HUMAN TRAFFICKING FACT SHEET
Human trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery. Victims of human trafficking are
subjected to force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of sexual exploitation1 or forced labor.
Victims are young children, teenagers, men and women.
After drug dealing, human trafficking is tied with the illegal arms industry as the
second largest criminal industry in the world today, and it is the fastest growing.
The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines “Severe Forms of Trafficking in
Persons” as:
• Sex Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a
person for the purpose of a commercial sex act2, in which a commercial sex act is
induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act
is under the age of 18 years; or
• Labor Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a
person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of
subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.
Trafficking Victims
Approximately 600,000 to 800,000 victims annually are trafficked across international borders
worldwide, and between 14,500 and 17,500 of those victims are trafficked into the U.S.,
according to the U.S. Department of State. These estimates include women, men and
children. Victims are generally trafficked into the U.S. from Asia, Central and South America,
and Eastern Europe. Many victims trafficked into the United States do not speak and
understand English and are therefore isolated and unable to communicate with service
providers, law enforcement and others who might be able to help them.
How Victims Are Trafficked
Many victims of trafficking are exploited for purposes of commercial sex, including
prostitution, stripping, pornography and live-sex shows. However, trafficking also takes place
as labor exploitation, such as domestic servitude, sweatshop factories, or migrant agricultural
work. Traffickers use force, fraud and coercion to compel women, men and children to
engage in these activities.
Force involves the use of rape, beatings and confinement to control victims. Forceful
violence is used especially during the early stages of victimization, known as the ‘seasoning
process’, which is used to break victim’s resistance to make them easier to control.
Fraud often involves false offers that induce people into trafficking situations. For example,
women and children will reply to advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids and
dancers in other countries and are then trafficked for purposes of prostitution once they arrive
at their destinations.
Coercion involves threats of serious harm to, or physical restraint of, any person; any
scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act
would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or the abuse or
threatened abuse of the legal process.
1
“Exploitation” – rather than trafficking - may be a more accurate description because the crime involves making
people perform labor or commercial sex against their will.
2
As defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the term ‘commercial sex act’ means any sex act, on
account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person.
Trafficking Information and Referral Hotline 1.888.3737.888
Victims of trafficking are often subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context of paying off
transportation fees into the destination countries. Traffickers often threaten victims with injury
or death, or the safety of the victims’ family back home. Traffickers commonly take away the
victims’ travel documents and isolate them to make escape more difficult.
Victims do not realize that their debts are often legally unenforceable and, in any event, that it
is illegal for traffickers to dictate how they have to pay off their debts. In many cases, the
victims are trapped into a cycle of debt because they have to pay for all living expenses in
addition to the initial transportation expenses. Fines for not meeting daily quotas of service or
“bad” behavior are also used by some trafficking operations to increase debt. Most trafficked
victims rarely see the money they are supposedly earning and may not even know the
specific amount of their debt. Even if the victims sense that debt-bondage is unjust, it is
difficult for them to find help because of language, social, and physical barriers that keep
them from obtaining assistance.
Trafficking vs. Smuggling
Trafficking is not smuggling. There are several important differences between trafficking and
smuggling:
Human Trafficking Vs. Migrant Smuggling
• Victims either do not consent to their situations, or • Migrant smuggling includes
if they initially consent, that consent is rendered those who consent to being
meaningless by the actions of the traffickers. smuggled.
• Ongoing exploitation of victims to generate illicit • Smuggling is a breach of the
profits for the traffickers. integrity of a nation’s borders.
• Trafficking need not entail the physical movement • Smuggling is always
of a person (but must entail the exploitation of the transnational.
person for labor or commercial sex).
Help for Victims of Trafficking
Prior to the enactment of the TVPA in October 2000, no comprehensive Federal law existed
to protect victims of trafficking or to prosecute their traffickers. The TVPA is intended to
prevent human trafficking overseas, to increase prosecution of human traffickers in the
United States, and to protect victims and provide Federal and state assistance to certain
victims so that they can rebuild their lives in the United States. Victims of human trafficking
who are not U.S. citizens are eligible for a special visa and can receive benefits and services
through the TVPA to the same extent as refugees. Victims of trafficking who are U.S. citizens
may already be eligible for many benefits due to their citizenship.
If you think you have come in contact with a victim of human trafficking, call the Trafficking
Information and Referral Hotline at 1.888.3737.888. This hotline will help you determine if
you have encountered victims of human trafficking, will identify local resources available in
your community to help victims, and will help you coordinate with local social service
organizations to help protect and serve victims so they can begin the process of restoring
their lives. For more information on human trafficking visit www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking.
Trafficking Information and Referral Hotline 1.888.3737.888
