CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature which serve as basis to strengthen
the conceptual framework of the present study.
2.1 Related Studies

According to Armstrong (2001), “Training is systematic development of

knowledge, skill and attitudes required by an individual to perform adequately a

given task or job”.

Furthermore, Merriam Webster (2019) defines the term “training” as the

process of planned programs and procedures undertaken for the improvement of

employees performance in terms of his attitude, skills, knowledge and behavior.

These training and development programs can significally improve the overall

performance of organization. Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others,

any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has

specific goals of improving one’s capability, capacity, productivity and performance.

Morill Act of (1862) the concept of ROTC in the United States began with the

established of the land-grant colleges. Part of the federal government’s requirement

for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum,

forming what became known as ROTC. The college which ROTC originated is

Norwhich University in Northfield, Vermont. Later on, in the study of Long in 2003,

the National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the establishment of a senior and junior
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division of ROTC that was ruled by active or retired military personnel who provide

military and drill instruction three periods per week for two years. Perusse (1994)

Through the years of JROTC, the program has evolved in response to the

political and public pressure it has faced, and has significally expanded its presence

within the American secondary educational system with an emphasis on motivating

young people to better citizens (Laurence & Estrada, 2002).

In the Philippines, during Spanish colonial rule Filipinos were drafted for

military service and developed as auxiliary forces both in local and foreign campaigns

of Spanish Empire.

ROTC in the Philippines began in 1912 when the Philippine Constabulary

commenced with military instruction at the University of the Philippines. The

university’s Board of Regents then made representations to the United States

Department of War through the Governor-General and received the services od

United States Army officer who took on the duties of a professor of Military Science.

Through this arrangement, the first official ROTC unit in the Philippines was

established in the University of the Philippines on July 3, 1992, John (2018)

President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 207 in order to

implement the National Defense Act. of 1935, otherwise known as Commonwealth

Act No. 1, the embodiment of the national defense plan formulated by General

Douglas MacArthur for the Philippine Commonwealth. This executive order made

ROTC obligatory at all colleges and universities with a total enrolment of 100

students and greater. This measure was made in order to help fill out the reserve force

requirement of 40,000 men by 1946 and especially for junior reserve forces.
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Commonwealth Act No. 1, the National Defense Act of 1935, referred to the

ROTC as the “Reserve Officers Training Corps”, whereas Republic Act No. 7077, the

Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991, referred to the ROTC.

Republic Act No. 9163, The National Service Training Prigram Act of 2001 likely

uses the same possessive form as RA 7077. Libao (2008)

According to Raprosas (2017) The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)

is one of the three program components of the national service training program

(NSTP) which focuses on military training and preparedness for national defense.

ROTC would not be restored \Amendments were implemented when he signed

presidential degree No.1706s 1980, also known as the National Service Law.

It becomes an optional program in 2001 with the National Service Training

Program act (Republic Act 9163). This was after a “crisis” caused by the death of

UST ROTC members Mark Chua, in the same year. As with the pattern once

employed by Marcos, NSTP divide National service into three components: Civil

Welfare Training Service (CWTS), Literacy Training Service (LTS), And Military

Training (ROTC). With this move, ROTC student were greatly reduced from

8,000,000 in 2000 to 150,000 in 2012. Most students prefer to take CWTS or LTS as

National Service Program.

In SONA of President Duterte 2019, one of its highlights is the revival of

ROTC among senior high school saying that it would “strengthen” the defense of the

country alongside the proposed National Defense Act. Furtheremore, it could “instill

discipline and patriotism among young Filipinos”. Sofia Tomacruz, (2019).

Furthermore, Sen. Sherwin “Win” Gachalian stated that the inclusion of

ROTC in Grades 11 and 12 will help to develop discipline and build the character of

the youth, He support and file a Senate Bill 200 that make ROTC regulation for the

college, Universities, and Technical Vocational Schools, He designated by the Senate

Committee on Education, Arts, and Culture Chairman of the Subcommittee on ROTC

tasked to study the possible “re-institutionalization” of the said program, Pulse Asia

(2019). But some of the legislators had argued that requiring ROTC for students

would expose them to corruption. Such as, Sen. Risa Hontiveros said that revival of

mandatory reserve officer training corps (ROTC) program for grade 11 and 12 united

nations convention or the rights of the child, and she said that most of the senior high

school student is under aged and they are minors and the student "remain optional "

and they have the rights to choose for the fulfillment of their socio-civic

responsibilities to serve our country. " mandatory militaristics courses don't show the

inculcating love of country. Love of country deeper the understanding of social

responsibilities, Galvez (2019). And, According to Sen. Imee Marcos "You can't

force children to be a soldier, and you don't need to be a soldier just to show your

love in our country" and Instead of pushing the ROTC mandatory in senate, she push

the "citizen service program" in grades school and colleges through senate bill 413.

Civic Service could inspire patriotism and discipline in young people and instead of

practicing ROTC in senior high school and colleges. Marcos want to train community

service, disaster preparedness, and environmental protection, Cervantes (2019).

In May 2019 The House of Representatives had passed its version of the

measure, which sought to make military training mandatory for all student in Grade
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11 and 12 in all Senior High School in Public and Private Educational Institutions

Sofia Tomacruz, (2019).

In line with this, the revival of Mandatory ROTC for Senior High School has

set various impacts, opinions, and insights to the citizens especially to the students

involved in the said program.

2.2 Conceptual framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Level of Senior High School

Intervening Variable

Figure 1: The Conceptual Paradigm

Demographic Profile

 Age
 Gender

This conceptual framework is divided into three boxes which shows

Mandatory ROTC for Senior High School students (independent variable). Level of
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Perception (dependent variable) and Demographic Profile which is the age and

gender ( intervening variable). The purpose of this study is to determine the Level of

Perception on Mandatory ROTC for Senior High School students.