLL@ and the contents ofthe variable n$. Now enter RU. The word Hello should now cycle down the screen. Pies the Bane De a ex BED There’sa lot doin immediate Mode: however, to unleash the Full potential of FUZE BASIC you're best working in the Program Ecltor. To enter the Program Editor type in the command new to clear any progra already stored in memory and press the F2 key. As you can see, Program Editor looks significantly different to Immediate Mode.Programming with the FUZE Coding with FUZE BASIC — Part 1 Variables are used in programming to store and retrieve data from the computer's memory. It's a specified location in memory that can be referenced by the programmer at any point in the code, as long as it’s created and valid. LET THERE BE VARIABLES We've already looked at assigning some variables in the previous tutorial so let's extend that and see what else we can do with them, Ener Pesan toy prexingte ey, TRIBE or 2 toners on ew Now uP ‘Within the Program Editor enter the Followi SUaPS let’s expand on the simple code. Enter the Following: pressing Enter after each tne: Let x=10 Let x=10 Let y=20 Print x Let 2=30 Now dick onthe Save button, along the top ofthe screenandsave PRIME # YZ the program as Variables’. Clckthe OK button to returnto the Save as'Variables2' and Runt. Younow have the output of 60 on Editor and the Run button to execute the code. the screen, as you've assigned X, Y and Z with numerical values, and printed the total. FPP wracif we wanted to change the value of a variable? Enter this isting: a - . Let xe10 break down this imple code, you've created the variable called X, {and you've allocated the value 10 to it. The second line simply prints To begin with x equalled 10 but the next line subtracts 1 making it the current value of X which is of course, 10. 9, then prints the current value oF X. Imagine ths as lives in a game, starting with 10 lives, losing 1 and leaving 9 leftFETED) We can extend this Further with m Try this: Let Gycte Print x Let x=x-1 Repeat until x-0 Print “Blast OFF!” End ‘This creates a loop that willminus 1 from X untilit reaches 0, then, prints last OFF! PEPE variables can do more than store numbers Input “Hello, what is your first name? “8 Print Input “Thanks, and what is your surnane? “, s$ as Print “Hello “; #83“ “y s$;* today?” End How are you The varables § and s§ store input For baackto them on the same lin, user then printed it FERED) concitional statements alow you to make you program do aifferent things depending on the user input. For example: as Input “Enter your name: If name$="Dave” then Print “I am sorry “; names Print “I am afraid I can’t do that” Else Print “That is not a problem *; names Endif End “5 names: ‘Save as'HAL’ and Run, wor bmpublcationscom Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 1 ‘The code from Step 7 introduced some new commands, First we clear the screen, then ask Foruser input and storeitn the variable name §. Line 3 starts the ional statement, ifthe user enters the name ‘Dave’ then the program will print HALs 2001 infamous lines. IFanother name is inputted, then it wil print something else [seo ) Programs store all manner of information, retrieving i from memory indifferent ways: as Data “Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday” Data “Thursday”, “Friday”, “Saturday” Data Sunday” Dim DaysofNeeks(7) For DayNo = 1 0 7 loop Read DaysOFleekS(DayNo) Repeat For DayNo'=/ 10 7 Loop Print “Day of the week number“; DayNos Print “ is “; DaysOfMeekS(DayNo) Repeat End The code from Step 9s beginning to look quite complex, using the Data command to store lled DaysOfWeek using the Dim command and assigning itan indexed dimension (7). The code then Reads the stored Data, assigns ta variable dimension from 1 to7 and prints the resultCoding with FUZE BASIC — Part 2 Moving on from the previous FUZE BASIC tutorial, let’s expand everything you've Cera Rca cca ache maureen tos asking For someone's name. In the grand tradition of BASIC programming, let's create EN Geel ust “PALE BULBOUS EYES STARE AT YOU. A text adventure game is an ideal genre to explore your BASIC skills in. There are variables, events, user input, counting and if you want, even a Few graphics here and there to inject and use. FSTEGEDD Esterthe Program Editor and begin with asimple — ENEIEM Lev add a way whereby the users required to clear screen, as t's always a good way to start. What press akey to continue, this way you can leave Wwe need to dois set some basic parameters first, so start with the instructions onthe screen for an indefinite period: ae a Printat (15,15); “Press the Spacebar to continue.” While inkey > 32 cycle Repeat ‘This prints the message whilst waiting For the specifickey tobe pressed on the keyboard: the Spacebar. Bare ow you canintroduce the game andlet the player ESSAI, Now we can start the story’part ofthe adventure: know how mary lives they currently have. You can a ois by addina the followin i tie ce Print “You awake to find yourself in an airlock Printat (41,0); “You have “; lives; “ Lives left.” onboard a space station.” Printat (0,0); “Welcome to Cosmic Adventure!” Input “There are two buttons in front of you: Green and Red. Which do you press?”, button$ If button$="Red” then Let lives=lives-1 Print “You just opened the airlock into space. You ‘are dead!” Print “You now have ‘The printat command will specify a location on the screen to display the text using xy. slives; “ Lives left.”Coding with FUZE BASIC - Part 2 ESTED We con now continue the game from tine 29, adding ‘another press the Spacebar routine, followed bya Now a If Lives=0 then goto 25 print==Prese tha Sodeabar to" try agains ar screen ready for the next part ofthe adventure. While inkey = 32 cycle Print “Press the Spacebar to continue..” Repeat White inkey > 32 cycle Goto 8 Repeat Else as Print “The door to the interior of the space station opens, Lucky for you.” ‘The Goto command goes toa ine number and continues with the code. Here you can use itto start an end of game routine Youcan now ave the code calitadveture or Sue) something), and Run it From the menu. Whilst it's not themostelegant code you wil ee se, bigsin many ferent elements ond shows you what on be done wth FUZEBAST: PEPEED 2's Finish tis routine off with: Endif Endif Goto 29 Print “Sorry, you are dead. End of game. Press Spacebar to Start again.” While inkey © 32 cycle Repeat Goto 1 This closes the ifstatements, then goes to line 29 (iF you pressed the Green button) to continue the game, skipping the end of game routi Se RIT sefore vou continue wit the adventure, and map BaD eee ee eee ae ae ees ED the fate of aur reluctant space hero, we're going “ # ’, ue to improve our code with some graphics. FUZE