Sample Problem 1

Consider a fluid contained between

parallel plates of area A, which are
everywhere separated by a very small
distance Y. The system is originally at rest. Sample Problem 2
Compute the steady-state momentum flux
when the lower plate is set in motion a Referring to the figure, compute the
velocity of 1 ft/s in the positive x-direction. stress at the lower plate when the lower
The plate separation Y is 0.001 ft and the plate velocity is 15 ft /min , in the positive
fluid viscosity is 1cp (centipoise). x−direction and the upper plate velocity is
25 ft /min in the negative x−direction . The
plates are placed apart
−x 2∈.
Given: 2.0∈.
and the fluid viscosity between
the plates remain constant at 100 cP .
v 2=0
Diagram:
Y =0.001 ft fluid
μ=1cP

v1 =1 ft /s v 2=0
Required: τ yx Liquid
Solutions:
+x
Conversion:
1 cP=2.0886× 10−5 lb f ∙ s/ ft 2
v2 v1 =25 ft /min
Given: v 2=0
∫ dv x
v1
τ yx=−μ y2

∫ dy
y1

v 2−v 1
τ yx=−μ
y 2− y 1
ft
( 0−1 )
lb ∙ s s
(
¿ 2.0886× 10−5 f 2
ft )
( 0.001−0 ) ft

lb f
τ yx =0.021
ft 2
 vx 2y 2

−x v x, max
1− ( )h

2.0∈¿ fluidμ=100 cP water

h=0.15 m v x ,max =0.12 m/s

+x
velocity profile: v1 =15 ft /min
vx 2

v x, max
=1− ( 2hy )
Required: τ yx
Required: τ yx
Solution:
Solution:
dv x
Conversion: τ yx=−μ
dy
1 cP=2.0886× 10−5 lb f ∙ s/ ft 2
v2 Solving for the derivative dv x /dy from
velocity profile equation:
∫ dv x
v1
τ yx=−μ 2y 2
y2

∫ dy
y1
v x =v x ,max [ ( )]
1−
h

4 y2
v −v
τ yx=−μ 2 1
y 2− y 1
v x =v x ,max −v x ,max ( )
h2
dv x 8y
−5 lb f ∙ s
(−25−15)
1 ft
( )
60 s dy
=0−v x ,max 2
h ( )
(
¿−(100 cP) 2.0886 × 10
ft 2 ) (2
) 8y
12
−0 ft ¿−v x ,max 2
h ( )
lb f
τ yx =0.0083
ft 2
Sample problem 3 v x ,max =0.12 m/s
Referring to the figure, compute the stress Reference , y=0
( ¿ N /m2 )on the upper plate when the
maximum velocity of the fluid at the center, water
v max, is 0.12 m/s. The flow is laminar and h=0.15 m
fully developed. The liquid (water) at 15 ℃
is filled between two long parallel plates For the upper plate: y=+ h/2
0.15 m apart. The velocity profile is given by
the following equation:
 N∙ s m 8 h 1 large plates. The Flow in laminar. Find the
(
τ yx =− 1.14 ×10−3
m 2 )(
−0.12
s )[ ( )]
h2 2 m
velocity profile.

N
τ yx =3.65 ×10−3 v x =0
y m2 y0
Momentum flux is flow (laminar ) 2 y0
x
transported in the ¿ the x y0
+y
direction along the direction of decreasing v x =0
velocity.
Required: Velocity profile

Continuity equation; ρ=constant

∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ vx ∂ v y ∂ v z
∂t
+ vx
∂x
+v y
∂y
+ vz
∂z
=− ρ +
∂ x ∂ y ∂z(
+ )
0=−ρ ( ∂∂vx + ∂∂vy + ∂∂vz )
x y z

∂vx ∂vy ∂vz

+ + =0
∂ x ∂ y ∂z
∂vx
=0 since v y , v z=0
∂x
Navier-Strokes equation

∂vx ∂ vx ∂vx ∂ vx ∂2 v x ∂2 v x ∂2 v x ∂
ρ
∂t( + vx
∂x
+vy +v
∂ y z ∂z
=μ
∂x
2
+) (
∂y
2
+ 2 −
∂z ∂ )
∂vx
Since: =0 v y =0 v z=0
∂t
∂2 v x ∂ P
μ = −ρ g x
∂ y2 ∂ x
Since no gravitational force acts along x , g x =0 :

∂2 v x ∂ P
μ =
∂ y2 ∂ x
Total derivatives can be used such that:

d 2 v x dP
μ =
Example: Plane Poiseuille flow d y 2 dx
An incompressible Newtonian fluid flow
at steady state in x direction between two very
d2 vx dP Substituting C 1∧C 2 in (2) and solving for vx :
2
=μ
dy dx 1 dP 2 1 dP 2
v x= y + ( 0 ) y− y
2 μ dx 2 μ dx 0
dP 1 dP 2
Assuming
dx
=constant and using the boundary v x=
2 μ dx
( y − y 20 )
condition:
dv x
d vx At y=0→ =0 → v x =v x, max
BC 1:at y=0 → =0 dy
dy
BC 2: at y= y 0 → v x =0 1 dP 1 dP
v x ,max =
2 μ dx
(0− y 20 )=− y 20 2 μ dx
d 2 v x 1 dP
= Hence, in terms of v x ,max :
d y 2 μ dx
1 dP 2
v x= ( y − y 20 )
d d v x 1 dP
( )
dy dy
=
μ dx
2 μ dx

−1 dP 2 y2
Integrating once: v x=
2 μ dx ( )
y 0 1− 2
y0

∫d ( dvdy )= 1μ dPdx ∫ dy
x
y2

dv x 1 dP
v x =v max 1−
( ) 2
y0
= y +C 1
dy μ dx
dv x
Applying BC 1: y =0 → =0
dy
1 dP
0= ( 0 ) +C 1
μ dx
C 1=0
Integrating twice:

∫ dv x =∫( 1μ dP
dx
y +C1 ) dy

1 dP y 2
v x=
μ dx 2 ( )
C 1 y +C 2

Applying BC 2: y = y 0 → v x =0
1 dP 2
0= y + ( 0 ) y 0+C 2
2 μ dx 0
−1 dP 2
C 2= y
2 μ dx 0