Introduction to Innovative Projects (PHY1999) - J COMPONENT
Project Title:- Hyperloop
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Submitted To:-
Prof. Tarun
School of Advanced Sciences (SAS)
Submitted by :-
18BCE0405- Amit Yadav
18BIT0334-Aman Pratap Singh
18BEC2007-Shaikh Suhil IRSHAD
18BEC0703-Kumar
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE:
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report is based on my own work . I assert the
statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research work. I further certify that
:
I. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me.
II. We have followed the guidelines provided by you in VTOP writing the report.
III. Whenever we have used materials from somewhere we provided the reference for that at
that last of the report.
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Table of content:-
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..4
2. Background and history…………………………………………………5
3. Hyperloop in India………………………………………………………….6
3.1 Need of hyperloop in India………………………………………………7
3.1.1 Improving efficiency
3.1.2 Connecting people
3.1.3 Transporting sustainability
3.1.4 Environmental hazards
4. Working principle or methodologies…………………………………………7
5. Construction model …………………………………………………………….8
5.1 Tube
5.2 Capsule
5.3 Compressor
5.4 Air bearing
5.5 Propulsion
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5.6 Suspension
6. Advantage and disadvantage ……………………………………………17
7. Outcomes and future scope………………………………………………18
8. Summary and conclusion………………………………………………….18
9. Reference…………………………………………………………………….19
Why hyperloop idea came in mind of Elon Musk :-
We chase after faster and thinner smart phones every year, lining up outside stores days before
just to be one of the first to rip into that shrink-wrapped box. And we’re constantly pouring more
transistors into our computers, looking for ways to make things better, faster, and stronger than
ever. But then we turn our attention to something like transportation, and well, that story just
isn’t changing much at all, now is it? We’ve still got cars that crawl along roadways in our
traffic-congested commutes. We’ve still got trains that snake slowly along our landscapes. Or
airplanes that feel like the seats are getting smaller and more constricted as the years draw on.
It’s time to put inject some innovation into our ways of moving. This is where the Hyperloop
concept comes in. In a nutshell, it’s an idea for a high-speed transport system created by the one
and only Elon Musk that can travel over 700 mph. The only transportation system that comes
close to matching that speed is the Maglev train in Asia that only goes 347 mph. We’ve got some
catching up to do.
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1. Introduction:-
Hyperloop is a fifth mode of transportation. It is intended for superfast travel between large
cities. Initially Elon Musk has published the concept in the year 2012. Joint team of Tesla and
SpaceX are working to develop hyperloop technology based transportation system.
The figure depicts hyperloop technology based transportation system. As shown stators (in the
tunnel) and rotors (on a passenger capsule car) form magnetic fields. This is used for dispersal of
train (i.e. capsule) in a tunnel made of steel. It is based on vactrain concept which employs
magnetically levitating trains in the form of capsules in the evacuated (airless) or partly
evacuated tubes. This allows speeds of thousands of miles per hour.
There are two versions of hyperloop capsules and tube viz. passenger only version and passenger
plus vehicle version.
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2. Background or History
Hyperloop idea was created and structured in 1812 by the British Mechanical Engineer George
Wenger and later on cleaned by different individuals like George Medhurs in 1827 and Alferd
ely sea shore in 1869.
Ideas for fast trains in vacuum or cleared cylinders can be followed back similar to 1909, when
rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard proposed fast traveler bringing units going through emptied
tubes.
Bachelet presented the center thought behind attractively suspending trains as right on time as
1910. Throughout the years these thoughts have been additionally renamed, for example by the
Rand Corporation in 1972 with their "Extremely High Speed Transport System".
The idea of Hyperloop is presently evolved and upgraded by the extremely rich person Elon
Musk in 2012. Hyperloop is in certain nations an enrolled trademark of the Space Exploration
Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) for the fast transportation of travelers and products in
mostly cleared cylinders. Prior, in a wide range of transportation mode, we have experienced
numerous mishaps, cost issues, comfort issues, moderateness, protection issues and ecological
issues. Hyperloop stand up to all the above point issues to furnish better approach to future with
assistance of current science and building arrangements.
