POST-INSTALLED

REBAR DESIGN IN
ACCORDANCE TO EC2

Liew Yong Seong

Engineering Manager

Hilti Far East Pte. Ltd.

AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

2
THIS IS HILTI

Founded
1941 in Schaan, Liechtenstein
Family owned company
All shares and participation certificates are held by the Martin Hilti
Family Trust
Construction technology
World market leader for professional fastening and demolition
technology
Global reach
Present in more than 120 countries
International team
Some 24,000 worldwide employees
Unique characteristic
Direct sales model
SYSTEM SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

5
WHAT IS A POST-INSTALLED REBAR?

New
concrete

Roughened
interface

Old
concrete

Mortar

Steel reinforcement
bar
POST-INSTALLED REBARS ARE USED IN SEVERAL
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
Connection of new slabs Balcony extensions

Close openings / slab enlargement Staircase connections

POST-INSTALLED REBARS ARE USED IN SEVERAL
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
New columns / Columns extensions Bridge enlargement

Beam connections Wall extension

METHODS FOR POST-INSTALLING REBAR

Mechanical couplers Pre-cast rebar sets Perforated formwork

Very attractive method Relatively easy to install Positioning of the bars

for pre-fabricated slabs and straighten the bars mostly guaranteed

Risk of misplacement Risk of misplacement Holes in formwork

neutralizes reutilisation
Localised reduction of Typically expensive
the bars cross-section solution Leakage of cement
reduces concrete quality
Limited to smaller bars in the connection
Limited to new projects
Limited to new projects Limited to new projects

9
METHODS FOR POST-INSTALLING REBAR

Chiseling, Welding Cementitious grouts Adhesive mortars

Load transferred directly Low cost of grout per ml. Mixture quality ensured
to the existing bars by dispenser units

Risk of creating concrete Can only be installed Small sized diameter

cracks along the bars downwards or inclined and high bond strength

High dependency of the Dubious control over the

Drilling required
quality of the welding mixture done on jobsite

Welding can’t be done in Typical large drilling Higher cost of mortar

unfavourable weather diameter vs bar size per ml.

10
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

11
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

concrete mortar

rebar rebar

concrete

At the mortar-concrete interface load is

Load is transferred by mechanical transferred by adhesion and micro-
interlock provided by the ribs. interlock due to roughness of the drilled
hole surface.

Similar action of mechanical interlock.

BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Unconfined test set up Failure modes

Concrete cone Steel failure

load cell
load cylinder
support
displacement transducer
socket Pull out Splitting

concrete test member

bonded anchor

These failure modes are the same as for anchors.

BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Compressive strut prevents the

Confined test set up
concrete cone failure mode

F
Load cell

Displacement
transducers
Compression
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR
Confined test set up Failure modes

Load cell Splitting Steel failure

Pull out Concrete cone

Concrete cone
Displacement Compression failure mode
transducers prevented by the
steel plate.

When concrete cone failure occurs, we do not talk about rebar according to the
national concrete code, in fact we are talking about anchors
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Without edge influence

Compression stress field

Force [N]
Cracks in concrete: splitting failure mode

First micro-crack in concrete

Displacement [mm]

Splitting failure mode occurs before the design loading capacity is reached
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Compression stress field

Pull-out failure mode

Force [N]
Splitting failure mode

Displacement [mm]

Pull out failure mode occurs when the maximum design loading capacity is reached
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Compression stress field Steel failure mode

Pull-out failure mode

Force [N]
Splitting failure mode

Displacement [mm]

Yielding is a ductile failure mode which allows energy to dissipate

BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

In a confined test-setup
a post-installed/cast-in
Steel failure mode
rebar can NEVER fail
by concrete cone.

Pull-out failure mode

Force [N]
Splitting failure mode

Concrete cone failure mode

Displacement [mm]

Concrete cone is a brittle failure mode and not inline with the national concrete
code philosophy because according to rebar conditions it will never occur
BEHAVIOUR OF POST-INSTALLED REBAR VS. CAST-IN REBAR

Post-installed rebar
with large concrete

Bond strength [N/mm2]

cover
Cast-in rebar with
large concrete
cover

Post-installed rebar with Cast-in rebar with

small concrete cover small concrete cover

Displacement [mm]

Post-installed rebars with Hilti’s mortars: similar behaviour to cast-in for small
values of concrete cover, better behaviour for large values of concrete cover
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

21
REBAR THEORY AND ANCHOR THEORY

“Rebar theory” “Anchor theory”