BASIC has some variable ives equals 0; the player's lives have run out. leprints 3 ° Ty youare dead’ message and asks to press the Spacebarto start 9T@2t graphical commands at its disposal, along with some other Sorry you are dead! message and asis to press the Spacebar to start 5664 and interesting extra. the game al over again from line 1, the goto 1 part.BED 21:20ina wtntneruze Coding with FUZE BASIC — Part 3 Poca ton her treet ier Tee eee aS e While it works perfectly Fine, it would be nice to include some graphics and maybe a Few other elements to have it stand out from the usual BASIC programs. ADDING GRAPHICS FUZE BASIC employs a variety of different commands to display graphics, either drawn on the screen or by displaying an image file, PEPER You're going to start by making the game full FETED ow create anew line 13,by getting the cursor to screen, then adding an appropriate image that sets theend of line 12 and pressing Enter, For the new ne theme ofthe adventure. From line 2 pressEnter,tocreatea new line, type in ine 3, and type inthe following: Hidesprite (spriteindex) Fullscreen=1 Spriteindexenewsprite(1) EarthS="pLanetEarth.png” Loadsprite Cearth$, spriteindex, 0) oes a po Beer vo sssoc nscnnomanson bile rletrectr ‘and green buttons and copied to the /Desktop/fuze-basic/extras/ images folder. Now we need to add itto our code From line 15 This command will emove the image from the screen, allowing you toinclude a new image for the next step in the game. buttons$="buttons.png” loadsprite (buttons$, spriteindex, 0) BRED tre codefrom step willimport and displayan _-~PLOtSPrite: Cspriteindex,”300,/400,"0) image of the Earth the image itself is already Make sure the image is called before the Input command! available in the /Desktop/fuze-basicjextras/images Folder. t'snow classed asa sprite and can be manipulated through the various 5 this means you're in the Documents pt window isn’t much to laok at to begin with but ctory. Now, create a new directory call Batch Files. Enter fows version number and copyright - = wed by the promptitself The prompt detais the Md “Batch: Files? current directory or Folder you're in, together with your username, _Youneed the quotations because without them, Windows creates directories: Batch and Files, Now change directory into the Batch Files cd Batch Files ‘You won't need the quotes to change directories.Now that you have the directory setup, where you store your batch files, here is how you can create ‘one. Leave the command prompt window open and click on the Windows Start Button again. This ime enter Notepad and the search result to open the Notepad program. Notepad isa simple text editor but ideal For creating batch scripts with To create your fist batch Fil into Notepad center the following @echo off echo Hello World! 8 default, abatch file displays allthe commands thatitruns Uhrough, line byline. What the @echo off command does is turn that Feature off for the whole scrip; with the (at) sign to apply that command to itself When saving anything in Notepad the default SPT ‘extension is .txt, to denote a text file. However, you want the extension to be bat. Clck on File > Save As and navigate 1 the newly created Batch Files directory in Documents Click the drop-down menu Save as Type, and select Al Files from the menu. In File Name, cll the fle Test.bat wor bmpublcationscom Getting Started with Batch Files kat the command prompt window, eter: SHEP) @iF/W again to list the newly created Test. bat file. By the way, the Av part of dfw means the files are listed the screen as opposed to straight down. {although you need more files Feadwith the jw Flag ‘ir iFyou want view) but t's considered easier to FETED To execute the batch file youve just created, simply enter its name, Test, in the command prom window. You don't need to add the bat part, as Windows recognises itasan executable file, and the only one with that particular name in the current directory. Press return and see how you're greeted with Hello World in the command prompt The echo comman displays whatever after STEP to the screen, Right-click the Test.bat file from windows Export and selec Edt add more echo commands youthe. this echo off echo Helo World! echo This 1s ny first batch file echo. echo With @ blank Line between! Remember to save ea new change tothe bate file.Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files) Getting an Output CS a a tccU au acint ks Se RU Tce Elica een eRe Maen aerate (NUE nen eee ere gare eecerad eke ueat Recent ce st INPUT OUTPUT Batch files are capable of taking a normal Windows command and executing them, while also adding extra options and flags in to the equation, FETTER 2t'skeep things simple to begin with. Createanew EIIEM Youhave no doubt noticed that there sno View. Start with the @echo off command and under that add: rho meaningful output on the screen. However, iFyou now open din “c:\users\YOURNAME\Docunents\Batch Files” > i Lele ee ——— substieute with your Windows username, and double ae lick the dinvitew.txt file, you can see the batch fi’s output Substitute YOURNAME with your Windows username PEPPER the new line usesthe dircommand to listthe FPP D you want to automate the task of opening the contents ofthe directory Batch Files, in your Home text file that contains the output, add the following directory, dumping the output to atextfile called dirviewstxtin line tothe batch file: the root of your Home directory. Thisis done, so that the Windows — = UAC doesnt require elevated permissions as everythings in your MOB@Padvexe'¥¢#\userss\YOURNAMENGieview txt ‘own Home area, Save and run the batch fi. ‘Save the fle and ance again run fram the command prompt. This time, itcreates the output and automaticaly opens Notepad with Ee the output contents. BET 20s eve cate see tonOUTPUT WITH VARIABLES Variables offer a more interesting way of outputting something to the screen and create a higher level of interaction between the user and the batch file. Try this example below. E> Following tines: Create a new batch file and call it name.bat, Sta with the @echo: of Ficommand, then add the set /p nane= What is your name? echo Hello, name Note: there's a space after the question mark. Thsis to make itlook neater on the screen. Save it and run the batch fl. The set /p name creates a variable called name, with EUSAD the /p part indicating that an ‘=prompt string’ isto follow. The Set command displays, sets or removes system and environmental variables Far example, while in the ‘command prompt window enter: set Variables stored with Set can be called with the S6VARIABLENAME% syntax. In the batch file, we sed the newiy created %ename% syntax to call upon the contents oF the variable called