Definition and Characteristics of Research
Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including
knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications."
The title is likely the first exposure of a research paper to a potential audience, it should be constructed with care and
with purpose.
Different people may interpret the title differently, so a researcher should ask a number of people to critique his title
and tell him what they think the paper is about before they even read it.
A research is based on some logical rationale and tied to theory. In a way that it has the potential to suggest
directions for future research.
The researcher should sincerely interested and/or invested in this research.
Researcher should have an excellent written communications and be fluent in the language of business”
Researchers must be able to take a step back and analyze the situation presented to them.
Good critics are essential.
Quantitative research,
qualitative research,
mixed approach
The Two Classification of Research Design for Quantitative Research
True experimental
Quasi-experimental
The Two Types of Survey Research
Cross-sectional Study
Longitudinal Study
Types of Literature
Research Literature
Non-Research References
The Three Variables in Research
Dependent Variables,
Independent Variables,
Extraneous Variables
The 3T’s in selecting a Research Topic
Timely,
Trending,
Trail Blazing
ANALYTICAL PHASE - This is the most challenging phase of the research process.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups
ascribe to a social or human problem.
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES - An approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among
variables.
MIXED APPROACH- It is an inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two
forms of data.
RESEARCH- The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
HYPOTHESIS- A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point
for further investigation.
PLAGIARISM - The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.
PRAGMATIC- Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than
theoretical considerations.
POST POSITIVIST - Critical realist recognizes that all observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is
revisable.
LITERATURES- An adherent of a view that admits as valid only constructive proofs and entities demonstrable by
them.
MANUSCRIPT- The final written output.
QUANTITATIVE- A field of applied statistics of human studies the sampling of individual units from a population
and associated with data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number
and accuracy of responses from the respondents.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY- Is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES - Any variables that you are not intentionally studying in your experiment or test.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES- A variable whose value depends on that of another.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- A variable whose variation does not depend on that of another.
COMPARATIVE STUDY- A study in which a participant is randomly assigned to one of two or more different
treatment groups for purposes of comparing the effects of the treatments.
GANTT CHART- A chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the amount of work done or production
completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those periods.
CITATION- A quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.
MIXED APPROACH- Is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative
subset, at a specific point in time.