Post-installed rebar Bonded anchor

Load on the bar Tension (roughness of joint critical for Tension, shear, combination of both
the shear transfer)
Load transfer mechanism Equilibrium with local Utilization of concrete
or global concrete struts tensile strength
Failure modes Steel yielding, pull out, splitting Steel failure, concrete cone failure, pull
out, splitting
Design steps 1. Calculation of steel reinforcement 1. Calculation of all characteristic
2. Calculation of required anchorage capacities
length 2. Determination of minimum capacity
controlling failure anchorage

‘‘Result of theory Anchorage length (lbd) Capacity of the anchor (NRk)

application’’
Minimum concrete cover According to EC2 According to ETA
(min (spacing; edge distance))

Allowable anchorage length lb,min ≥ max(0.3lbrqd,fyd; 10ϕ; 100mm) 4ϕ ≤ lb,min ≤ 20ϕ

Concrete Uncracked/craked Cracked/uncraked

Presentation title | Month 00, 201X 22

AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

36
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
Nrd = σsd·π·ϕ²/4 Tension in the Bond
External action rebar: σsd strength: fbd

The rebar is anchored

in the concrete Fbd = fbd·π·lbd·ϕ
Anchorage force lbd
where it is not
needed anymore!

Equilibrium: Nrd = Fbd

The anchorage force in the concrete is a function of the bond strength and
anchorage length (lbd)
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
Fbd = fbd·π·Φ·lbd

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

fbd,EC2 = 2.25 η1 η2 fctd

η1 = coefficient related to the quality of the Values of fbd are

bond conditions and the position of the rebar reported in the
during concreting rebar approval
related to the
η2 = coefficient related to the bar diameter specific product.

fctd = design value of concrete tensile strength

(EC2:EN1992-1-1:2004 (8.4.2))

Simply look at the ETA approval of the product and you will find the bond strength
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Post-installed rebar
with large concrete
cover
Bond strength [N/mm2]
Cast-in rebar with
large concrete
cover

Post-installed rebar with Cast-in rebar with

small concrete cover small concrete cover

Displacement [mm]

Post-installed rebars with Hilti’s mortars: similar behaviour to cast-in for small
values of concrete cover, better behaviour for large values of concrete cover
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
Fbd = fbd·π·Φ·lbd lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd ≥ lb,min

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

Bent or hooked bars Straight bars

α1 = 0.7 α1 = 1

For post-installed rebars α1 is equal to 1

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

Bent or hooked bars Straight bars

a
a
c1 c1
c

cd = min (a/2, c1) cd = min (a/2, c1, c)

0.7 ≤ α2 ≤ 1 0.7 ≤ α2 ≤ 1

For post-installed rebars α2 is in the range of [0.7-1] as a function of concrete cover

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Bond strength, fbd,EC2 [N/mm²] Splitting domain Pull-out domain

Effective limit on bond for EC2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
cd/ϕ [-]
fbd,EC2 = fbd/α2 [EC2:EN1992-1-1:2004]

With increasing concrete cover, cd, the utilisable bond strength is increasing and the
anchorage length decreases until pull-out (reaching the bond strength limit) is reached.

EC2 dictates the maximum bond strength value

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Pull-out Steel failure

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur + Δcdur,γ – Δcdur,st – Δcdur,add; 10 mm)

cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond requirement = ϕ

cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions = for structural class S4 and
exposure class XC3 is 25 mm

Δcdur,γ = additive safety element = 0

Δcdur,st = reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel = 0

Δcdur,add = reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection = 0

ϕ ≥ 25 mm  cmin = ϕ
ϕ ≤ 25 mm  cmin = 25 mm

The minimum requirements for both bond and environmental conditions must be satisfied

45
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

A sufficient distance must be

provided from the concrete face to
facilitate drilling without splitting
and/or spalling the existing
concrete.

The concrete cover, c1, must be larger than or equal to 2ϕ

It is important to be aware that the drilling process has an influence on the necessary concrete cover

46
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

The spacing must be larger than or equal to 5ϕ

The drilling process also has an influence on the spacing.

