SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER

Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between

members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring

pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to people of the same sex. It "also

refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and

membership in a community of others who share those attractions."( McAnulty&Burnette,

2003).

According to Kinsey’s six-point scale the term ‘homosexuality’ is viewed as one of the

three main categories of sexual orientation with the heterosexual–homosexual continuum.

The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual–Homosexual Rating Scale, is used in research to

describe a person's sexual orientation based on their experience or response at a given time. It

was coined in the late 19th century by a German psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert. Until the

end of the 19th century, it was generally believed that people were either heterosexual or

homosexual. According to current scientific and professional understanding, the core attractions

that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and

early adolescence. A period of transition from childhood to adulthood during which an individual

adjusts to the biological, emotional, sexual and social changes associated with the transition from

childhood to adulthood (Berger, 2001). Adolescence is defined as a bridge between the asexual

child and sexual adult (Feldman, 1999).

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According to Christopher, it is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation with

sexual fantasies and realities, of incorporating sexuality into one’s identity.

Bischof stated that adolescence is also a period where the individual thinks that

conforming to group norms and peer pressure would make him be accepted.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth (LGBT) continue to face extreme

discrimination within environment. However, the truth is that homosexuality is, and has been for

a very long time, natural, while the definition of normal varies from person to person, being

normal does not suggest being special or unique, and could even be used as a derogatory

description. Being gay or bisexual should not be considered as immoral or criminal by itself,

especially when considering the statistics of hate crimes, often violent, due to sexual-orientation

bias.

Societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different

historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All

cultures have their own values regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality, some sanction

same-sex love and sexuality, while others may disapprove of such activities in part.

Adolescents’ and young adults’ perception on homosexuality plays an important role in

the marginalization and stigmatization of the homosexual, thereby influencing his or her health.

The school campus is occupied with adolescents who represent a larger society that continues to

struggle with biases and mistrust, misunderstandings and prejudice of individuals who do not fit

the norm. Colleges and universities becomes a welcoming environment where individuals of

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different backgrounds can interact as a supportive and unified body. While this is true for many

students, the on-campus reality for marginalized student groups is not nearly so affirming.

Some of the universities support equality among individuals of different genders,

races/ethnicities, religious denomination and physical disabilities in the course of more

diversified on-campus programming, classes, and co-curricular activities. Despite the many gains

of higher education toward cross-cultural acceptance, living in an imperfect society all but

guarantees misunderstandings and ignorance, thus resulting in unjust discrimination.

The purpose of this study is to determine and examine the perception on homosexuality

among the students in Surigao Education Center. Furthermore, this study is chosen because the

researchers are very interested to learn and know about attitudes of adolescent and young adults

towards homosexuals, to know if they share the same ideas or thoughts on such. And most

importantly the researches want to gain more information and knowledge regarding

homosexuals.

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Review of Related Literature

The word homosexual is a Greek and Latin hybrid, with the first element derived from

Greek homos, "same" (not related to the Latin homo, "man", as in Homo sapiens), thus

connoting sexual acts and affections between members of the same sex, including lesbianism.

The first known appearance of homosexual in print is found in an 1869 German pamphlet by the

Austrian-born novelist Karl-Maria Kertbeny, published anonymously, arguing against a Prussian

anti-sodomy law. In 1886, Richard von Krafft-Ebing used the terms homosexual and

heterosexual in his book PsychopathiaSexualis. Krafft-Ebing's book was so popular among both

laymen and doctors that the terms "heterosexual" and "homosexual" became the most widely

accepted terms for sexual orientation. As such, the current use of the term has its roots in the

broader 19th-century tradition of personality taxonomy.

Researchers who study human sexuality believe that sexual orientation develops and

changes over a person's lifetime. Having feelings about or even having a sexual experience with

a person of the same sex doesn't necessarily mean that a person is gay or bisexual. It's not

uncommon for people to experiment with their sexuality, especially during adolescence and

young adulthood. It is often argued that homosexuality or bisexuality are not normal, or not

natural, and that they have no place on this Earth. This, however, is just a misconception based

on insufficient information or indoctrination.

Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is

caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, and do not

view it as a choice. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the

early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors.

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There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences

play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. While some people believe that homosexual

activity is unnatural, scientific research has shown that homosexuality is a normal and natural

variation in human sexuality and is not in and of itself a source of negative psychological effects.

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of psychological interventions to change sexual

orientation.

In some ways we could argue that since it happens at all, that it is natural. Unless we

assume there is some unnatural external force teaching or manipulating some of us, seemingly at

random, which could change what we were sexually attracted to. Of course some people claim

this to be the case; claiming the cause is the media or the devil, and unfortunately some naturally

homosexual people believe that too, living a life in denial, or attending some conversion therapy

in an attempt to ‘be normal’.

No one knows why some people are homosexual. Some people who study human

sexuality believe that sexuality is a result of genetics, social or individual factors, alone or in

combination. A common misperception is that troubled family relationships cause people to be

homosexual, but no scientifically sound research supports this myth.

The most common terms for homosexual people are lesbian for females and gay for

males, though gay is also used to refer generally to both homosexual males and females. The

number of people who identify as gay or lesbian and the proportion of people who have same-

sex sexual experiences are difficult for researchers to estimate reliably for a variety of reasons,

including many gay or lesbian people not openly identifying as such due to homophobia and

heterosexist discrimination.

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Not only in the Philippines, but it is universal in the LGBT community that each

individual encounters or has encountered some sort of identity crisis—which may not be as grave

as the other—before they come to terms with themselves and the people around them. It was

reported by Inquirer.net (June 8, 2013) that a survey was conducted by the Pew Research Center,

which results made the Philippines rank 10 out of 17 countries as one of the most gay-friendly

countries because of the country’s high level of public acceptance of homosexuals.

Dr. Margarita Go Singco- Holmes, a psychologist, wrote a book entitled A Different

Love: Being a gay man in the Philippines (2005), which is composed of the mails she received

from gay men who seek advice from her regarding the problems and issues they currently face at

the time. One of the common problems of these men were about their sexuality—that they

weren’t sure what they really were and they also weren’t so sure about “coming out” to the

people close to them, such as their family and friends. These experiences could be supported

through two of these stage models, despite there being many, on the “stages” LGBT people

experience during identity formation.

Homosexuality is not a disease. All major mental health organizations, including the

American Psychological Association (APA), have stated that homosexuality is not a mental

disorder. Being unsure or uncomfortable about your feelings can cause anxiety and stress, which

can sometimes cause physical problems like trouble sleeping, nausea and headache. Talking with

people about how you feel, such as trusted family members and friends, can help reduce your

stress and anxiety.

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Many modern style guides in the U.S. recommend against using homosexual as a noun,

instead using gay man or lesbian. Similarly, some recommend completely avoiding usage of

homosexual as it has a negative, clinical history and because the word only refers to one's sexual

behavior (as opposed to romantic feelings) and thus it has a negative connotation. Gay and

lesbian are the most common alternatives. The first letters are frequently combined to create the

initialism LGBT (sometimes written as GLBT), in which B and T refer to bisexual and

transgender people.

Gay especially refers to male homosexuality, but may be used in a broader sense to refer

to all LGBT people. In the context of sexuality, lesbian refers only to female homosexuality. The

word lesbian is derived from the name of the Greek island Lesbos, where the poet Sappho wrote

largely about her emotional relationships with young women.

Although early writers also used the adjective homosexual to refer to any single-sex

context (such as an all-girls school), today the term is used exclusively in reference to sexual

attraction, activity, and orientation. The term homosocial is now used to describe single-sex

contexts that are not specifically sexual. There is also a word referring to same-sex love,

homophilia.