3. Hyperloop project in India:-
The government of the Indian state of Maharashtra has approved Virgin Hyperloop One's plans
to develop a high-speed line between Mumbai and Pune, which could become the world's
first hyperloop.
Maharashtra's government has announced that a consortium of Virgin Hyperloop One and global
ports owner DP World would be the preferred operator to build "the first hyperloop transportation
system in the world".
The planned hyperloop line will connect the two cities in western India, which are around 100
miles apart, in 35 minutes. This would be a drastic reduction on current travel times of three and
a half hours by car.
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3.1 Need of hyperloop in India
India is a developing country and a growing global economy requires faster, cheaper, safer and
more efficient mode of transportation and will help the ecosystem as well. Transport vehicle has
created a huge level of pollution which makes difficult to breathe in large cities of India. Where
India has also planned to switch or to reduce the use of non-renewable source as much possible.
In such a case, Hyperloop is one of the best transport communications. In the long run, the
Hyperloop ecosystem can also give lots of profit to India and it doesn’t need to be subsidized.
Even private investors can invest their money in it. And India is a large population country so it
also helps to carry more number of passengers at a time. It can carry around 10000 people in one
time. And it is also safe than other running vehicles .
This concept presents some interesting benefits for our perceptions of transportation, including
3.1.1 Improving Efficiency:- Take something like an airplane, and you spend most of your fuel
and dollars getting to an altitude that you can cruise efficiently. With the Hyperloop, you’ll only
need propulsion to get moving in the first 5% of your journey, and the rest is all about riding that
momentum.
3.1.2Connecting People:- Imagine being able to live in Delhi and working in Mumbai. No,
we’re not talking about working from home here. You’d be able to get from one spot to the other
in as little as 30 minutes. How will this kind of high-speed transportation change the way that we
do business and connect with our friends and family?
3.1.3 Transporting Sustainably:- Nearly every one of our transportation methods involve some
kind of output that has a negative effect on the environment. So what happens when you ditch
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the fossil fuels, and embrace a transportation system that can be powered fully by solar and a
propulsion system that works through magnetism and air pressure? It will be very eco-friendly
means of transportation.
3.1.3 Environmental Hazards :- California presents an interesting testing ground for the
Hyperloop concept with its unexpected earthquake hazards. So how do you go about ensuring
the safety of passengers hurtling along at 700 mph when the slightest bump or jolt can send the
entire operation into chaos? Musk proposes to mount the Hyperloop tube on a series of pylons
placed every 100 feet. This will allow for slips from earthquakes without impacting the pods and
tubes.
4. Working principles and methodologies
Hyperloop depends on a rule of attractive levitation. The standard of attractive levitation is that a
vehicle can be suspended and impelled on a direction track made with magnets. The vehicle on
the track might be moved with the assistance of a direct acceptance .
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Fig-3.1.1: Working Principle of Hyperloop System
Working of hyperloop framework depends on attractive levitation guideline. As we realize that
the traveler cushion travel through low weight tube which is arch upheld tube. In hyperloop
framework an air blower fan is fitted on front side of unit which sucks the air. It move high
weight air front side to the back side of (case) and it impel the unit. It makes the air pad around
the case, so the case is suspended in air inside the cylinder. Based on attractive levitation
standard the unit will be moved by the straight enlistment engine. By the straight acceptance
engine the case send starting with one spot then onto the next spot to a subsonic speed that is
more slow than the speed of sound. The unit will act naturally fueled. There is sun based board
fitted on the cylinder. By this sun based board there is sufficient vitality is put away in battery
packs to work around evening time and in overcast climate for a few periods. The vitality is
additionally is put away as compacted air. The air between the container goes about as a pads to
keep two cases from crashing inside the tube.
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Fig-3.1.2:Air Through By-Pass Tunnel
In above figure it shown that the air through the compressor is send to a bypass nozzle at the rear
end of the capsule. If capsule cover too much area of the tube then, the air is not flow around the
capsule and ultimately the entire column of air in the tube is being pushed ahead of the capsule
and because of this there is friction between the air and tube walls is increases tremendously.
Therefore to avoid this problem the compressor is fitted at the front of the capsule through which
the air is flow which will not flow around the capsule and send it to bypass nozzle.