name. Your username, Fo variable, Try thisina batch Fle: echo Hello, RUSERNAMEX. What are you doing? ample, is stored as 8 wor bmpublcationscom Tis setremety seul you want to create a Sus unique, personal batch file that automatically runs when userlogsinto windows Using the default systems variables that windows itself rates, you can make a bath le that greets echo off echo Hello, USERNAMEX. echo. echo Thanks for Logging in. Currently the network is operating at 100%% efficiency. echo. echo Your Hone directory is located at: SHOMEPATH echo The computer nane you're logged in to is: ‘COMPUTERNAMER echo. PPIIED seve and execute the batch file changes; you can ‘overwrite and stil use name.batif you want. The batch file takes the current system variables and reports them accordingly, depending on the user's lagin name and the name of the computer. Note: the double percent symbol means sign wil be displayed, and isnot a variable. Alternatively, you can run the batch ile and display iton the user's desktop asa text file echo off echo Hello, SUSERNAMEX. > c:XHOMEPATH\User. txt echo. >> cSHOMEPATHR\user, txt echo Thanks for Logging in. Currently the network is operating at 100%% efficiency. >> c:#HOMEPATHI user. txt echo. >> ¢: SHOMEPATHR\User, txt echo Your Hone directory is located at: SHOMEPATH: >> C:BHOMEPATHE\user. txt echo The computer nane you're Logged in to is: XCOMPUTERNAMES >> c:HOMEPATH\user txt echo. >> c:SHOMEPATHRuser. txt notepad c:XHOMEPATH®\user. txt: ‘The > outputs to a new file called user, while the >> adds the lines within the fie1 Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files) Playing with Variables There's a lot you can accomplish with both the system and environmental variables, alongside your own. Mixing the two can make for a powerful and extremely useful Pelee MMA Re MAC e Meco rl ETC oa USING MORE VARIABLES. Here's a good example of mixing system and environmental variables with some of your own creation, along with a number of external Windows commands. Create anew batch Fle called list. bat and start it ofF with the @echo” off command. Begin by learing the command prompt screen and displaying alist of the current directories onthe computer as dir “c:\" > Listitxt type List. txt PEED Seve and execute the batch file. within the ‘command prompt you can see the contents ofall the files and directories from the root ofthe C:\ drive; and as any User under Windows has permission to see thi, there's no UAC elevated privileges required Rh Eston FTTSED) ow, create a batch file that displays the contents of any directory and post it as atext file to the user's screen. Add the Following to the lst bat batch ile ‘echo Hello, USERNAMES. ‘echo From the List, which folder would you like to view? set /p view= Center as c:\folder) dir “Kviews” > view. txt notepad.exe view. txt ‘what's happening here is the batch file asks the user to enter any ofthe directories displayed in the lis it irectory’. Providing the user enters a das atext file, We created ED generated, in the form of 'c\ valid directory, its contents are display the view variable here along with sHOMEPATH®6, to store the input and the text fleFETED: 2tvays 2 good idea, when creating text files FETED '2st22d of let clicking on the Command Prompt forthe user to temporarily view, to clean up after sult, as you di the fist time you opened it, yourself, There's nathing worse than having countiess, random Tight-clickit and from the menu choose Run as Administrator. There text Files cluttering up the Filesystem, That being the case, let's isa rskthat you could damage system Files asthe Administrator clear up with butas long as you're careful and don't do anything beyond viewing directories, you willbe okay. as del /Q view.txt del /Q List.txt echo ALI files deleted. System clean. BD e awe Best match fH Corman Prompt © _ Run as administrator se Open file location £ “8 Pinto Start FETED) The additions to the batch file simply clear the a ‘command prompt window (using the cls command) d delete both the view.txt and lst.tt Files that were created by the batch file. The /Q flag inthe del command means it deletes , wet z the files without any user input or notification The final message ce eee 7 FETED This action triggers the UAC warning message, asking you if you're sure you want to run the Windows command prompt with the elevated Administrator nih privileges. Most ofthe time we wouldn't recommend this course of action: the UAC is there to protect your system. in this case, however, click Yes, cS moe ne your system is configured, you may not get any = directory information Bm rmesrone atalloramessage i stating Access Denied. sexo nape —— soseeseen Thisis because the UAC om PEER with the UAC active, the command prompt looks is Blocking access to alittle different, For starters, i's now defaulting protected areas ofthe tothe C\WINDOWS\system32 Folder and the top ofthe windows is system, like c\Windows labelled Administrator, To run the batch File, you need to navigate to (oF CAProgram Files, the Batch Files directory with: ed \Users\USERNAME\Documents\, Therefore, you need to Batch Files. To help, press the Tab key to auto-complete the vun the batch File as an ‘Administrator, Click the \windows Start button and Ain on enter CMD again. directory names.=P Coding with Windows 10 Batch Files _) Batch File Programming It's the little additions we can make to a batch file that help it stand out and ultimately [otto AU oie ARAN reo eKe Lr ec UCUceeesel cue Keele] i KecUvel Seema Meee tea orem SEARCHING FOR FILES Here's an interesting little batch file that you can easily extend For your own use. It asks the user For a file type to search For and displays the results. ESTEE '¥2 are introducing a couple of new commands FRTTSED) ow let's extend the seek bat batch Fle: ino the mix here but we think theyre really useful Creates newbateh le caled see bt ndin echo off als secto off Stor 2 color 2 ‘echo Please enter the type of file you want to echo Please enter the type of fle you want to Search for (WF3, DOC, JPG for example) search for (MP3, DOC, JPG for example) a = set /p ext= a there /R ci\ *XextX > Found. txt — notepad.exe Found. txt ae cls oe color Jesioe 2 del /Q found. txt PEPPED the new command inthis instance is color BSED nother new command, where, looks fora specific (Americanised spelling). Color, as you already file or directory based on the user's requirements ‘assume, changes the colour of the command prompt display. The __In this case, we have created a blank variable called ext thatthe user Calor attributes ae specified by two hex cals, the first corresponds can enter the filetype in, which then searches using Where and to the background colour