Some synonyms for same-sex attraction or sexual activity include men who have sex

with men or MSM (used in the medical community when specifically discussing sexual activity)

and homoerotic (referring to works of art). Pejorative terms in English include queer, faggot,

fairy, poof, and homo. Beginning in the 1990s, some of these have been reclaimed as positive

words by gay men and lesbians, as in the usage of queer studies, queer theory, and even the

popular American television program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy.

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The word homo occurs in many other languages without the pejorative connotations it

has in English. As with ethnic slurs and racial slurs, however, the misuse of these terms can still

be highly offensive; the range of acceptable use depends on the context and speaker. Conversely,

gay, a word originally embraced by homosexual men and women as a positive, affirmative term

(as in gay liberation and gay rights), has come into widespread pejorative use among young

people.

The U.S. organization GLAAD (formerly the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against

Defamation) advises the media to avoid using the term homosexual.

In a detailed compilation of historical and ethnographic materials of Preindustrial

Cultures, "strong disapproval of homosexuality was reported for 41% of 42 cultures; it was

accepted or ignored by 21% and 12% reported no such concept. Of 70 ethnographies, 59%

reported homosexuality absent or rare in frequency and 41% reported it present or not

uncommon. "Burning of two homosexuals at the stake outside Zürich, 1482 (Spiezer Schilling).

In cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions, the law and the church established

sodomy as a transgression against divine law or a crime against nature. The condemnation of

anal sex between males, however, predates Christian belief. It was frequent in ancient Greece;

"unnatural" can be traced back to Plato.

Many historical figures, including Socrates, Lord Byron, Edward II, and Hadrian, have

had terms such as gay or bisexual applied to them; some scholars, such as Michel Foucault, have

regarded this as risking the anachronistic introduction of a contemporary construction of

sexuality foreign to their times, though others challenge this.

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In social science, there has been a dispute between "essentialist" and "constructionist"

views of homosexuality. The debate divides those who believe that terms such as "gay" and

"straight" refer to objective, culturally invariant properties of persons from those who believe

that the experiences they name are artifacts of unique cultural and social processes.

"Essentialists" typically believe that sexual preferences are determined by biological forces,

while "constructionists" assume that sexual desires are learned. Philosopher of science Michael

Ruse has stated that the social constructionist approach, which is influenced by Foucault, is

based on a selective reading of the historical record that confuses the existence of homosexual

people with how they are labeled or treated.

On the one hand, according to Plummer (1975), there are four stages in identity

formation, namely: Sensitization (where one thinks about one’s sexual identity), Significance

and disorientation (accepting that one has deviated from the social norm and has accepted the

consequences that would follow), Coming out (where one, as they say, “goes public” and is more

firm with one’s identity), and Stabilization (where one doesn’t question his/her sexual identity

any longer.) Plummer argues, however, the one who has reached the last stage is “being

imprisoned by his own deviancy and will suffer a new form of oppression by his own sexual

subgroup.”

According to Coleman (1982) suggests that there are five stages to this formation, which

are: Before coming out (the individual feels strongly different which results to low self-esteem

and feeling “abnormal”), Coming out (being able to resolve the aforementioned crisis and is

seeking acceptance from friends, most especially heterosexual friends as gaining acceptance

from them has a more positive reaction for their self-acceptance), Exploration (where they start

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to get curious what being their sexuality really is; this is usually being done through sexual

tendencies), First relationships (where they start to have a serious relationship with someone, and

that they have a more stable self-identity), and Integration (where the individual strengthens the

bond between one’s private and public self).

However, this differs as Coleman stated that even though one has reached the last stage,

one may still experience the other stages again, as well; but he also adds that it would be difficult

to reach the last stage if there were still complications from the prior stages.

There is no agreement among the scientific community, religious groups or homosexual

people themselves as to the definition of homosexuality.