5 . Construction model of hyperloop
5.1 Tube
The cylinder is made of steel. There are two cylinders which are welded together one
next to the other design to permit the containers travel in the two headings. The cylinder will be
upheld by columns. There is a sun based exhibits are given on a top of the cylinders with the end
goal of capacity to the framework.
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Fig 5.1.1 tube construction
These cylinders were hypothetically intended to have vacuum inside them which should evacuate
any opposition offered via air in bearing where train is voyaging, yet for all intents and purposes
vacuum can't be accomplished for such a long track. Therefore, case comprise of low weight air
which offers entirely unimportant obstruction. Be that as it may, low weight air doesn't take care
of the issue entirely. While case is venturing to every part of the air in front of it get compacted
and increment compel offering protection from container offering ascend as far as possible ,
which can in the long run stop the train yet this issue was unraveled by including blower fan
bow(front) of train. The weight in the cylinder is 100pa (proportional to hovering over 150,000
feet elevation). Arches are set each 30 m to help the cylinder. An explicitly structured cleaning
and exhausting machine will make it conceivable to surface completion the within the cylinder
and welded joints for a superior coasting surface. Moreover, well being crisis exits and
pressurization ports will be included key areas along the length of the cylinder.A cylinder divider
thickness between 20 to 23 mm is important to give adequate solidarity to the heap cases
considered in this examination. These cases included, however were not constrained to, pressure
differential, twisting and clasping between columns, stacking because of the case weight and
quickening, just as seismic contemplations.So as to downplay cost, a uniform thickness steel tube
strengthened with stringers was chosen as the material of decision for the internal breadth tube.
Cylinder areas would be pre -manufactured and all things considered, shifting somewhat relying
upon area. This moderately limited ability to focus downplaying tube material expense and
avoidance.
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Fig 5.1.2
The cost of tube is expected to 650-700 million USD including tubes and all safety and
emergency exits.
5.2 Capsule
Much the same as train have intruder and motor hyperloop have cases, there are two sort of
containers
1. Hyperloop traveler case
2. hyperloop traveler with case
For speeding up and effectiveness of cases certain geometrical changes are gotten container
plan
by limiting frontal surface territory which makes it increasingly agreeable for travelers. The
vehicle is smoothed out to lessen drag. Inside plan was profoundly thought for solace of
travelers. The seats are configuration as to invalidate fast quickening uneasiness created during
he travel. Amusement of travelers are remembered and present day embellishments are
prepared to do the trick moreover travelers will be given access to scene view.
The most extreme width is 1.35 m and greatest stature is 1.10 m. With adjusted corners, this is
proportionate to a 1.4 m2 frontal territory, excluding any drive or suspension parts .The
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streamlined force prerequisites at 700 mph (1,130 kph) is around just 100k with a drag power
of just 320 N, or about a similar power as the heaviness of one larger than average checked
sack at the air terminal. The entryways on each side will open in a gullwing (or conceivably
sliding) way to permit simple access during stacking and emptying. The baggage compartment
will be at the front or back of the container. The general structure weight is relied upon to be
close to 3,100 kg including the gear compartments and entryway component. The general
expense of the structure including fabricating is focused to be close to $245,000.
Fig 5.2.1
Expecting a normal takeoff time of 2 minutes between cases, at least 28 travelers per container
are required to meet 840 travelers for every hour. It is conceivable to additionally expand the
Hyperloop limit by lessening the time between takeoffs. The present pattern requires up to 40
containers in action during heavy traffic, 6 of which are at the terminals for stacking and
emptying of the travelers in around 5 minutes. So as to advance the container speed and
execution, the frontal zone has been limited for size while keeping up traveler comfort. The
vehicle is smoothed out to decrease drag and highlights a blower at the main face to ingest
approaching air for levitation and to a lesser degree drive. Streamlined reproductions have shown
the legitimacy of this 'blower inside a cylinder' idea.
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5.3 compressor fan
Since need of vacuum was not gotten the job done in tube, case going in low weight tube
aggregates air on its front side, which is additionally compacted by movement of case, this
packed air will oppose movement of case diminishing its speed, framing a stifle inside the
cylinder and in the end halting it.