of the Command console and the second dumps the results ina text file called found.txt. Save and run the to the foreground, and can be any of the following values: bateh fie. O=Black 8=Grey 9 = Light Blue 2=Green A=Light Green B= Light Aqua 4=Red C= Light Red 5=Purple D = Light Purple 6= Yellow E = Light Yellow 7=White F = Bright White ERED 20%: bernie cuide Series sth EstonCHOICE MENUS Batch Fle Programming Creating a menu of choices isa classic batch file use and a good example to help expand your batch file programming skills Here's some code to help you understand how it al works. Rather than sng a variable to proces users nar) response, batch files can instead use the Choice ‘command in conjunction with an ErrorLevel parameter to make a menu. Create a new file called menu.bat and enter the following: eecho off als choice /M “Do you want to continue? Y/N" if errorlevel 2 goto N if errorlevel 1 goto Y goto End: Running the code produces an error as we've called ELISD a Goto command without any reference to it in the File, Goto does exactly that, goes ta a specfic line in the batch file. Finish the file with the Following and run it again: echo: ‘echo You chose No. Goodbye, goto End echo: ‘echo You chose Yes. Hello The output from your choices different depending on SNEED inher you pk oN thee por simpy sonic the end ofthe file (also known as EOF). without tthe batch ile runs through each line and display the Y response even iFyou enter N;s0 it's important to remember to Follow your Goto commands. wor bmpublcationscom FTIR érortevels are essentially variables and the /M switch of Choice allows a descriptive message string tobe displayed, Extend this menu with something new: @echo off cls echo. echo ‘echo. echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo. echo) choice /C 1234 if errorlevel 4 goto Videos if errorlevel 3 goto Pictures if errorlevel 2 goto Documents if errorlevel 1 goto Music FEPISED) Now add the Goto sections: Videos cls CD RHOMEPATHRWVideos ‘echo You are now in the Videos directory. ‘goto End Pictures as CD SHOMEPATHX\Pictures echo You are now in the Pictures directory. ‘goto End Documents cls CD XHOMEPATH\Document's ‘echo You are now in the Documents directory. goto End Music as CD RHOMEPATMusic ‘echo you are now in the Music directory. ‘goto End nd FEPITR wen executed the batch file dsplaysa menuand with ‘each choice the code changes directory tothe anethe user entered, The SsHOMEPATH6 system variable wll enter the curently logged in user's Music Pictures and so directories, and notarwone else's, Please choose a directory. Press 1 for c:\Music Press 2 for ¢:\Docunents Press 3 for c:\Pictures Press 4 for c:\VideosCoding with Windows 10 Batch Files Loops and Repetition Looping and repeating commands are the staple diet of every programming language, including batch file programming. For example, you can create a simple colt cel RR MTU elit COLORS Cece STATES COUNTERS Creating code that counts in increasing or decreasing number sets is great for demonstrating loops. With that in mind, let's look at the IF statement alittle more, alongside more variables, and introduce the Else, Timeout and eof (End of File) commands. BED 2 eeisercrtocniectedconint EEIER) tecomenatsaron weet terest @echo off Try this example instead: as echo off set /a counter=0 for /L nin (1,149) do echo numbers set /a counter-Xcounters+2 if Kcounter% ==100 (goto :eof) else (echo counter) ‘timeout /T 1 /nobreak > nul goto :nunbers EED Breaking it Zn, there's For, then the /L switch, which handles a range of numbers. ‘Then the parameter labelled TEED The count. "i command romp count bat code starts at number one and counts, sralling down the screen, until it reaches 100. The Timeout command leaves aone second gap tween numbers and the anumber. Then which tells -atement how to count, asin (start number), 1 (steps 99 (the end number) ning DO whatever command is after Ise statement continues inti the counter variable ‘equals 100 before going to ne eof (End OF File), thus closing the loop,You can inclu wumbers easily enough within the far simpler For loop by Jing multiple commands after the Do For loop. The brackets and (8) separate the differ ampersay @echo off for /L %in in (1,1,99) do Cecho Xn & timeout /T 1 Ynobreak > nul) commands. Try this hilesisto BETTIE re oF the areat time saving uses of bat create multiple, numbered files. Assume that you want twenty five text files within a directory, all numbered from 1 to 25. AFor loop much lke the previous example does the trick eecho off for /L %8n in (1,21,25) do copy nul En. txt: PEPIED you open windows Explorer, and navigate to the Batch Files directory where you're working from, can now see 25 text files all neatly numbered. OF course, you end the fle name with something lke usert.txt and so on altering the code to read @echo off for /L %8in in (11,25) do copy nul UsersK¥n.txt wr bdmpubleaions.com EED There are different ways of using the For loop. In this example, the code creates 26 directories, one foreach letter ofthe alphabet,» tory test which the batch file makes using the MD. echo off FOR ¥KF IN Ca,b,c,d,e,F,0,h,1,5,k,1sm,9,0,P,4,0, S,t,U,VsW,X,y,2) 00) nd’ C:\test\aF) oops can be powerful and extremely useful elements ina batch file, While creating 26 ipful imagine having to create 1,000 users ona network and assign each one their own set of Unique directories. This is where a batch fil saves an immense amount of time. directories may not sound too BED Should you ever get stuck when using the various commands within a batch fil, drop into the command prampt and enter the command Followed by a question switch, Far example, For or if. You get an on-screen help file detaliing the commands use. For easier reading, pipe itto a text fle: For /? > forhelp.txt {OMS Definitive Guide Series | «th ition taCoding with Windows 10 Batch Files Creating a Batch File Game Based on what we've looked at so farwith batch files, you can: Dice) VAS at ANB Melia) simple text adventure or multiple- fee ee Ma eee ella créated, thatyou'fe Free to Fiddle with and make your own. “Make up your own questions but how about also including an introductory or loading screen? Make your loading screen ina separate batch file and save tas screens.bat (for example). Then, fromthe main game batch ile, you can loadit at the beginning ofthe Fle with the cal command followed by colortoreset the game's colours echo oft cis Call screens.bat color tart set /a scorend set /a question=0 fet /p names What is your name? UUM ee DIGCLOCK.PY Thisis a surprisingly handy little script and one that we've used in the past instead of relying on a watch or even the clock in the system tray of the operating system, cls echo. ho