CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Project

A development of new buildings and construction works required to fulfill the Green Building
index. The Green Building index is known as benchmark that consists of various aspects that important to
implement the sustainable development. The requirement of Green Building index is comply to build the
sport arena building as the location of the building near to other facilities such as university and residential
housing. The aspects of Green Building Index are include of the efficiency of the energy and water, indoor
environment quality, sustainable site planning and management of the sport arena project, material and
resources need to build the sport arena and innovation [1].

The Green Building of sport area is giving the potential implication towards the local community,
environment and economy holistically. The impact of exerted the Green building Index to sport arena
project is giving the positive implication as the implement of sustainable development. According to [1],
generally a green building is usually focus on enhancing the efficiency of resources used while reducing
the building impact on human health and environment during the building’s lifecycle. Besides, from the
Green Building Index the suitable practical sustainable strategies are proposed that will give the effect
towards the project of sport arena lifecycle. The lifecycle of project is important to make sure the project
is successful to achieve the goals of green building construction that planned and managed by the
development. Then, the green building is required a strategy of sustainable that implement in process to
construct the sport arena and it is applicable to other various of construction project.

As conclusion, from the development of sport arena that exerted toward the Green Building Index
is implement the building toward more sustainable in future. Thus, the process of construction works of
green building is giving more positive impacts to the environment quality. It is important to ensure the
environment quality in a good phase to avoid the global warming increase.
1.2 Objectives of Project

The objectives of this project are:

i. To identify the potential implication of local community, environment and economy
holistically from the planning development of a sport arena.
ii. To propose the suitable practical sustainable strategies of project lifecycle.
iii. To justify the applicable of purpose practical sustainable strategies from the relevant case
study of construction projects.

1.3 Problem Statement

Construction modern buildings typically involve sustainable practices such as the green building
index in their building characteristics. However, the construction of sports arenas that comply with the
green building index is less practical due to it is still in early stages in Malaysia and it is more focused on
large-scale buildings such as residential buildings, commercial areas, or other conventional buildings. The
use of energy in ordinary buildings compared to green buildings is higher and can have harmful effects on
humans, while also contributing to a few negative impacts on life. In this project of the sports arena, the
construction site is also near to the university and also surrounding with residential areas, so the potential
implications for three pillars of sustainability in terms of the local community, economy, and environment
need to be identified to create a better understanding about the importance of building that complies
Green Building Index requirement. Through the project lifecycles such as initiation, planning, design,
construction, operations, and others, practical sustainable strategies also need to be proposed
accordingly to achieve a successful project that meets the objectives. A review from multiple case studies
will help to find out the applicability of sustainable strategies for the construction of the sports arena.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Green Building Index

In 2009, Green Building Index that also called as GBI has been established by the Association of Consulting
Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) and Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) [2]. It is a tool to rate the green
or sustainable level that was specifically designed according to Malaysia’s typical condition such as tropical
climate, status of economy, social progress, and infrastructure [2, 3]. In term of assessing the
environmental design and Malaysian’s buildings performance, GBI is the first reliable rating system that
ever established in the country which will bring new challenges towards the building construction industry
[4].

This system is consisting of six major benchmarks which is Energy Efficient, Indoor Environment
Quality, Sustainable Site Planning & Management, Materials & Resources, Water Efficiency, and the last
one, Innovation [3]. The main reason behind the creation of this rating tool is to encourage and help the
industry of building and construction to implement sustainable development. Other than that, it is
launched to explain green building through common language and measurement standard’s
establishment, giving recognition and reward leadership of environmental, reduce environmental impact
by convert the previous built environment and ensure new and existing buildings remain relevant through
certain measures that have been set [3]. Table 1 shows the GBI points and given awards.

Table 1: GBI Ratings and Awards [2]

2.2 Potential Implication of The Project Toward Three Pillars

The project that complies green building index requirement helps to reduce negative impacts in life.
When compared to a conventional building, green buildings have more benefits that help the various
levels from the residents, developers, country, and even the global level. The potential implication of the
project can be divided into three main categories which are towards the local community, economy, and
environment.

i) Implication towards Local Community

Community is one of the groups that received the direct impact of green buildings. The
implication of green buildings towards society can improve health and create a healthier lifestyle plus
recreation toward the occupants [5]. Among the reported benefits of the nine types of research also
mentioned are enhanced occupants, benefits in terms of health and comfort, and improved productivity
occupants [6]. The relationship between productivity levels occupants is due to the existence of green
building design that can improve indoor air quality, so indirectly the health and comfort level of the
occupants can also be improved [6]. For sports arena construction, the building's features are specially
designed for sports activities, so improving indoor air quality can increase consumer productivity during
sports especially for indoor sports. The sports arena is also built to create healthier lifestyles for the locals
and can also be helped by the surrounding healthier from the improvement of indoor air quality. Indoor
air quality in a green building produces a low concentration of carbon dioxide and pollutants also can
increase the ventilation rate [7]. In green building, the building must meet minimum indoor air quality
(IAQ) in terms of ventilation rate. Possible harmful effects can be reduced by specifying the minimum
ventilation rate [8].