Fig 5.3.1 Compressor fan
5.4 Air Bearings
Grating was another significant obstacle of hyperloop, which had just a single answer for expel
any surface contact among case and cylinder for example container ought to suspend for example
it should glide in air. Air orientation are introduced on surface of cases, the air breathed in by
front of container's blower fan is breathed out via air bearing giving it floating and levitation. Air
bearing likewise give suspension to cases so voyaging is increasingly smooth in hyperloop.
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Fig 5.4.1 air bearing
As the structure procedure started, the Drexel group acknowledged so as to exceed expectations
in the opposition, they expected to beat a couple of snags. Drawing on crafted by Elon Musk's
unique vision, the group investigated the interesting prospects of utilizing air orientation to
encourage levitation for the POD. Musk's unique idea for the Hyperloop comprised of an armada
of containers going at high speeds between Los Angeles and San Francisco through a low-
pressure tube. The cases themselves would be upheld on a pad of air, made by interior
pressurization and streamlined lift. The basic innovation for the acknowledgment of that vision
was the air bearing
5.5 Propulsion:-
At long last, hyperloop requires a pushing machine. Furthermore, in this manner, straight
acceptance engine is utilized in hyperloop, a similar engine utilized in tesla vehicles which in
hyperloop can create speed of 20000 meter for every second. The moving engine component
(rotor) will be situated on the vehicle for weight investment funds and force prerequisites while
the cylinder will consolidate the fixed engine component (stator) which controls the vehicle. The
general impetus framework weight appended to the case is relied upon to be almost 2,900 lb
(1,300 kg) including the help and crisis stopping mechanism. The general expense of the
framework is directed to be close to $125,000. This brings the absolute case weight close to
33,000 lb (15,000 kg) counting traveler and baggage weight. The general drive framework
weight connected to the container is expected to be close to 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) including the
help and crisis slowing mechanism. The in general cost of the framework is focused to be close
to $150,000. this brings the complete case weight close 57,000 lb (26,000) kg including traveler,
gear, and vehicle weight. To quicken and decelerate the container the straight acceptance engine
is utilized in hyperloop framework. It gives a few points of interest over a changeless magnet
engine. To quicken the cases there is direct quickening agents are developed on a length of the
cylinder. Stators are put on the cases to move force to the containers by means of the straight
quickening agents.
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5.6 Suspension
Suspending the case inside the cylinder presents a considerable specialized test because of
transonic cruising speeds. Regular haggle frameworks become illogical at fast due frictional
misfortunes and dynamic insecurity. A reasonable specialized arrangement is attractive
levitation; anyway the expense related with material and development is restrictive. An option
in contrast to these ordinary choices is an air bearing suspension. Air orientation offer security
and very low drag at an attainable expense by abusing the encompassing air in the cylinder. Air
bearing suspension offers security and amazingly low drag at a possible expense. A hardened
air bearing suspension is sublime for dependability and well being.
When there is a hole among ski and cylinder dividers is high at that point it shows the
nonlinear response and which brings about huge reestablishing pressure.Remotely pressurized
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and streamlined air direction are appropriate for the Hyperloop due to outstandingly high
firmness, which is required to keep up soundness at high speeds. At the point when the hole
tallness between a ski and the cylinder divider is diminished, the stream field in the hole shows
a profoundly non-straight response bringing about enormous reestablishing pressures. The
expanded weight drives the ski away from the divider, permitting it to come back to its
ostensible ride stature. While a hardened air bearing suspension is wonderful for dependability
and security, it could make impressive inconvenience for travelers locally available. To
represent this, each ski is coordinated into an autonomous mechanical suspension, guaranteeing
a smooth ride for travelers. The container may likewise incorporate conventional deploy able
wheels like airplane landing gear for simplicity of development at speeds under 100 mph (160
kph) and as a segment of the general well being framework.
6. Advantage and disadvantage
Benefits or advantages of Hyperloop Technology
Following are the advantages of Hyperloop Technology:
⚫ Very fast speed of transportation.
⚫ It has very low power of consumption.
⚫ More convenient.
⚫ Pollution free.
⚫ No traffic problem.
⚫ Corrosion and chemical resistant.
⚫ It is safe of earthquake.
⚫ Transportation cost is moderate.
