Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms.

Kanwal Arif
‫ف‬ DIRECT & INDIRECT NARRATION
‫ل‬
1. Direct Speech: ‫روای ت ظ ی‬
Direct speech repeats the actual words of speaker.
E.g. A shall go to Lahore. .‫میں الہور جاؤں گا‬
2. Indirect Speech‫روایت معنوی‬
Indirect speech gives the substance of the speaker.
E.g. He will go to Lahore. .‫وہ الہور جائےگا‬
Jamil said, “I am suffering from fever”. ‫ت ئ‬ ‫جمیل نے کہا میں بخار میں مبتالج ہوں۔‬
‫ت‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ے اور کہت ا ہ‬ ‫ے می ں ملت ا ہ‬ ‫س‬
‫ے کول ج اے ہ وے راس‬ ‫) کہی ں گے ل ی کن اگر م ی ل ھ‬Direct speech( ‫اِس طرح کے طرزبیاں کو‬
‫ج‬
‫م‬
“I am suffering from fever”.
‫اور ہیڈ ماسٹر صاحب سے یہ بات کہہ دیں تو میں جمیل کے الفاظ کو تھوڑے سے در بدل کے بعد اس طرح بیان کروں گی کہ اس کا‬
‫مفہوم خراب نہ ہو۔ میں جمیل کے کہے ہوئے الفاظ اس طرح کہوں گی۔‬
Jamil told me that he was suffering from fever. ‫کہتے ہیں۔‬
indirect speech ‫اس طرز بیان کو ہم‬
Narration about Reported & Reporting Speech
1. Reporting speech:
A sentence contain on two parts a part of sentence which is without inverted commas is called
reporting speech.
E.g. Bilal said to me, “I have lost my pen”.
2. Reported speech:
A sentence contain on two parts a part of sentence which is covered with inverted commas is called
reported speech.
E.g. Bilal said to me, ‫“ت‬I have lost my pen”. ‫ت‬
‫ن‬ ‫فق‬
reported" ‫ے اس کو‬ ‫ ت‬inverted commas ‫ے ہ وے ہ ی ں۔ ایت ک حصّہ‬
‫کے ا در رکھا ج ا ا ہ‬ ّ‫موج ود ہ و اس کے دو حص‬Narration ‫ں‬‫جس رے می ت‬
‫کت‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ کہا ج ا ا ہ‬reporting
‫ئ‬
speech ‫ سے ب اہ ر ہ و ا اسے‬inverted commas ‫ے۔ اور ج و حصّہ‬ ‫"ف قکہا ج ا ا ہ‬speech
I ‫ے ہ ی ں ۔ اور‬‫ہ‬ reporting speech ‫کو‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ے‬
‫یہ‬‫ا‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ا‬‫ھ‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬
‫بہ‬ ‫سے‬ inverted
‫ت‬ commas ‫کو‬ Bilal said to me ‫ں‬ ‫اوپر والے رے می‬
‫ک‬
‫ ہی ں گے۔‬reported speech ‫ے و اسے‬ ‫ می ں ر ھا گ ی ا ہ‬inverted commas ‫ کو‬have lost my pen
‫ک‬
Change in Reporting Verb
1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, or in future tense, the tense of the reported speech may
be in any tense, they remain unchanged.
2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, all the tenses of reported speech will change except the
reported speech which expresses some universal truth ‫ئ‬or scientific reality. ‫ق‬ ‫ن‬
‫ت‬
‫ ہ و گا۔‬obj ‫ می ں و ت ب دلی ں گے ج ب اس کے سا ھ کو ی‬tell ‫ کو‬Say‫۔‬:‫وٹ‬
Said to me told me
Says to me tells me
Say to me tell me
Said Said
Say Say
Says Says
Examples:
1. He said to the students, “Earth is round”.
He told the students that earth is round.
2. He says, “I am a good student”.
He says that he is a good student.