tistieenerenennneneuasuastenannnennennenntnntents ‘echo. fecho Welcome namet to the super-cool trivia gane. echo. fecho Press 1 to get started echo. fecho Press 2 for instructions echo. fecho Press Q to quit echo. 8, choice /c 129 Af errorlevel 3 goto :eof Af errorlevel 2 goto Instructions Af errorlevel 1 goto Gane "Instructions els echo. fecho * echo. fecho The instructions are simple, Answer the ‘questions correctly. ho. cho stistiatenssnnennnennenesnaatensente pause ele goto menu st /a question=tquestiont41 (goto end) else (echo you are on ‘timeout /T 5 /nobreak > nul A€ tquestiont ==5 (goto end) else (goto tquestion®)1 cls ‘echo. (echo. Semmernesaesavesnesnnenneseets, ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tacoret ‘echo. cho sHtittenseaneanennstsntensenee ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Question tquestiont ‘echo. ‘echo Which of the following version of Windows is the best? ‘echo. ‘echo A. Windows 10 sho. ‘echo B. Windows ME ‘echo. ‘echo C. Windows Vista ‘echo. choice /C abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto correct 2 cls ‘echo. cho setinteneeneesneuetantesente ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tscoret ‘echo. Cacho. #ttsstensensnenennennanwanenss, ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Question tquastiont. ‘echo. ‘echo Which of the following version of Windows is the most stable? ‘echo. ‘echo A. Rindows 10 ‘echo. ‘echo B. Windows 95 ‘echo. ‘echo C. Windows ME ‘echo. choice /C abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto corzect 3 els ‘echo. (echo. sernernesaesavennranmerneneets ‘echo. ‘echo Your current score is tscoret ‘echo. cho sHtitteeeneesnenetsnteseate ‘echo. ‘echo. ‘echo Question tquestiont ‘echo. ‘echo Which of the folowing Windows version is the latest? ‘echo. ‘echo A. Windows 10 ‘echo. ‘echo B. Windows 98 ‘echo. wor bmpublcationscom Creating a Batch File Game ‘echo C. Windows 7 echo, choice /¢ abe Af errorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong Af errorlevel 1 goto correct 4 cls echo. echo sttistenstatsesnesnstsstante echo. fecho Your current score is tscoret echo, echo thetestvastessensennenesvasten echo. ‘echo. fecho Question tquestiont. echo. ‘echo Which of the following Windows uses Directx 127 echo. fecho A. Windows 10 echo, fecho B. Windows 3.12 ‘echo. fecho C, Windows xP echo. choice /C abe Af ezrorlevel 3 goto wrong Af errorlevel 2 goto wrong if errorlevel 1 goto correct, Wrong: cls echo thttastensestensee echo. fecho WRONG!!! echo, echo Shetvstvaneassnnee t fa score=tscoret-1 pause goto igame cls echo. sranverneseetanena echo, fecho CORRECT, YIPEE!!" echo. cho sittastessessensee tt /a score=tscorettl pause (goto game fend, cls fecho thstestvastessensennenasvesten echo. fecho Well done, names, you have answered all the questions echo. cho And your final score is. echo. fecho tacoret echo. fccho seteeiestantenessresneetneeeets choice /M “play again? ¥/N" Af errorlevel 2 goto :eof A errorlevel 1 goto start [8DMs Definitive Guide Seis | sth tion=> Programming with Scratch and Python ) Scratch is a Free programming language and online community that’s targeted primarily at young people but also useful for older users too. It’s a visual language created by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and designed to help teach the building blocks of programming. It’s extremely versatile and as such can be used in conjunction with Python code to create interesting and useful programs. With the pairing of Scratch and Python you can make games, system utilities and even control external sensors, robots and motors. 122 Getting Started with Scratch 124 Creating Scripts in Scratch 126 Interaction in Scratch 128 _Using Sprites in Scratch 130 Sensing and Broadcast 132 Objects and Local Variables 134 Global Variables and a Dice Game 136 Classes and Objects ED scene aes an cson(index wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitve Guide Series thin GHEP Programming with Scratch and Python) Getting Started with Scratch INSTALLING SCRATCH Scratch can be run inside your web browser at scratch.mit.edu. You need to have Flash installed in your browser; if isn't already, it can be installed from get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Sign up For an account with Scratch so you can save your programs. BETES Scratch runs from inside the web browser. lick PRTIIEDD 12%’ take alook at Scratch Cat. Use cick and drag Create to open a new document. The Scratch with the mouse to position him on the Stage. At InterFace opens in the web browser, click the maximise buttonon the top, just above Scripts, youl see two icons for Grow and Shrink. your browser so you have plenty of space toview the window and Click one and click the cat to resize him, shift-click on Scratch Cat allits contents, and choose info to access rotation controls. lick the blue back button to get back to the Sprites pane. BED ercrtesestinereewinatcarite ERI sectietatte ny enh ems nthe lock Plt, an empty Sept rea sole’ gv im abaciground chick thestageicon {and a Stage. On the Stage will bean orange cartoon cat, known tothe left of the Sprites Pane. The Script Area switches to Backdrop {as “Scratch Cat’. This isthe default sprite that comeswith allnew Library displaying the available backgrounds. Click Music and Dance projects; you will also see smaller versions ofthe sprite above the _and choose spotight-stage. Click OK. Script Area and in the Sprites Panel FB) BETTI) wo ceive cae ee tonESTeGEERD The background appears on the Stage and Scratch Cat looks a lot happier, Let's create a script that ‘moves him to the stage. Click Sprite! in the Sprites Pane to select the cat and click the Scripts tab to return to the Script Area, Now lick the blue Motion tab atthe top of the Block Palette = SAVING SCRATCH FILES “ Getting Started with Scratch Drag the turn [15] degrees block (with an Sua anti-clockwise symbol) from the Block Palette tothe Script Area, Now crag the move. [10] ‘steps bloc and connect to the bottom othe Trn 15 Degrees lock They il Snap together Change the 1Bin move [10] steps to 100, Ou program snow ready. Clckthe scrip the two Bods) to see what R Goes Scratch cat wl rotate and move towards the stage, ‘Take the time to learn how to open and save your files, and open other test programs, before you get stuck into programming with Scratch. There are lots of Scratch programs available so it’s easy to learn alongside other users. STEP 1 flick File> Save Now to save your project. Enter ‘anamein the New Filename box; we called ours *Scsatch_Cat_On Stage”. As we mentioned in both Python and Unix tutorials, i's important to avoid any special characters and spaces in your filenames. Use underscores ”_” instead. Lots