ii) Implication towards Economy

Economic impacts, among the pillars of sustainability, require special attention as the economy is
a backbone of income and includes the use of large-scale costs. Some of the implications of green buildings
on the economy are energy and water savings, increased property value, and decreased infrastructure
strain [5]. The U.S. Green Building Council also stated that energy use, land, water, materials, and cost
savings were more efficient and could cover approximately 10 years of lifecycle savings [9]. Energy saving
is defined as a high priority in every country, whether it is a developed country or a developing country.
Comfort, safety to people, the importance of industrial, societal, and commercial growth are among the
benefits of energy. With a practice of green building, energy saving can be improved compared to
conventional buildings. Construction of green buildings was recorded to save about 33% on construction
costs, 41% on operating costs, and the rest on churn cost [10]. An increase of 7 percent of green building
assets whether new or undergoing renovation, was recorded by the building owners as compared to
conventional buildings [7]. Globally, energy savings are estimated to reach € 410 billion in energy
expenditure, about twice the annual energy expenditure in the United States [11]. The implications of
green buildings on the economy are recorded from the level of building owners to the global level.

iii) Implication towards Environment

To promote green building, environmental issue plays an important role in the impact on the
environment. Carbons emissions and natural resource consumption are among typical issues during
construction and give negative impacts on the environment [6]. By introducing the characteristics of green
buildings like in a sports arena, the environmental footprint can be minimized and helps reduce other
negative impacts using the improvement of water and air quality [6]. At the same time, the green building
also helps in conserving natural resources [6]. Carbon emissions from buildings create climate change,
and green buildings help to mitigate climate change [6]. Waste reduction is also an implication of this
project to the environment where the reduction of the source material can be reduced. For example, the
waste to landfill can be decreased by adding fly ashes into the structural component for energy savings
[12]. Besides, the uses of prefabricated components and modular system buildings help to produce no
waste and can be reused [12]. Thus, towards the environment, green buildings provide better
improvement of urban biodiversity and sustainable land use can protect the ecosystem [12].

2.3 Sustainable Strategies

In implementing sustainable construction practice, strategies must be provided in every phase of the life-
cycle project started from initiation, planning, design, construction, operation until the project is finished.
A suitable sustainable strategies is need to be proposed in construction project. There are nine strategies
for sustainable construction which are in term of procurement, site environment, material selection,
waste prevention, recycling, energy, building and material reuse, health and safety and indoor
environment quality.

Strategies in procurement is to find specific procurement to ensure the sustainable construction

requirement is provided. It is also a way that bringing good for both organization also society and economy
by reducing the environmental damage [13]. In the site environment, environmental impact need to be
reduced by identified the suitable methods to be used on site. For this strategies, everyone who are
involved in the construction activities such as designers, engineers, architects and others have the
opportunity to reduce the environmental impact in every stage during construction by implementing a
sustainable initiatives such an examples in designing stage of a project [14]. Environment friendly
materials also need to be used and prevented from using the harmful and toxic materials. Materials usage
need to be consider in a construction on its functions, strength and durability to ensure the elements to
achieve a sustainable construction can be obtained and can withstand as a long term sustainability
structure with cost and energy saving.

Initiative taken in reducing the waste on the construction project with a specific method is one of the
strategies to prevent oversupply on site. This can be done by ordering the construction materials
according to the appropriate amount needed for the project and proper storage method to minimize the
waste and damaged materials [15]. Strategies in recycling is by identifies materials at each level of
construction and methods to support the onsite recycling effort. Through recycling, a new product can
be formed using the other waste materials that cannot be reused directly [15]. Through recycling, a
demand for new resources also can be reduced [16]. Strategies in term of energy is a method to improve
the energy performance of the building, reduce the energy consume during construction and identifies
the opportunity to use the renewable energy sources. A few methods are suggested by [14] to conserve
energy which is by chosen of materials and construction methods with low embodied energy, insulating
the building envelopes and developing energy efficient technological processes

Building and materials reuse strategy is implemented by identifies reusable materials and point out
method for facility, systems, equipment, product and materials reuse for the future. So, it is important to
reduce the use of non-renewable materials at the construction and deconstruction phases to reduce the
impacts of materials consumption on the natural environment. For the strategies in term health and
safety, it is important to identify the methods in improving the life safety for the construction workers.
Any incidents occurs at the construction works will surely impact the progression of works and loss of
money. Last but not least is indoor environment quality strategies. This strategy is taken by providing a
healthy, comfortable and productive indoor environment for building occupants and visitors. Besides, in
this strategy, the indoor environment quality also required to provide a building design, which affords the
best possible conditions in terms of indoor air quality, ventilation, thermal comfort, access to natural
ventilation and daylighting, and effective control of the acoustical environment [17].
2.4 Principle of Sustainable Development

In Brundtland Report in 1987, a philosophy of sustainable development was introduced [18] where it
brings the meaning in balancing and maintaining between the human needs in process to improve
lifestyles and preserving the natural resources and ecosystems for the future generations including
physical elements, human elements and national political context. Healthy built environment is created
by following the five principle of sustainable development. The five principle are living within
environmental limits, achieving a sustainable economy, promoting good governance, using sound science
responsibility and ensuring a strong, healthy and just society [19].

Living within environment limit is by respecting the rights and need of the future generations with limiting
the usage of natural resources. Sustainable economy is achieving by provides an opportunity for all where
environmental and social costs fall on. Effective governance systems in all level of society will attracts the
people’s creativity, energy and diversity. Science responsibility is making sure the policy is develop and
been implemented on the basis of strong scientific evidence. Ensuring a strong, healthy and just society
is when it meets all the people’s need either in present or future, promoting a personal well-being and
creating an equal opportunity [19] . The principles that were implemented will lead to these practices
which are conserve, reuse, renew, recycle, protecting the nature, non-toxic environments, improving in
economy and quality. The goals of sustainable developments will be achieved when they meet with all
these principles as well as the three key to sustainable development which are economy, environment
and social stability [20] also will be obtained directly when all the principles is done.
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