Change in Pronoun
Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used; in the place of a noun. He, she, it as like others.
Personal Pronoun
Number Person Subject(‫)فاعل‬ Object(‫)مفعول‬
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 Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif
Singular First I Me
Singular Second You You
Singular Third He, she, it Him, her, it
Plural First We Us
Plural Second You You
Plural Third They them
Summary of above points
1st person: I; we
2nd person: thou, you
rd
3 person: he, she, it, they
The following table shows the three persons in different cases.
Nominative Objective Possessive
Person Number
case case case
st
1 Singular I Me My
Plural We Us Our
nd
2 Singular You, thou You, thee Your, thy
Plural You You Your
rd
3 Singular He, she, it Him, her His, her, its
Plural They ‫ ت‬It, them ‫ت‬ their
‫ت‬
‫ عام طور پر ی ن حال وں می ں ہ وے ہ ی ں۔‬Personal Pronoun
1. Subjective case
2. Objective case
3. Possessive case
1. Subjective case: (‫)فاعلی حالت‬
I, we, you, he, she, it, they
E.g.I am going to Lahore. E.g. We are leaving for Lahore.
2. Objective case: (‫ حالت‬e‫)مفعولی‬
Me, you, him, her, it, us, them
[Link] me a book. E.g. He likes her.
3. Possessive case: (‫)ملکیتی حالت‬
My, our, mine, ours, yours, your, his her, hers, theirs
[Link] is my book. E.g. This is our house.
Change in pronoun
Tips to remember
1. First person change into subject of reporting speech: S
I, we, me, my, us, our (‫)فاعل سے بدلیں گے‬
2. Second person changes into object of reporting speech:
You, thou, your, thee, thy, yours (‫)مفعول سے بدلیں گے‬
3. Third person does not change: N
He, she, it, they, him, her, it, them, his, its, their ( ‫)نہیں بدلیں گے‬
SON : 123
1st person = subject
nd
2 person = object
rd
3 person = no change
S O N −−→ Reporting Speech

1st pronoun 2nd pronoun 3rd pronoun −−→ Reported Speech

Note:
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 Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif
Remember that the sub case of the reported speech should be as equal to the subject case of
reporting speech.

E.g. He says, “We are honest people”.

He says that they are honest people.
Change in Tense
1. Unreal past tense (subjunctives) ( ‫)ماضی تمنائی کے جملے‬
Unreal past tenses after wish would rather, sooner and it is time do not change.
[Link] children said, “We wish we did not have to take examination.
The children said that they wished they did not have to take examination.
(No change of verb after wish) ‫ کاش ہم نے امتحان نہ دیا ہوتا۔‬:‫بچوں نے کہا‬ ”
Present indefinite −−−→ past indefinite
Present continuous −−−→ past continuous
Present perfect −−−→ past perfect
Present perfect continuous −−→ past perfect continuous
Past indefinite −−−→ past perfect
Past continuous −−−→ past perfect continuous
Past perfect −−−→ no change
Past perfect continuous −−−→ no change
Will/shall −−−→‫ئ‬ would. ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ کسی‬reported speech ‫ ب دی ل ہ و ج ا ی ں گے الب ہ اگر‬verbs‫ کے مام ن‬reported speech ‫ت‬ ‫ئ نما ی قمی قں دی ا گ ی ا ہ و و‬reporting
‫ئ‬ verb
‫ق‬ ‫اگر‬
‫ ی ا کو ی سا سی ح ی ت کو ب ی ان کو رہ ی ہ و و اس کا زمان ہ کب ھی ت ب دی ل ہی ں ہ و گا۔‬،‫عالم ی گر صدا ت‬
He said to the students, “Earth is round”.
He told the students that earth is round.
Summary of the changes in Tenses
Direct speech Indirect speech
Is, am, are Was, were
Eat Ate
Do not eat Did not eat
Has, have Had
Has been, have been Had been
Can eat Could eat
Will eat Would eat
Shall eat Should eat
May eat Might eat
Can have eaten Could have eaten
Will have eaten Would have eaten
Shall have eaten Should have eaten
May have eaten Might have eaten
Changes in the past tenses
Direct speech Indirect speech
Was, were Had been
Ate Had eaten
Did not eat Had not eaten
Had been Had been
Would, should eat Would, should eat
Might, could eat Might, could eat
Would have eaten Would have eaten
Should have eaten Should have eaten

