REVIEWER
The Cell Theory- “All living things are composed of cells”
-proposed by Matthias Jakob Sclieden (German botanist) and Theodor Schwann (zoologist)
Biogenesis Theory “All living things arise from pre-existing living cells”- proposed by German
physician Rudolf Virchow.
Average diameter of a cell=0.4-0.5µm
Structure of the Cell
Plasma membrane – outer covering of the cell
Diffusion- movement of molecular-sized particles from one place to another.
Differentially permeable membrane- particles substances are able to pass through while others
cannot pass through the membrane.
Osmosis- movement of water through a cell membrane
Semipermeable membrane- allow water but not solute to pass through
Permeates- enzyme-like carriers in the cells
Phagocytis-when the material engulfed by the cell is in the form of parge particles
Endocytosis- process where substances may enter a cell without actually moving through the
cell membrane
Hypertonic medium- allows cells to lose water by osmosis
Hypotonic medium- allows cell to gain water
Isotonic medium- allows cell to neither lose or gain appreciable quantities of water by osmosis.
PARTS OF A CELL
Plant cells
Cellulose- complex polysaccharides composing the principal structure of the cell wall .
Primary wall – first portion of the cell wall.
Middle lamella- intercellular layer between cell walls
Pectin- a complex polysaccharide which is a principal component of the middle lamella
Secondary wall- woody portions that add further layer to the cell wall
Lignin- material contained in the secondary wall which gives added strength.
Plasmodesmata- delicate cytoplasmic connections that run through adjacent cells.
Symplast- a continuous system of plasmodesmata connection.
Chitin- the main structural component of a fungi cell wall.
Murein- main component of a bacteria cell wall consisiting of polysaccharide chais linked
together by amino acids.
Turgor pressure- swelling of cell resulting from high osmotic concentration of the cell contents.
Animal Cell Coats
Glycolax- complex molecules made up of carbohydtares and proteins or carbohydrate and lipid
components and the cell coat.
Contact inhibition- the phenomenon of normal cells grown in tissues culture stopping their
growth when they touch each other.
Internal Structure of Cells
Nucleus- gives instructions that guide the life processes of the cell as long as it lives.
Prokaryotic cells – characteristic of bacteria and cyanobacteria cells which have primitive
nucleus
Eucaryotic cells- cells that have true nucleus
Chromosomes-elongate, thredlike bodies visible only when the cell is undergoing division.
These are composed of DNA and protein.
Genes- the basic units of heredity carried by the chromosomes.
Nucleoli- dark staining, generally oval bodies specialized parts of the chromosomes responsible
for manufacturing and exporting to the cytoplasm the precursors of the particles on which
proteins will be synthesized.
Nuclear membrane- surrounds the nucleus and which permits maintenance within the nucleus of
an environment different from that in the surrounding cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum- a complex system of membranes forming a network in the cytoplasm
which provides a communication network between the nuclear control center and the rest of the
cell.
Golgi Apparatus (first described by Camilo Golgi)-consists of membrane-bound vesicles
arranged approximately parallel to each other whose function includes the storage, modification
and packaging in vesicles of secretory products.
Mitochondria- is a double-walled vessel which serve as sites for the chemical reaction s that
extracts energy from foodstuffs and make it available to the cell for its innumerable energy –
demanding activities.
Cristae- inwardly directed folds inside the mitochondrion.
Lysosomes- Thslightly smaller than the mitochondrion and serves as the digestive system of the
cell.
Microbodies- a variety of organelles similar to lysosomes in structure and appearance but
containing enzymes of other kinds.
Plastids- large cytoplasmic organelles found in the cells of most plants but not in fungal or
animal cells.
Ribosomes- present in all active cells, are the sites of protein synthesis
Two types of plastids: chromoplasts (colored plastids) and leucoplasts (white or colorless
plastids)
Chloroplasts- chromoplasts containing the green pigment chlorophyll, capture energy of sunlight
and use it to manufacture organic compounds.
Vacuoles- the membrane-enclosed, fluid filled spaces which maintain the turgidity of the cell .
Microtubules- and Microfilaments- appear to function in intracellular movement and cell
support. Microtubules also form the spindle of dividing cells and are the essential components of
centrioles, cilia and flagella.
Procaryotic cells- lack the internal membranous organelles but have ribosomes and nucleoid,
containing a circular chromosome of DNA.
MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Tissue- composed of many cells that are usually similar in both structure and function and are
bound together by intercellular material.
Organ- composed of various tissues grouped together into a structural and functional unit.
System- is a group of interacting organs that “cooperate” as a functional complex in the life of
the organism.
2 classifications of plant cells: meristemic & permanent tissue
Meristemic- composed of immature cells and are regions of active cell division
Permanent tissue- composed of more mature, differentiated cells
Apical meristems responsible for increase in length of the plant body
Lateral meristems- responsible for increase in girth
Epidermis- is the surface tissue of leaves, roots and stems
Cuticle- waxy, water-resistant of the epidermal cells which aid in the protection against loss of
water.
Periderm- constitutes the corky outer bark as the waterproofed cell walls that function as the
protective outer covering of the plant.
Parenchyma- have thin primary walls which help store nutrients and water in plants.
Collenchyma- functions as an important supporting tissue in young plants, in the stems of non-
woody older plants and in leaves.
Sclerenchyma-is a type of simple fundamental tissue which function in the support of plants. It is
classified into – fibers and sclerieds.
Vascular Tissue- Incorporates cells that function as tubes or ducts
Xylem –transport water and dissolved substances upward in the plant body
Phloem- transport organic materials such as carbohydrates and amino acids
Animal Cells
Epithelium-forms the covering of all free body surfaces
Cartilage - specialized form of dense fibrous connective tissue with a rubbery consistency
Muscles- are responsible for most movement in higher animals
Nerve cells can be easily stimulated and can transmit impulses very rapidly.