47
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
Minimum concrete cover fulfilled Minimum concrete cover not fulfilled

• The bond loading capacity is dramatically reduced

• The bar is not protected from corrosion. Corrosion
increases the volume of the bar resulting in
spalling of the concrete cover and reduces the
stress cross section of the bar as it reduces the
steel strength

When minimum concrete cover and spacing are not fulfilled the loading capacity
achieved is less than that designed

48
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

In most cases transverse

reinforcement is not present

0.7 ≤ α3 ≤ 1

For post-installed rebars α3 is equal to 1 because of no transverse reinforcement

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

Welded transverse reinforcement

is
not relevant

α4 = 1

For post-installed rebars α4 is equal to 1 because of no welded transverse reinforcement

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

α5 = 1 – 0.04 ρ

0.7 ≤ α5 ≤ 1 0.7 ≤ α5 ≤ 1

In most cases the effect of the transverse pressure can be neglected

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS l =α α α α α l ≥l
bd 1 2 3 4 5 b,rqd b,min

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

lb,rqd = (ϕ/4)(σsd/fbd) lb,rqd = (ϕ/4)(σsd/fbd)

• σsd = the design stress of the • σsd = the design stress of the
rebar at the position from rebar at the position from
where the anchorage is where the anchorage is
measured measured
• fbd = the bond strength of cast- • fbd = the bond strength of post-
in rebars installed rebars
• ϕ = rebar diameter • ϕ = diameter
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – SIMPLY SUPPORTED
CONNECTIONS
lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd ≥ lb,min

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

lb,min=max(0.3lbrqd,fyd;10ϕ;100mm)

lb,min=max(0.3lbrqd,fyd;10ϕ;100mm) end bars

end bars The minimum anchorage length
must be amplified by a factor of
1.5 when diamond core drilling is
used.

Cast-in and post-installed rebars have the same minimum anchorage length,
except when diamond core drilling is used
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

54
EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – OVERLAP JOINTS
lbd

The load transfer between bars is

performed by means of
compressive struts in the concrete.
The resulting perpendicular forces
act as splitting forces. The splitting
forces are taken up by the
transverse reinforcement.

In case of splices, stiffness is key. If two rebars with a similar stiffness are spliced, the steel
stress values are nearly identical for both bars.
On the contrary if the mortar has a stiffness much higher than concrete, the steel stress
distribution is unequal along the splice length and large cracks can be developed.

Concrete cone failure is prevented by means of local compressive struts

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – OVERLAP JOINTS
Reference test: cast-in bars spliced with post-installed rebars with a similar stiffness

F F

(from Spieth et al.)

The load is equally distributed between the two bars

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – OVERLAP JOINTS

HIT-RE 500 V3 / RE 100 Epoxy with an higher stiffness

F F
F F

Axial symmetric load Large crack width in the area of

distribution post-installed rebars

Hilti products have the same stiffness as cast-in

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – OVERLAP JOINTS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

Fbd = fbd·π·ϕ·lbd lbd = α1 α2 α3 α5 α6 lb,rqd ≥ lb,min

1 ≤ α6 ≤ 1.5

In case of post-installed rebar α6 = 1.5

EC2 REBAR DESIGN THEORY – OVERLAP JOINTS

Cast-in rebars Post-installed rebars

lbd = α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 lb,rqd ≥ lb,min

lb,min= max(0.6lbrqd,fyd;10ϕ;200mm) lb,min = max(0.6lbrqd,fyd;10ϕ;200mm)

The minimum anchorage length must

be amplified by a factor of 1.5 when
diamond core drilling is used.

Cast-in and post-installed rebar have the same minimum anchorage length,
except when diamond core drilling is used
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

60
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD
HIT Rebar design Method is based on Rebar theory but extends the range of EC2 applications, based on
Hilti in-house testing:
• Allows reduction of anchorage lengths for some applications considered in EOTA TR 023
• Provides Hilti’s own design method for moment resisting connections (frame node).

Reduction of
anchorage length

Reduction of anchorage length is possible when edge distance and spacing are large enough based
on Hilti in-house testing. The anchorage length is reduced by up to 70% compare to the EC2 design.

Design solution Moment connection: solution possible with Hilti

T M design method (based on Hilti in-house testing).
Not covered by EC2/TR023 because concrete
cone failure is assumed.