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 Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif
Might have eaten Might have eaten
Changes in Adverbs or words
Direct speech Indirect speech
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day or the day before
Tomorrow The next day or following day
The day before yesterday Two days before
The day after tomorrow The next day or the following day
Next year/next week The following year/week
A year ago A year before/the previous year
This That
These Those
Last night Previous night
Now Then
Thus So
Ago Before
E.g. He said, “I saw her (a day before yesterday.)”

changings
He said that he had seen her (two days before.)
E.g. He said. “I will do it (tomorrow.)”
He said that he would do it (the next day.)

changings
Assertive sentences or Affirmative sentence
A statement of something, which may be described in positive or negative manner is called
assertive sentence.
I play cricket. (‫)مثبت انداز‬
I do not play cricket. (‫)منفی انداز‬
There are five kinds of sentences in the English language, Affirmative or Assertive.
1. Sentences(‫)مثبت فقرے‬
2. Imperative(‫)حکمیہ‬
3. Interrogative(‫)سوالیہ‬
4. Optative(‫)دعائیہ‬
5. Exclamatory(‫)استعجابیہ‬

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 ‫‪Direct & Indirect Narration‬‬ ‫‪Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif‬‬
‫)مثبت فقرے(‪Sentences‬‬
‫اس صورت میں مندرجہ ذیل تبدیلیاں ہوں گی۔‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫تما ‪ pronouns‬ت ب دی ل ہ وں گے۔‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫ت‬
‫ئ‬ ‫مام ‪ verbs‬خت بت دی ل ہ و گ‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ت ن‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫کے ‪that‬لگای ا ھتاے گا۔‬ ‫"‪ "comma‬م تکر ف‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ی‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬
‫اگر ‪ said‬کے سا ھ م ف عول دی ا گ ی ا ہ و و ا تسے ‪ told‬می ں ب دی ل ک ی ا ھاے گا کن ‪ told‬کے سا ھ ‪ to‬ہی ں لگای ا ھاے گا۔‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ہن‬ ‫ت‬
‫ے دی ں۔‬ ‫اگر ‪ said‬کے سا ھ م عال ن ہ دی ا گ ی ا ہ و و ‪ said‬کو ‪ told‬می ں مت ب دلی ں۔ ب لکہ ‪ said‬ر‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫”‪1. He said to me, “I am ill.‬‬
‫‪He told me that he was ill.‬‬
‫”‪2. I said, “I live in good house.‬‬
‫‪I said that I lived in a good house.‬‬
‫)انشائیہ یا حکمیہ جملے (‪Imperative Sentences‬‬
‫یہ وہ جملے ہوتے ہیں جن میں کسی کام کے کرنے کا حکم دیا جائے۔ درخواست یا نصیحت کی جائے یا کسی کو کام‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫غ‬ ‫جائے قایسےف قجملے فعل کی پہلی فارم سے شروع ہوتے ہیں۔‬ ‫منع کیا ت‬ ‫کرنے سے‬
‫من‬ ‫ت‬
‫ے کو ع ی کے م طابق ‪ request, Order, Advise, Ask‬و ی رہ می ں‬
‫ت می ں ب دی ل کرے و ت رے کے ب اہ ر والے حصّ‬ ‫‪Indirect‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ں۔‬ ‫خ‬