⚫ It is resistant to bad weather.
⚫ It is a safest mode of transportation till now.
Challenges or disadvantages of Hyperloop Technology
Following are the disadvantages of Hyperloop Technology:
⚫ High speed of capsule may cause dizziness to the passengers travelling due to vibration and
jostling.
⚫ Initial investment cost is very high.
⚫ It is risky to build and maintain a long chamber.
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⚫ In case of fault while journey it may harm lives.
⚫ Installation requires lot of land .
⚫ Installation requires cutting lot of trees.
7. Outcomes and future scope of hyperloop
Hyperloop is an infant innovation since it is in no way like anything the plan for everything
inside it resembles created for even a littler substance. In this manner, Technology invites further
improvement for creators. Hyperloop likewise led an overall rivalry for building it which would
grant by building hyperloop in winning country. Hyperloop is viewed as an open source
transportation idea. The creators support all individuals from the network to add to the
Hyperloop configuration process. Emphasis of the plan by different people and gatherings can
help bring Hyperloop from a plan to a reality. The designers perceive the requirement for extra
work, including however not restricted to:
1.More development on the control system for Hyperloop cases, including mentality engine or
control second gyros.
2.Detailed station plans with stacking and emptying of both traveler and traveler in addition to
vehicle renditions of the Hyperloop containers.
3.Trades looking at the expenses and advantages of Hyperloop with progressively customary
attractive levitation frameworks.
4.Sub-scale testing dependent on a further upgraded plan to show the material science of
Hyperloop.
8. Summary and conclusion
The Train of future is surveyed in this paper. Hyperloop has two forms to be specific traveler in
particular furthermore, traveler in addition to vehicle hyperloop. This innovation can diminish
travel time between Los Angeles and San Francisco up till 35 minutes. The cost of one way
outing would be as less as $20. Hyperloop is a lot less expensive contrasted with railroad
between Los Angeles and San Francisco. On other hand traveler in addition to vehicle rendition
would simply cost progressively 25%. This adaptation would be equipped for moving travelers,
vehicles, cargo, and so forth this adaptation is 11% more less expensive than proposed by rail
framework between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Besides the hyperloop is at improvement
stage in future the cost will be a lot of lower than present cost. A fast transportation framework
known as Hyperloop has been created in this report.Hyperloop transportation framework can be
utilized over the traditional methods of transportation that are rail, street, water and air. At
extremely fast it gives better solace and cost is likewise low. By diminishing the weight of the air
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in the cylinder which decreases straightforward air drag and empowers the container to move
quicker than through a cylinder at environmental weight. As it has number of points of interest it
will very assistance full for transport open just as merchandise in an exceptionally brief time of
time (at a top speed of 1220 kmph) and furthermore in lower cost. It is another idea so there is
some future work will be required for advancement of this undertaking .Conventional methods
for transportation (street, water, air, and rail) will in general be some blend off costly, slow, and
earth unsafe. Street travel is especially hazardous, given carbon outflows and the fluctuating cost
of oil. As the ecological threats of vitality utilization keep on intensifying, mass travel. Rail
travel is moderately vitality effective furthermore, offers the most earth well disposed choice, yet
is excessively moderate and costly to be greatly embraced. An extra traveler in addition to move
variant of the Hyperloop has been made that is as it were 25% higher in cost than the traveler just
form. This adaptation would be equipped for moving travelers, vehicles, cargo, and so forth. The
traveler in addition to vehicle form of the Hyperloop is under 11% of the expense of the
proposed traveler just fast rail framework between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Extra innovative turns of events and further advancement could almost certainly lessen this cost.
References:-
1.Musk, Elon (August 12, 2013). “Hyperloop” Tesla. Retrieved August 13,
20131.https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/01/18/maharashtra-puts-brakes-
on-
2.https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/01/18/maharashtra-puts-brakes-on-
hyperloop-richard-bransons-worst-fear-comes-true.html
3.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3399287
4.https://steemit.com/technology/@techmojo/future-tech-part-10-a-trip-around-
the-world-on-hyperloop-one
5.https://www.slideshare.net/shaikmaheboobsab/hyperloop-seminar-
reports?from_action=save
6.https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-
of-Hyperloop-Technology.html
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