TERM PAPER ON
“Analysis of a Rectangular Plate with a
Circular Hole”
Submitted by: Submitted to:
PIYUSH GUPTA Dr. C. Venkatesan
[Link] (AMD) Professor, IIT JODHPUR
MT19AMD018
(1) Abstract:
A plate with a circular hole under plane stress is studied & results of
both theoretical and finite element approaches are compared with
experimental results which have been given in Design Data Book.
Stress distribution around the hole in a rectangular plate is studied
using Finite Element analysis under the action of one dimensional
axial tensile loading. The objective of this paper is to study the
variation of results obtained in different cases and to show the error
between these results.
(2) Introduction:
Stress concentration is a major factor that should be taken into
account while designing structures component. Holes in machine
parts will generate sudden rise in the magnitude of stresses. I have
analysed the stress concentration around a circular hole with
theoretical analysis using theory of elasticity and compared it with
Finite element analysis.
2.1 Mechanical Properties:
In our problem, we deal with 3 mechanical properties:
Density: mass per unit volume
Modulus of Elasticity: calculates the stiffness of material
Poisson’s Ratio: Ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
Properties Symbols Units Values
Density ρ Kg/m3 7854
Modulus of E KN/mm2 210
Elasticity
Poisson’s Ratio µ -- 0.3
(3) Problem Definition:
60 mm
2000
N 40 mm
We assume a rectangular plate with dimensions 60 mm x 40 mm.
This plate is experiencing an axial tensile load of 2000 N. The value
for Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be 0.3 and Young’s Modulus is taken
as 210GPa. The diameter of circle is assumed to be 10 mm. Plate
thickness is taken as 1 mm. Plane stress assumption is taken.
(4) Exact Analysis:
Fig: Plate under Fig: Plate under
Tensile loading compressive loading
Consider a rectangular plate with a small hole of radius p, subjected
to a uniform tensile stress σ. The stress distribution at a distance r,
from the centre of hole having radius p, can be exactly determined
by these equations:
σr = σ/2 (1 - p2/r2) + σ/2 (1 + 3p4/r4 – 4p2/r2 ) cos2ϴ
σϴ = σ/2 (1 + p2/r2) – σ/2 (1 + 3p4/r4) cos2ϴ
τrϴ = -σ/2 (1 - 3p4/r4 + 2p2/r2) sin2ϴ
When p = r, then
σr = τrϴ = 0;
σϴ = σ (1 - 2cos2ϴ)
Now we will analyse tangential stress which is the only stress present
around the hole at different values of ϴ.
At ϴ = 0, σϴ = -σ;
At ϴ = 90, σϴ = 3σ which is maximum.
It can be seen that σϴ is maximum when ϴ = 90 or ϴ = 270, i.e. at the
ends of the diameter of hole perpendicular to the direction of σ and
experiences a tensile magnitude of 3σ. Similarly when ϴ = 0 or ϴ =
180 i.e. at the ends of diameter of hole in the same direction of σ, we
will have a compressive stress of magnitude σ.
If we reverse the state of stress σ at the ends of plate from tensile to
compressive, the sign of stresses around the hole also get reversed.
Now the ends of diameter of the hole which are perpendicular to
direction of loading, will experience a compressive stress of
magnitude 3σ and the other ends of diameter of hole in the same
direction of loading will experience a tensile stress of magnitude σ.
This property is very useful when the material is brittle like glass.
In our problem,
Nominal stress σnom = P/ (w-d)*t
σnom = 2000/ (40-10)*1
σnom = 66.67 MPa
Stress concentration factor obtained from theoretical analysis
is,
Kt = σmax/σnominal
Kt = 3σ/σ = 3
From the exact theory analysis, the stress σ ϴ at a distance r
from the centre across a section perpendicular to the direction
of axial tensile loading is given by,
σϴ = σ/2 (1+p2/r2) – σ/2 (1+3p4/r4) cos2ϴ
As ϴ = 90, so from above equation,
σϴ = σ/2 (1+p2/r2) – σ/2 (1+3p4/r4) cos(2×90)
Thus we obtain this relation,
σϴ = σ/2 (2+p2/r2+3p4/r4)
Distance from centre Value of tangential stress
r=p σϴ = 3σ = 200 MPa = σmax
r = 2p σϴ = 1.22σ = 81.33 MPa
r = 3p σϴ = 1.074σ = 71.60 MPa
r = 4p σϴ= 1.037σ = 69.136 MPa
(5) Experimental Analysis:
Experimental methods for finding out stress concentration factors
are based upon photo-elasticity technique. RE. Peterson was the first
person who developed charts for stress concentration factors. We
use these charts for finding out values for Kt while designing different
components.
Experimentally (according to design book), it has been observed that
the value for Kt in this case depends upon (2p/w) ratio where p is
radius of hole and w is width of the plate.
For a rectangular plate containing a circular hole, the static
stress concentration factor depends upon (2p/w) which is given
as:
Kt = 3 – 3.13 (2p/w) + 3.66 (2p/w)2 – 1.53 (2p/w)3
For our case,
2p/w = 10/40 = 0.25
By putting value in above equation,
Kt = 3 – 3.13 (0.25) + 3.66 (0.25)2 – 1.53 (0.25)3
Kt = 2.422
f(x)
3.5
2.5
2
f(x)
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fig: Chart for stress concentration factor (tensile or compressive
loading)
In above graph,
On X-axis: values represent (2p/w) ratio.
On Y-axis: Values of stress concentration factor (Kt)
(6)Finite Element Analysis:
Now based on these data, we created a model in ANSYS which is as
follows:
Figure: Stress Distribution across the plate
Fig: Meshed contour and Refining of plate with hole
Maximum Stress according to Finite Element analysis,
σmax = 162.404 MPa
we have already calculated nominal stress which is,
σnom = 66.67 MPa
So, Stress concentration factor is,
Kt = σmax/σnom
Kt = 162.404/66.67 = 2.436
This result of static stress concentration factor from this finite
element approach is well within 2% from the results of experimental
approach.
(7) Results:
Relative error between finite element and experimental
method is
2.436−2.422
= 2.422 × 100
= 0.578 %
Relative error between finite element and exact analysis is
3−2.436
= 3 × 100
= 18.8 %
The reason behind this big error is that exact analysis does not take
hole dimensions and plate dimensions into consideration. Whatever
the hole size or plate size is, the value for static stress concentration
factor remains constant as 3 which is not the case with experimental
analysis. As we have seen in experimental analysis that value for
stress concentration factor depends upon hole and plate sizes.
[Link] Factors Exact Analysis Experimental Finite
Analysis Element
Analysis
1. Stress 3.0 2.422 2.436
Concentration
Factor (Kt)
2. Maximum 200 MPa 161.467 MPa 162.404 MPa
stress (σmax)
3. Nominal 66.67 MPa 66.67 MPa 66.67 MPa
Stress (σnom)
(8) Conclusions:
In this paper, an effort is made to review the results obtained
through various methods for stress analysis of a rectangular
plate containing a circular hole.
A detailed comparison with exact analysis is shown in this
paper to get an idea about the deviation of other analysis with
the exact one.
At present, Finite Element analysis is used to find out stress
concentration factors which is more accurate and shows less
deviation from experimental results.
(9) References:
Advanced Mechanics of Solid by L S Srinath, 3rd Edition, The McGraw-Hill
Companies.
Design of Machine Elements, 4th Edition by V B Bhandari, McGraw Hill
Education.
Patel Dharmin, Panchal Khushbu, Jadav Chetan “a review on stress
analysis of an infinite plate with cut-outs”.