‫ی ت‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ت ب دی ل کر‬
‫‪ ”Commas‬م کر نکے ‪ to‬لگا ی تں اور ‪ do not‬کی ج گہ ‪ not to‬لگا ی ں۔‬ ‫“ فق‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫رے می ں ت‪ that‬ہی ں لگای ا ج ا ا۔ ن‬ ‫ے ن‬ ‫فایس‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ع‬‫م‬
‫سب تمول و گی۔‬ ‫ع ف‬
‫ن‬
‫ل‪ ،‬پروح اؤن کی ب دیل ی اں ح ئ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫اگر م ی کم می ں ‪ forbade‬لگا ی ں و پ ھر ‪ not‬کاٹ دی ں۔‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫”‪1. He said to me, “Bring a glass of water for me.‬‬
‫‪He ordered me to bring a glass of water for him.‬‬
‫”‪2. He said to me, “Please hurry up.‬‬
‫‪He requested me to hurry up.‬‬
‫”‪3. He said, “Ashraf, do not make a noise.‬‬
‫‪He asked Ashraf not to make a noise.‬‬
‫فق‬
‫ت‬ ‫فق‬ ‫ف)قسوالی ہ رے( ‪Interrogative Sentences‬ئ‬
‫کے ب ارے می ں پوچ ھا ج اے سوالی ہ رے کہالے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫ے ف قرے ج ن مقی ں کسی چ یز ت‬ ‫ایس‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ج ک ئ فق‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ں۔‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫و‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫سم‬ ‫دو‬ ‫رے‬ ‫ہ‬
‫فی ق‬ ‫سوال‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ش‬
‫تپورا رہ درکار ہ و۔‬
‫ے‬ ‫‪ where,‬و ی رہ سے روع ہ وں اور ن ی ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫‪why,‬‬
‫ش‬
‫‪when,‬‬ ‫‪how,‬‬
‫ف‬ ‫‪what,‬‬ ‫فق‬ ‫‪which‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رے‬‫ق‬ ‫ے‬‫ایس‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫دوسری سم کے سوالی ہ رے مدد گار عل سے روع ہ وے ہ ی ں ‪ helping verb‬م ن درج ہ ذی ل ہ وے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪ Said to, is, are, am, was, were, will, shall, may, can, do, does, did‬ی ا ‪ say to‬کو‪ asked‬ی ا ‪ ask‬می ں ت ب دی ل‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ن‬ ‫ں۔ ق‬
‫کری ف‬
‫ض ف ت‬ ‫ا۔‬ ‫ت‬‫گ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫‪that‬‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫م‬ ‫‪indirect‬‬ ‫کے‬ ‫روں‬‫ق‬ ‫سوالی ہ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫فق‬
‫خت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪ whether‬کا اف ق ا ہ کر ش‬
‫ے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫دوسرے سم کے سالی ہ روں می ں ‪ if‬ی ات ق‬ ‫فق‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫سوالی ہ روں کو ‪ indirect‬می ں ت ب دی ل کرے و ت سادہ رے کی کل می ں لکھی ں۔ ی ع ی اسکا سوال م کر دی ں۔‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫‪Examples:‬‬
‫?”‪1. He said to me, “Where are you going‬‬ ‫)‪(Direct‬‬
‫‪He asked me where i was going.‬‬ ‫)‪(Indirect‬‬
‫”‪2. He said to me, “Why do you weep.‬‬ ‫)‪(Direct‬‬
‫‪He asked me why I wept.‬‬ ‫)‪(Indirect‬‬
‫فق‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫دعائیہ رے(ت ‪Optative‬‬ ‫) فق‬
