Welcome to Modal Testing

and Analysis
A Multimedia Presentation

from Brüel & Kjær

Copyright© 2000 Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S All Rights Reserved
Modal Testing and Analysis
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Copyright© 2000 Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S All Rights Reserved
 Introduction to
Modal
Testing and Analysis
Introduction
What is Modal Testing

? Why do Modal Testing

How to do Modal Testing
Copyright© 2000
Brüel & Kjær
Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S
All Rights Reserved
Modal Testing Solutions
Design Objectives/Problems

Based on the forces and motion of a structure, the

design problems can be divided into four classes

No force Force

No motion STYLING STATICS

Motion KINEMATICS DYNAMICS

Styling
With no motion and forces present (or they are
ignored), the design problems are reduced to
STYLING
 Function
 Size
 Fashion
Statics

With steady-state forces, the designer may prove or

optimize the structures ability to sustain or transmit
these by STATIC analysis

Building

Bridge
Kinematics

With motion and negligible forces,

the KINEMATIC problem can be considered as

“clearance design”
disk drive

combustion engine
Dynamics

Dynamic forces  motion

Structural Dynamics Analysis helps

to prevent problems with:
– noise
– vibration
– early wear
– break down
– etc.
Structural Dynamics Analysis

| H(f) |

Frequency

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
Structural Weakness at Resonances

 Vibration problems  Output = System · Input

are often due to Response = System · Excitation
excitation of
resonances Vibration = System · Force

X=H·F
Static vs Dynamic

Click picture to show movie

Internet links to the story

about “Galloping Gertie”
Introduction to Modal Testing

Static Testing and Analysis

F
A science studied for over a century  d

Structural Dynamic Testing

Term differentiating it from Static Testing and Analysis 
In contemporary language it is Modal Analysis and Modal Testing 

Objectives of lecture:
To give answers to
– What is Modal Testing?
– Why do Modal Testing?
– How to do Modal Testing?
– What is the Brüel & Kjær Solution to Modal Testing
Present day demands

 Increasing speed in transportation

 Higher fuel economy
 More lightweight constructions

The demands achieved by reducing

the mass of structures

Consequences
 Structures become inherently weak
 Resonances move down into the
frequency region of excitation forces
 Structures fail because of dynamic
loads
Finite Element Analysis (FE) vs Modal Testing

Finite Element Analysis Modal Testing

on theoretical model on real structure/prototype
 What is Modal Testing

Copyright© 2000
Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S
All Rights Reserved
What is Modal Testing

Construction of a
mathematical model
of the inherent dynamic properties
and behavior of a structure
by experimental means
Measurement on Free-free Beam
Roving hammer method:
 Response measured at one point
 Excitation of the structure at a number of points
by hammer with force transducer
 FRF’s between excitation points and measurement point calculated
 Modes of structure identified
Amplitude First
Mode Second
Mode
Third
Mode
Beam
Acceleration

Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force
Force

Press anywhere
to advance animation
Measurement on Free-free Beam
Shaker method:
 Excitation of the structure at one point
by shaker with force transducer
 Response measured at a number of points
 FRF’s between excitation point and measurement points calculated

 Modes of structure identified

Amplitude First
Mode Second
Mode
Third
Mode
Beam
Acceleration

White
noise  Force
excitation

Press anywhere
to advance animation
 Modal Testing
On individual parts
On small
simple On assemblies
structures
On trains
Click to animate
model On disk drives

On aircrafts
On large
complicated
structures
On all types
of structures

Press Esc to
stop animation
 Operational Deflection Shape vs Modal Testing
ODS Modal Testing
Goal: Determine the forced Construction of a mathematical model
dynamic deflection at the of the inherent dynamic properties
operating speed and behaviour of a structure

Means: Measurement of Measurement of the Frequency

Transmissibility between Response Function between force
reference transducer and transducer at driving point and
roving transducer roving transducer

Xi X(f)

Xi X(f)
T= H(f) =
Xref F(f) F(f)
Xref
Typical Application of ODS
 Case History from Super Tanker

3. Optimal
modification by
rod connection
of engine top

1. First modification
proposal: 10 tons of
transverse girders for
deck stiffening

2. Operational
Deflection Shape
at 2nd harmonic
frequency