of example Scratch files can be found on the MIT website by clicking Explore. Here you can see ‘a huge range of projects built by ather users and youl also be ‘able to share your own projects. Choose a project From Explore to ‘openit. STEP 3 hoor Fe» Goto My Suto exethe stage ne area view the saved file. Click the Scratch_Cat_On_ Stage nko vew youre You ca add istructons Notes end Credis here and Tags Ck See inside toheadback to viewing Ss cea, ‘You can run the project directly inside the main window by clicking the Green Flag icon. Click the ‘Star icon to Favourite or bookmark the project and the Heart icon to lke i. More importantly, click the See Inside to see the code used to create the projec. This is a good way to learn how Scratch codes being used STEP 4 wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitive Guide Series | «tection GaEP Programming with Scratch and Python) Creating Scripts in Scratch VISUAL CODING The scripts in Scratch are created by snapping together blocks. These blocks are simi programming languages, such as Python, but much easier to understand. PEPE cick create to start anew Scratch project and name it Dancing Cat. You're going to put your cat ‘and some other characters on a dance Floor and get them to bust some moves. lick Stage, then Music and Dance and choose party room, Drag the Scratch Cat graphic around the Stage to find a good starting position, 1 to the code you Find in more complex Click the Motion tab and drag themove [10] S15 steps block and connect it beneath the when flag clicked block. A quick word about that [10]. When you write anumber or word inside those square rackets, that's He voy of Saying youcan choose avalve Is the equa of aval’ because varies Wel tel ou which number osleton wee using but youcan se ay ou want Pay around Click on Spritet in the Sprites Panes and click the Scripts tab above the Scripts area. Now click Events inthe Blocks Pane and dragthe when flag clicked block into the Scripts area. This block represents the stat of your program. Itells Scratch to run through the blocks below it when we click the Green Flag con above the Stage window. [0.2] beats and connect it to the bottom of the stack of blacks. Pa (Creating Scripts in Scratch Dancing ia bckand forth afar, so le’ get Scratch 1295 Cat moving back. Drag another move [10] steps blokto the bottom othe stack Now ickthe 8 and change Rt 220 (ins 10, Eten mins Rares moves the cat bacvard Orag another play. drumblock othe bottom the cp Paka different rumsound, We chose 13, — f EDITING SCRIPTS Scratch Cat ony moves back and forth once, which SSIES) isn't much of a party. Click Control and drag the forever blockto the Sriot Aes Careful postion beneath the when [flag] clicked block but above themove [10] steps block The spt shoud nest hin the two prongs of the Forever block Cte Green Flag onto stat the dco cckthe red top lento end the program Nothing is set in stone, and you can move your blocks in and out of scripts and even have several scripts or parts of scripts in tthe Script Area. Scratch is Far more Forgiving than other programming languages for experimentation. STEP 1) fes)pretty bad form to use the forever Block ‘or a forever loop in programming. Programs are ‘Supposed to run from start to a inish. Even programs like Scratch have an end point when you quit the program. You want to replace the forever block witha repeat one, Click the forever blockin {yout script and drag t dowin to separate it From the other blocks. Yourroveandp\ay_crunblcks re stilinested area within the forever block though and you want toe them, Cekthe topmost ~0ve lock and droga ofthe Forever Blade e’snow goad get if the forever blocks0 dragitt the le andbacto the Blocks Ust to et do = wor bmpublcationscom Nowéraga repeat [10] Block fromthe block ist andeonnectietSEfginen [flag] clickedblock inthe Script Area, Now drag the top play drunblockaf the stack insidethe repect_ [10] block If you dragthe top block ll the blocks underneath move witht and the whole lot willbe nested insidetherepect [10] stack STEP 3 ‘You can position the stack anywhere on the Script ‘Area and even keep the unused blocks around, although we thinkit’s good practice to keep only what you are using in the Scriot Area and remove ary unused blocks, Click the ‘Green Flag icon above the Stage Window to view Scratch Cat doing ‘ashort dance. a E- 25 STEP 4 [8DMs Definitive Guide Seis | sth tionEP Programming with Scratch and Python) Interaction in Scratch INTERACTIVE CONTROL The only Control option we've really looked at so Faris the when [flag] clicked block, whi is running it does its thing, right up until it Finishes. You're going to use the other Control blocks to do something more interesting, (Open the Dancing Cat program from previous tutorials Select Sprite1 and click on Events so you cansee the when [fag] clicked script. Now click Controlin the Block Palette and dragthe when [space] key pressed block to ‘antempty part ofthe Script re. You can drag and rearrange the block scripts to any pat ofthe Script area We ke to have our when [fag] Licked scripts in the top left butt really doesn't matter where they are. t's also worth potting that we now have more than Cone scrit for Sprite; you can have multiple scripts For each sprite in your program. =a EE = fo ao = = = = = wee goingto mate Scratch Ctjump up and down SEP) when we press the space bar. Click Motion and drag change y by [10] and cip tothe when space] key pressed bloc What's wth they"? Thsisuhas owns Pcoordnae FI aa = = = = — ‘The position of each sprite on the stage is shown Using two variables, xand y. These are referred toas the "coordinates". The xis the sprites horizontal postion ‘on the stage whilst the y coordinate isthe vertical position. Click and drag the sprite araund the Stage and youll see the x and rhumbers change. starts the program. Once the programInteraction in Scratch The centre of the tage x0 andy.0. As youve 1275 the sprite up and to the right the numbers increase andasyourove lef and down the decrease (Gong into negative numbers) Sowhenwe use the chonge y by. [10] block says take the current value of y (the vertical position) and increase it by 10. That mates ow et jump up. hat goes up must come back down, So crag S16 another change y by [10] block and attach it tothebottom othewhen [space] Key pressed cpt Now change [18] to [-10] Clk the GreenFlag and run he program, Now pres the space ar nd. cho, ating heppers Weve js encountered ourfrst "bug FIXING YOUR SCRIPT ‘We know that there's something wrong with our script and we want to see Scratch Cat jump when the space bar is pressed. So let's quickly squash this bug and see it working. STEP 1. ) theproblemis that programs are