‫سی دعای ا واہتش کا ا ہار ک ی ا ج اے۔‬
‫ش‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ی‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫و‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫رے‬ ‫ی ہ ئوہ ف ق‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ام طار پر ‪ may‬سے روع ئوے ہ ی ں۔‬
‫ہ‬ ‫دعا ی ہ رے ع‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ن ن‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ں۔‬ ‫ا‬‫گ‬
‫ئ ل ی‬ ‫‪pray‬‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ےتدع گ‬
‫ما‬ ‫ا‬ ‫کسی کے ل‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ن لن‬ ‫م‬
‫ے ‪ pray with‬لگا ی ں۔‬ ‫ے کے ئل‬ ‫کسی کے سا ھ ن ل کرتدعا ما گ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫خت‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫فق‬ ‫خکسی سے دعا م گ ن ا ہ و و ‪ pray to‬لگا ی ں۔‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ے روں می ں ‪ Wish‬لگا ی ں اور ‪ would that‬م کر دی ں۔‬ ‫واہ ش والے ج ملوں می ں ‪ would that‬لگت ا ہ‬
‫ے ایس‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
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 Direct & Indirect Narration
‫ئ ف ن‬ Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif
‫ت‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫کئ ف‬
‫ا۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫گ‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ کے ب عد کو ی ل‬curse ‫ گا ی ں اعر‬curse ‫ے ل ظ‬
‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫فق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ف‬
‫م‬
‫ی‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ی‬
‫ی‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب د دعا ی فل ق‬ .7
‫ پ ھر‬might ‫ کرے و ت رے می ں‬indirect ‫ ہ لگا ہ و کن م طلب می ں دعا ی ا ب ددعا کا ہوم وا ع ہ و و‬may ‫اگر کسیئ رے می ں‬ .8
‫ن ئ‬ ‫فق‬ ‫ں۔‬‫ب ھی لگا ی ت‬
‫رے کو سادہ ب ای ا ج اے گا۔‬ ‫ کا اس عمال ہ و گا۔‬That .9
‫ می ں ب دل دی ں۔‬might ‫ کو‬May .10
Examples:
1. He said to me, “May you live long.”
He prayed for me that I might live long.
2. He said to me, “would that, I were happy.”
He wished to me that he had been happy.
3. The beggar woman said to me, “Go to hell.”
The beggar woman cursed me that I might go to hell.
‫ئ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ش غ‬Exclamatory‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ (‫ے‬ ‫ت ج مل‬
‫)استعجابیہ‬
‫ف ت‬ ‫ئ‬‫ے۔‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫نج‬ ‫ا‬
‫پی‬ ‫ار‬‫ہ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬‫ک‬
‫ظ‬ ‫می‬ ‫غ‬‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ی‬ ‫و‬ ،‫رت‬ ‫ح‬
‫ئی‬،‫ب‬ ‫ج‬
‫ع‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ین‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ےہ و‬ ‫خی ہشوہ ج مل‬ .1
‫ کا ل ظ اس عمال کری ں۔‬Ah ‫ ی ا‬Alas ‫ے‬ ‫ اور می کو اہ ر کرے کے ل‬Hurrah ‫ےت‬ ‫و ی اور مسرت کو ناہ ر کرئے تکے ل‬ .2