61
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Bond strength, fbd,EC2 [N/mm²]

Splitting domain Pull-out domain

Effective limit on bond for EC2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
cd/ϕ [-]
fbd,EC2 = fbd/α2 [EC2:EN1992-1-1:2004]

The concrete cover affects the bond strength

HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Post-installed rebar with

large concrete cover

Bond strength [N/mm2]

Cast-in rebar with
large concrete cover

Post-installed rebar with Cast-in rebar with small

small concrete cover concrete cover

Displacement [mm]

Post-installed rebars with Hilti’s mortars: similar behaviour to cast-in for small
values of concrete cover, better behaviour for large values of concrete cover
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Bond strength, fbd,EC2 fbd,Hilti [N/mm²]

Extension for post-installed rebars with
large concrete cover (product dependent)
Pull out bond strength
limited by the bond strength of adhesive.
based on bond strength from anchor
Based on Hilti in-house testing.
approval (product dependent)*

EC2
Effective limit on bond for EC2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
cd/ϕ [-]
fbd,EC2 = fbd/α2 1 *: bond strength for cracked concrete: cracks parallel to the rebar; bond
α2’=
1 +δ·cd−3ϕ strength for uncracked concrete: cracks perpendicular to the rebar
fbd,Hilti = fbd/α’2 0.7 ϕ

The HIT Rebar design method uses the higher bond strength of the product
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Anchorage length, lbd,EC2 lbd,HRM [mm]

Pull out acc. to EC2 (HIT-RE 500, C20/C25 and ϕ=20mm)
Effective limit on bond for EC2

Extension for post-installed rebars with

large concrete cover (product dependent)
limited by the bond strength of adhesive.
Based on Hilti in-house testing.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

cd/ϕ [-]
lbd,EC2=(ϕ/4)(fyd/fbd,EC2)
lbd,HRM=(ϕ/4)(fyd/fbd,Hilti)

The HIT Rebar design Method allows for a reduction of the anchorage length
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Simply follow the EC2 design but change the bond strength as a function of
concrete cover!

However keep in mind

• HIT Rebar design Method is a product related design method based on

extensive testing and research.

• HIT Rebar design Method must be applied only with a tested Hilti product.

• The anchorage length can be reduced only if sufficient concrete cover is

ensured.
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD
NOT Hilti products

Design loading capacity

Effective loading capacity

Force [N]

Displacement [mm]

The effective loading capacity is much lower than the design one
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

The weaker element breaks

HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

lbd
The load transfer between
bars is performed by means
of compressive struts in the
concrete. The resulting
perpendicular forces act as
splitting forces. The splitting
forces are taken up by the
transverse reinforcement.

In case of splices, stiffness is key. If two rebars with a similar stiffness are spliced, the steel
stress values are nearly identical for both bars.
On the contrary if the mortar has a stiffness much higher than the concrete, the steel stress
distribution is unequal along the splice length and large cracks can be developed.

Concrete cone failure is prevented by means of local compressive struts

HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Proper design

Cast-in rebars
F
Post-installed rebars
lbd

Improper design

Cast-in rebars
F
Post-installed rebars
lbd

The load has to be transferred by means of an appropriate anchorage length

HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD

Proper design

Cast-in rebars
F
Post-installed rebars
lbd

Improper design
Cast-in rebar
Cast-in rebars
breaks for pull out!
F
Post-installed rebars
lbd

The load has to be transferred by means of an appropriate anchorage length

AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

72
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD - RIGID CONNECTION
V

M
N

Overlap joint for rebar Overlap joint at a foundation Anchoring of reinforcement

connections of slabs and beams of a column or wall to cover the line of acting
N tensile force
M

End anchoring of slabs or beams Components stressed Components subjected to

(simply supported) primarily in compression bending moment

Rigid connections with post-installed rebars cannot be designed according to TR023

73
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD - RIGID CONNECTION
Numerical analysis Strut and tie model
The force flow in the frame node is The strut and tie model is developed for
assessed by means of Finite Element straight bars (Hilti research)
Analysis (Hilti research).

74
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD - RIGID CONNECTION

75
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD - RIGID CONNECTION
Post-installed rebars according to EC2 Post-installed rebars according to HRM

• Bent rebars are not

• Bent rebars
required according to HRM.
are required
• The system connection
according to
guarantees the bending
EC2.
moment transfer between
the column and the slab 
fixed node

• Strut and tie • Strut and tie model

model according to HRM for
according to straight rebars.
EC2 for bent
rebars. θ
lbd

76
HILTI HIT REBAR METHOD - RIGID CONNECTION
Strut and tie model Check

N1

M1
1. Strut angle must be between 30°
V1
and 60°
2. Concrete capacity against
d compressive strut

z1R 3. Capacity of perpendicular rebar

against additional forces
V2
4. Tensile capacity of concrete
C0 Z0
z2 against splitting forces
N2  ℓb
M2

77
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

78
COMMON
MISTAKES

79
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT…

How is the embedment depth required for post-installed rebar calculated?

Use design table from supplier?