superfast and highly visual programs like Scratch can move in the blink ofan eye and that's what is happening here. Ifyou tap the space bar repeatedly while the pragram is running you'llsee ‘Scratch Cat Flickering as it jumps up and down. * oo eo The chalenge that our mation conto move the area cat instantly from one place to another, so fast that ie cart see Sometimests ine, Ike our back and Forth dance, but obviously we need to slow downthe ump. Helps than. Click the Mion ab fo vew the Maton Blocks wor bmpublcationscom Braganait [1] secs block from the Blocks Palette and isertieunderneath the change Ly] by 10 block Now press the space bar on the keyboard to see ‘Scratch cat jump up, and then back down, Notice that you don't need to press the Green Flag con to run the program; the Green Flag starts our other scrip. STEP 3 We think Seat Cat stays in the aa ito tng see ‘We want a jump, not a levitation effect. Change thewait [1] secsMarableto [0.25 | Thisisa quarter ofa second and il sve usamore fn hop. Press the Gren Flag to Sat the script and tap the space br whenever you want Scratch Catto jump. DMs Definitive Gude Series | «tection GBRUsing Sprites in Scratch LOOK SPRITE Sprites are 2D (flat) graphics drawn on top of a background. They are commonly used to display information in games such as. health bars, scores or lives. Older games are composed entirely of sprites, just like our Scratch project. PEPER We're a0ing to add another sprteto our project and JESIEIEM ali the blocks on the Script Area have vanished. The ‘second character to the scene, Click the Choose scripts we built For Scratch Cat relate to that object, Sprite From Library button, just above the Sprites pane. Thisopens not to our newprite. Click on Spritet in the Sprites pane to view the Sprite Library that displaysall the different characters available. the Scratch Cat scripts again, Then click Giga to return to your Giga character. 7 7 i UATE wy PEPIIPDD click on the Fantasy linkin the sidebar and choose © RAB now that we have more than one sprite, i's a Giga, Click OK to add the character to the stage. ‘good idea to name them. Click the "icon next to Click and drag the sprite to reposition Gigato the right of Scratch Sprite Change Spritet in the text box to Scratch Cat. Take a look at CCat-Notice that a Gigaicon hasjoined Spritet inthe Sprites pane. _the other options here. You can remove a sprite from the stage by Lnticking the Show checkbox, without deleting it from the project. Wy BNET) won etn cae ee ton(_ Using Sprites in Scratch Select ig and choose Evens Drag aie 1275 [space] key pressed and change [space] to [right arrow]. Adda change x by [10] block beneath, Shife-click the script and choose duplicate to create another. For the second script change the when [right arrow] key pressed to [left arrow] and change x by [10] to [-10}. CHANGING COSTUMES (We're quite sure you can see where this is going Press the Green Flag icon and our Scratch Cat object willstart to dance and stil jumps with space, whilst our other ‘object, Giga, can be moved left and right using the arrow keys on cour keyboard ‘Our two objects, Giga and Scratch Cat don't have to look like the original characters. That's ust the name we've given to each sprite. The visual appearance is a costume and our objects can change their costume and look completely different, STEP 1 ) Select Gigain the Sprite Pane and click the Costumes tab. The Scripts Area now displays the ‘costumes being used by Giga, including the current look. Choose ) Programming with Scratch and Pytho! ) Global Variables and a Dice Game DOUBLE TROUBLE We're going to start with the dice game from the previous tutorial, but create a second character. The Fancy OOP word For this is “instantiation”: creating an instance of something ~ in this case another instance of Scratch Cat. FETTER . This sits between two numbers, i.e. 3> 2 and lets you know ifthe number on the left is bigger than the one on the right. STEP 1 Both sprites are going to announce thelr score and the one with the highest score wil say, twin! CRETE drag say [hello] for 2 secs: Naw dick Data land drag_vic_total Rofeplaes [hel Lo PRRs part of the ‘game is réady, we're going to use an iF block with an > operator, For the next part of the game. STEP 3 ‘Bob needs to run the same script, only with bob_ total in place of cat_total. We could write Bob with the same code but the point of objects that you can stamp out ‘copies. Shft-ck Bob and choose Delete, Now shift-click Vic and ‘choose Duplicate. Click the Info con and rename Vic2 as Bob. {lick Controtand drag an «block to the script ag I Slot in the «block. Click Variables and drag vic. total tothe left ‘ofthe block and bob total to the righ: Finally click Looks and, dreqa|say [hel Lo!) BIGeRinside the «F block and change the Roxio win' wor bmpublcationscom ‘ou need to cange Bobs variables Change sree iset_vic_totalfgset bob_totaljandsay frTetotatllsay bobo li spiaahe vc Totaljandbob total | blak Now eke Gree Flag conto play the me, Vic and Bob role the de andthe inners announced DMs Definitive Gude Series | «tection (GBBClasses and Objects SCRATCH THAT ©0P can be hard to explain, but makes sense when you start using it looks like a sprite. This is why we detoured into Scratch. It’s great for learning OOP. what an object look IF you've used Scratch then you already have an idea of PEPER | thistutorial we're going to open the dice game program that we created earlier in Scratch. Resize the window and place Scratch on the letthand side ofthe screen, [Next we're going to recreate this game in Python using objects, so you can see how objects are similar to Scratch sprites ‘Open Python 2 and choose File> New Window. Resize the Editor window tothe righthand size of the screen. Choose File» Save As and nameit dice_game. Now let's hhave a look atthe objects in Scratch. We have two: Vic and Bob. ach has three variables (two dice and a total); both pick random ‘numbers between 1 and 6 and check ta see if their totals bigger than the other BETS) wos ete cae ee ton in OOP we on design objects. steed we desion STE a blueprint For our object, called a "Class". Think of ikea bern or stamp. Vic and Bob ae bat erolng cts 50 wwe crete a buepinfora dceroling animal We then stamp out two identical objects rm tha blueprint One cle "Vc theater Galed"B0b, We're goingtoneedthe random number made so eer thse from random import randint EERE Now let's derine our class, which we're going to call Diceanimal. Enter: class DiceAninal(: dicel = 0 dice2 = 0 total = 0 Notice the funny capitalisation of DiceAnimal. This isknown as ‘CamelCase and class definitions should be named inthis Fashion,(Classes and Objects Now we'e gong to define a