‫غ‬ ‫ے اس عمال کرے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫ حی را ی ک‬how ‫ اف‬What .3
‫ظ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫کئ‬ ‫ئ ی لظ‬ ‫ا ر کےی عل کی ب‬
‫) اور ا ہار حی رت‬exclaimed with sorrow( ‫ے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ) exclaimed with joy ( ‫ے‬ ‫سرت‬ ‫ار‬‫ہ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ا‬ .4
‫ل‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ت‬ ‫یل‬ ‫م‬
‫ کا اس‬exclaimed with wonder ‫ے‬
‫ج‬ ‫بہ ئ‬
‫ں۔‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬‫ک‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬‫ع‬ ‫کے ل‬ ‫ق‬
‫ت‬
‫ے ہ ی ں۔‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬‫گ‬ ‫ھی‬ ‫ وغ رہ ب‬bless, pray, cry, out, declare, wish ‫مو ع کی م ن اسب سے‬ .5
‫لئ ک‬ ‫ی‬ ‫فق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬
‫ لگا ی ں۔‬great ‫ ی ا‬very ‫ کو کاٹ کر‬what ‫ ی ا‬how ‫حی رت کو اہ ر کرے والے روں می ں‬ .6
Examples:
1. He said to me, “Alas, we have lost the match!”
He exclaimed to me with sorrow that they had lost the match.
2. She said to me, “What a fun to catch fish!”
She exclaimed to me with wonder that it was a great fun to catch fish.
3. I said to him, “What an idea!”
I exclaimed to him with wonder that it was a great idea.
The use of let
‫ن ئ ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ئ ت ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫فق‬
‫ے۔‬ ‫ےآ اہ‬ ‫ آےخ و ی ہ م ورہ ی اح ل ج ل کرنکام کر تے ک ی ل‬us ‫کےتسا ھ‬ ‫ئ‬let‫ے۔ اگر ف‬ ‫ئں آ ا ہئ‬ ‫سے روں می‬ ‫ت‬
‫ دو طرح‬Let .1
‫ے۔‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬
‫ ہ آ‬us ‫ کے سا ھ‬let ‫اگر‬ .2
‫ے ب لکہ کو ی اور ظ آے و ی ہ اج ازت در واست ی ا کم کے ع ی می ں آ ا ہ‬ ‫ئ ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ں۔‬ ‫ی‬ ‫د‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ں‬
‫ی ب‬ ‫م‬ suggested
‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ proposed ‫کو‬ ‫ے‬
‫ص‬
ّ ‫پ ح‬‫ے‬
‫ل‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ آ‬us ‫ کے سا ھ‬let ‫اگر‬ .3
‫پہ ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
‫ لگا ی ں اور لی ارم۔‬should ‫ لگا ی ں اور عل کے طور پر‬that‫ے ت‬ ‫ئل‬‫ے سے پہ‬
‫ے کوئب د ل ف‬
ّ‫لے حص‬ ‫کے ا در وا ئ‬ Commas .4
‫ت‬
‫ می ں ب دل دی ں۔‬asked ‫ ی ا‬requested ‫ے می ں‬ ّ‫ے حص‬‫ ن ہ آےخ بتلکہ کو ی اور ل ظ ئآے و فپہل‬us ‫ کے سا ھ‬let ‫اگر ف ق‬ .5
‫ہن‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫پہ ف‬ ‫ع‬
‫ے کی طرح رے دی ں۔‬ ‫ لگا ی ں اور ل کی لی ارم کو پ ل‬to ‫ئ م تکر کے‬commas ‫ے روں می ں‬ ‫ایس‬ .6
‫ می ں ب دل دی ں۔‬not to ‫ آے و اسے‬do not ‫ے‬ ‫ سے پہل‬let‫اگر‬ .7
Example:
1. He said to me, “Let us play hockey.”
He proposed to me that they should play hockey.
2. I said to him, “Let us go out for a walk.”
I suggested to him that we should go out for a walk.
3. She said to her mother, “Let me read my book.”
She requested her mother to let her read her book.