COMMON MISTAKE:
USING A GENERIC REBAR DESIGN TABLE

81
FOOD FOR THOUGHT…

Is that embedment depth provided suitable for ALL rebar applications?

Maybe?
COMMON MISTAKE:
USING A GENERIC REBAR DESIGN TABLE FOR ALL REBAR
APPLICATIONS
Rebar applications consist of shear, tension, moment or combined loading. Hence, different application requires different embedment depth.

Misaligned couplers Slab to diaphragm wall Slab to CBP wall Slab Extension

Column Extension Beam to Column Pile cap Skin wall

83
COMMON MISTAKE:
USING A GENERIC REBAR DESIGN TABLE FOR ALL REBAR
APPLICATIONS
V

M
N

Overlap joint for rebar Overlap joint at a foundation Anchoring of reinforcement

connections of slabs and beams of a column or wall to cover the line of acting
N tensile force
M

End anchoring of slabs or beams Components stressed Components subjected to

(simply supported) primarily in compression bending moment

84
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT…

Does the embedment depth take into consideration of the spacing and edge distance?

Maybe?
COMMON MISTAKE:
SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE CONSTRAINT

• If min. spacing and cover is not fulfilled, the bond • And if edge distance (concrete cover) is not
strength is dramatically reduced. considered in the design, concrete spalling will
occur instead of steel yield.

86
COMMON MISTAKE:
SPACING AND EDGE DISTANCE CONSTRAINT

Parameter of the pull-out test analysis set-up:

1. Adhesive product with ETA

2. Concrete grade 40N/mm2
3. Rebar size T16
Concrete edge failure @ 36kN. 4. Edge distance of 44mm (given in generic rebar design table)
5. Published steel yield depth 240mm
6. Published steel yield strength 80.4kN

87
FOOD FOR THOUGHT…

Is there verification of the embedment depth provided?

Do pull out test to verify load on site…

COMMON MISTAKE:
CURRENT PRACTICE OF LOAD VERIFICATION

1. Confined test – concrete failure will not be observed. • Unconfined test

2. Single rebar test – load achieved does not take into • Single rebar test
consideration of the bars in the surrounding, spacing and • Verify load per bar assuming no bars in the surrounding
edge distance effect. and no spacing and edge distance effect.
3. Verify workmanship only

89
THE CORRECT WAY TO VERIFY THE DESIGN CONNECTION

1. Product has ETA 2. Verify the performance of the 3. Proper installation on site
connections through proper 4. Verify workmanship through
design calculation in pullout testing
accordance to EC2

90
COMMON MISTAKE:
WRONG ALPHA 4 AND ALPHA 5 FACTORS BEING USED

α1 = shape of bar influence

→ 1.0, for straight bars

α2 = concrete cover influence

→ 0.7 ≤ α2 ≤ 1.0

α3 = confinement by transverse
reinforcement not welded
→ 1.0, no transverse reinforcement

α4 = confinement by welded transverse

reinforcement
→ 1.0, no welded transverse
reinforcement

α5 = confinement by transverse pressure

→ 1.0, if unable to justify the value of ρ

Wrong alpha values used can lead to 40% reduction in embedment depth.

91
Technical Presentation | April 2017
CASE STUDY – SINGAPORE PROJECT

Brittle Concrete Failure. One example of failure on site due to the calculation of embedment depth.

The design of the rebar were: Correct steel yield depth:

1. 2T16-100 @ 200mm depth 1. 2T16-100 @ 331mm depth
2. 2T25-125 @ 250mm depth 2. 2T25-125 @ 787mm depth

92
AGENDA
1. Hilti Background

2. What is post-installed rebar

3. Behaviour of post-installed rebar

4. Design methods: rebar design vs. anchor design

5. EC2 Rebar design theory

• Simply supported connections
• Overlap joints

6. HIT Rebar design Method

• Shorter anchorage length
• Rigid connection

7. Common Mistakes

8. PROFIS Rebar Design

9. Question and Answer

93
USE HILTI PROFIS REBAR SOFTWARE IN ORDER TO FIND
SOLUTIONS FOR BOTH COMPLEX AND EASY PROBLEMS...

Design post-installed rebar connections

according to EC2/TR023 or HRM using
the Profis Rebar Software

EC2 or HIT Rebar

design Method

New RE Portfolio RE500V3 & RE100 – REV3OLUTIONARY | 2017 94

Thank you!
Questions?

Windy Santosa
Hilti Far East Private Limited
 8488 6192
 [Link]@[Link]
 [Link]

95
Technical Presentation | April 2017