function that os both ona dice, and adds the two together to create the total. inde the class indented our ines tone up wth ce, dle? and talent ths def rotlaice(set®): self.dicel = randon.randint Ct, 6) Self dicee = random: randintCl, 6) Self total = self-dicel + self.dice2 CREATING OBJECTS ‘Now that our classis ready, we need to create two characters from it. One ‘vic’ and one ‘bot Looks Scat, ndyou'see th the sre as S16 the set dice? to pick random 1 to 6 block. But what arethose sel bits about Remember that ic and Bob have the din dee. ies ke re going beacesed sevice ane diced and Bos using bob det andbobiced but the dass doesnt Know what we'e gong to calleach object stead uses"sel 953 placeholder This works matter what name ech objet hs "These are known as objects, and ‘also sometimes as instances (or ‘object instance’). Because each one is an instance of the DiceAnimal class. STEP 1 £feating an object in OOP has abig fancy name: "instantiation’. Don't be impressed by the {fanquage, allt meansis creating an instance of your class. And this {s exactly the same as creating a variable, ony instead of passing in ‘a number, orstring, you make it equalto your class, Enter this. Wvic = DiceAnimal() b= DiceAnimalc) ‘There, that wasn't hard a all. You now have two objects, a vic and a bob. You area access the variables and functions inside the object. using the objects name followed by a dot. To access Vic's dice, you “usevic.dice1 and vic.dice2. We're going to get both objects to roll thei die and store the total inthe own seltoal. Enter Wic.rolldicec) bob. rolldiceC) ‘Now we're going to use dot notation to access the values inside both the cat and lobster. Enter STEP 3 this code: print “Vic rolled a™, vic.dicel, “and a” ivic. diced) print “Bob rotted a™, bob.dicel, “and a” bob. dice7] Finally, vee going to use if elif and else statements to create the game. STEP 4 | Enterthiseade: RF vic.total > bob. total: print "Vic wins [elif bob. total > vic. total: print "Bob wins” jelser print “It's a draw” ress FS to run the game, wor bmpublcationscom DMs Definitive GudeSeries | «tection GBRWorking with Code At this point, you can see that there's more to coding than simply entering a Few lines into an IDE and expecting a result. Working with code means conforming to proper layout, adhering to strict operations and making the code as easy to understand and efficient as possible. In this section we take a look at the ‘common coding mistakes with Python, C++ and Linux scripting and how to avoid them. You can learn how to check your code with checklists, Find sources of help when you're stuck and test your code online in a safe and secure environment. Learning to code is an on-going ‘occupation, where you discover new techniques and ways of managing code from other developers. Being able to recognise mistakes, Fix them and then help others is all part of becoming a better coder. 140 Common Coding Mistakes 142 _ Beginner Python Mistakes 144 Beginner C++ Mistakes 146 Beginner Linux Scripting Mistakes 148 Code Checklist 150 Where to Find Help with Code 152 _Test Your Code Online 154 Python OS Module Error Codes 156 Python Errors 158 Where Next? 160 Glossary of Terms OM Definitive Guide Series sth EstonWorking with CodeCommon Coding Mistakes NUR eee hae NR Mu Aue cme ey Tag down to inexperience and those mistakes are great teachers in themselves. However, even experts make the occasional mishap. Thing is, to learn from them as best you car X=MISTAKE, PRINT Y ‘There are many pitfalls For the programmer to be aware of, Far too many to be listed here. Being able to recognise a mistake and fix tis when you st Ie would be wonderful to be able to ‘work lke Neo from The Matrix movies. Simply ask, your operator toads it into your memory and you instantly know everything about the subject. Sadly though, we cant do that. The First ‘major pitfallis someone trying to learn too much, too quickly. So take coding in small pieces and take your time. Use comments. I's a simple concept but commenting on your code saves so many problems when you next come to look over it Inserting comment lines helps you quickly sift through the sections of code that are causing problems; also useful if you need to review an older piece of code. t to move into more advanced territory. "Meaningful naming for variables is @ must to eliminate common coding mistakes. Having letters ofthe alphabet isfine but what happens when the code states there's. a problem with x variable. It’s not too dificult to name variables tives, money, playert and soon. points points); write("Lives: "s1ives); write + "totaltimes" secs’ write( Y ‘totalscore = 07 urite( "Your total Score is: ~stotalscore) 4 PLAN AHEAD While it’s great to wake up one morning and decide to code a classic text adventure, it's not always practical without a ‘good plan. Small snippets of code can be written without, too much thought and planning but longer and more in depth cade requires a good working plan to stickto and help iron out the bugs.USER ERROR BACKUPS RE-INVENTING WHEELS SECURE DATA=P Working with Code Beginner Python Mistakes Se eo CUtee erences MMe sos Recomm en acie ec an eee TU programming language, it can be easy to make common mistakes that'll stop your code From running. DEF BEGINNER(MISTAKES=10) Here are ten common Python programming mistakes most beginners Find themselves making. Being able to identify these mistakes will save you headaches in the Future. Python has two live versions of ts language available to download {and use, There is Python version 2.7.xand Python 3.63. The 3.6. version isthe most recent, and the one we'd recommend stating, ut, version 2.7.x code doesnt always work with 3.6.x code and To add to the confusion that most beginners already Face when coming into programming, python very programmer has and does at some THE INTERNET point go on the internet and copy some cade to insert into their own routines. There's nathing wrong with Using others’ code, but you need to know how the code works and what it does before you go blindly running iton your own computer. Creatldlete a tt fen a python program FEED cor: oernve cuide Series sth Eston Python uses precise (RTECS URES Ri DfES indentations when displaying its code. The indents mean thatthe code in that section isa part ofthe previous statement, and not something inked with ‘another part ofthe code. Use four spaces to create an indent, not the Tab key, ‘Again we mention commenting Ita hugely important factor in programming, even ifyou'e the only one who is ever going to view the code, you need to add comments as to what's going on. Is this Function where you lose a life? Write a comment and help you, or anyone else, see what's going on,