COMMON PITFALLS IN THE CONVERSION OF INDIRECT SPEECH

Assertive sentences
Cause: ‫ت ت‬ ‫ت ئ‬ ‫ق‬
‫ل ت‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ے‬‫ک‬‫س‬ ‫کھ‬ I tell him ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ہ‬ I say to him ‫اگر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫گ‬
‫ی ی‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ object ‫ی‬ ‫ کے سا ھ کو‬a say ‫ے ہ ی ں ج ب‬ ‫ می ں اس و ت ب دل‬I tell ‫ کو‬I say ‫ت‬
‫ے۔‬
‫ھ‬
1. I say, “A am your friend.”
I tell that I am your friend. (Incorrect)

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 Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif
I say that I am your friend. (Correct)
Cause: ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬
‫ کے عل ت ب دی ل ہی ں کرے۔‬reported speech ‫ ہ و و‬future tense ‫ ی ا‬present tense ‫ می ں‬reporting speech ‫اگر‬
2. I shall tell him, “You are my friend.”
I shall tell him that he was my friend.(Incorrect)
I shall tell him that he is my friend. (Correct)
Cause:
‫ت‬ ‫ت ت‬
‫ کے سا ھ ب دلی ں گے۔‬He ‫ کو‬I ‫ے ہ ی ں ہ م‬ ‫فع‬ speech‫ کو ہ م ف‬I, we ‫ے‬
‫ئ ئ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ کے ا ن ل کے سا ھ ب دل‬reporting ‫ت‬ ‫ےگ‬ ‫ می ں دی‬Reported speech
‫ک‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ی‬ ‫م‬
‫ ھی ں گے۔‬my ‫ کے سا ھ ب دلی ں گے اور‬me ‫ کو‬your ‫ کے عول کے سا ھ ب دلی ں گے۔ ع ی‬reporting speech ‫ کو‬your ‫ اور‬you
3. He said to me, “I do not like your habits.”
He told me that I did not like his habits. (Incorrect)
He told me that he did not like my habits. (Correct)
Cause: ‫ت ن‬ ‫ئ ئ‬
‫ می ں ب دلی ں گے۔‬had been ‫ے ہ وں و ا ہی ں‬ ‫ےگ‬ ‫ می ں دی‬reported speech ‫ اگر‬Was, were
4. The servant said to the master, “My father was sick since yesterday.”
The servant told the master that his father was sick since previous day. (Incorrect)
The servant told the master that his father had been sick since previous day. (Correct)
Cause: ‫ت‬
‫ می ں لکھی ں گے۔‬present tense ‫ ب ی ان ک ی ا گ ی ا ہ و و اس کو ہ می ش ہ‬scientific fact ‫ ی ا‬universal truth ‫ می ں‬reported speech ‫اگر‬
5. The teacher said to the boys, “Honesty is the best policy.”
The teacher told the boys that honesty was the best policy. (Incorrect)
The teacher told the boys that honesty is the best policy. (Correct)
Cause: ‫ت‬ ‫ت ن‬
‫ می ں ت ب دی ل کرے ہ ی ں۔‬would ‫ می ں موج ود ہ وں و ا ہی ں عام طور پر‬reported speech ‫ اگر‬Shall or will
6. He said to me, “I shall go to Lahore tomorrow.”
He told me that he should go to Lahore next day. (Incorrect)
He told me that he would go to Lahore the next day. (Correct)

Cause:
‫ می ں ب دلی ں۔‬previous ‫ کو‬last night ‫ می ں ب دلی ں اور‬past perfect ‫ کو عام طورپر‬Past tense
7. He said to me, “Aslam come last night.”
He told me that Aslam come last night. (Incorrect)
He told me that Aslam had come the previous night. (Correct)
Cause: ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ن‬
‫ف‬
‫ کے ب عد عل کی پ ہلی ارم لگا ی ں۔‬to ‫پوری ا گلش گرا مر می ں‬
He said to me, “he has gone to Lahore to saw his father.”
He told me that he had gone to Lahore to see his father.

Useful Hints ‫ن‬

:‫وٹ‬
‫حذف کر دی ں۔‬‫ق‬ ‫ کو‬Alright ‫ اور‬Well
‫ت‬
‫ کو دو طر وں میت ں ب دی ل کری ں۔‬Good morning
‫ی‬
‫ن‬ ‫ن ض‬ ‫ م ت‬greeted ‫اگر ل ف ظ‬
‫ لگئاے کی رورت ہی ں۔‬good morning ‫ں و‬ ‫ں ب دی ل کری ت‬ ‫ی‬
‫ لگا ی ں۔‬good morning ‫و‬ ‫ں‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ م ں ت‬wished ‫اگر ل ف ظ‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ت‬‫ی‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ی‬
bid ‫ت‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ین‬
‫ں۔‬ ‫ی‬
‫ل ئ‬ ‫ا‬‫گ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ے‬ ‫کر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ی‬ ‫د‬ ‫ کو ب‬Good bye
‫ لگا ی ں۔‬bids ‫ ی ا‬bid ‫ ہ و و‬say ‫) اگر‬bade ‫ کی دوسری ارم‬bid ‫ لگا ی ں ( ع ی‬bade ‫ ہ و و‬said reporting verb ‫اگر‬
‫ می ں ت ب دی ل کری ں۔‬congratulated ‫ کو‬Congratulations
‫ت‬
‫ میت ں ب دی ل کری ں۔‬respectfully ‫) ی ا‬with respect( ‫ کو‬madam ‫ اور‬Sir
‫ہ ہن‬
‫ می ں ب دی ل کری ں۔‬in the negative ‫ کو‬no ‫ اور‬in the affirmative ‫ے دی ں ی ا پ ھر اگر ت ب دی ل کت ا ہ و و‬
‫ت‬ ‫ے یر‬ ‫ کو عام طور پر ایس‬no ‫ اور‬Yes

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 Direct & Indirect Narration Prepared By: Ms. Kanwal Arif

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