Lawrence J. Hatter, author of Changing Homosexuality in the Male, has given this

definition: "One who is motivated, in adult life, by a definite preferential erotic attraction to

members of the same sex and who usually, but not necessarily, engages in overt sexual relations

with them." We've found this to be a good working definition, though a full explanation of the

condition of homosexuality goes much deeper.

Perhaps the most dangerous myth cited by the pro-homosexuality movement is that

modern science has proven that homosexuality is innate and immutable. The inference, of

course, is that if they are born that way, then homosexuality cannot be considered immoral or

unnatural; the homosexual is just following his or her genes. There is no scientific evidence to

support the notion that homosexuality is inherited. It is safe to say that one's genetic and

biological makeup does indeed determine his or her sex, but not his or her sexual preference.

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A psychological susceptibility toward homosexuality that occurs so early in life that the

person thinks he was born with it, yet no one is born homosexual. It is formed in him or her.

Homosexuality as a learned behavior. The Person develop homosexuality by thinking positively

of homosexual practices.

The American Psychiatric Association's (APA) 1973 declassification of homosexuality as

a mental disorder.

Peri Jude, President of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), asserted on

the ABC news show Nightline: Homosexuality is not an illness; it is not something that needs to

be cured. We are normal, natural and healthy people.

Homosexuality, an official publication of The Institute for Sex Research founded by

Alfred Kinsey, Alan Bell, and Martin Weinberg, reported that only ten percent of male

homosexuals could be termed as "relatively monogamous" or "relatively less promiscuous."

Additional findings showed that 60 percent of male homosexuals had more than 250 lifetime

sexual partners, and 28 percent of male homosexuals had more than 1,000 lifetime sexual

partners. Another startling fact is that 79 percent admitted that more than half of their sexual

partners were strangers.

Sexual Practice: 70% of Americans with AIDS are male homosexuals or bisexuals.

Suicide: Gay teens are 2 to 3 times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers.

They account for up to 30 percent of all completed suicides among teens.

In 1989, suicide was the leading cause of death among gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered

youth (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989).

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Isolation: 50% of lesbian and gay youth report parental rejection because of their sexual

orientation.

Chemical Dependency: In a study of gay male adolescents, 68% reported alcohol use; 26%

reporting the use of alcohol once or more per week. 44% report using other drugs and 8%

consider themselves drug dependent. 83% of young lesbians report alcohol use and 56% report

using other drugs. 11% had used crack/cocaine in the three months preceding the study.

Rosariou M., Hunter J, Rotheram-Borus MJ (1992).Unpublished data on lesbian

adolescents.HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric

Institute.

Sigmund Freud's views on homosexuality have been described as deterministic, whereas

he would ascribe biological and psychological factors in explaining the principal causes of

homosexuality. Freud believed that humans are born with unfocused sexual libidinal drives, and

therefore argued that homosexuality might be a deviation from this. Nevertheless, he also felt

that certain deeply rooted forms of homosexuality were difficult or impossible to change.

Freud's most important articles on homosexuality were written between 1905, when he

published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and 1922, when he published "Certain

Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia, and Homosexuality". Freud believed that all

humans were bisexual, by whom he primarily meant that everyone incorporates aspects of both

sexes, and that everyone is sexually attracted to both sexes. In his view, this was true

anatomically and therefore also mentally and psychologically. Heterosexuality and

homosexuality both developed from this original bisexual disposition. As one of the causes of

homosexuality, Freud mentions the distressing heterosexual experience:

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"Those cases are of particular interest in which the libido changes over to an inverted sexual

object after a distressing experience with a normal one."

Freud appears to have been undecided whether or not homosexuality was pathological,

expressing different views on this issue at different times and places in his work. Freud

frequently called homosexuality an "inversion", something which in his view was distinct from

the necessarily pathological perversions, and suggested that several distinct kinds might exist,

cautioning that his conclusions about it were based on a small and not necessarily representative

sample of patients.

Freud derived much of his information on homosexuality from psychiatrists and

sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Magnus Hirschfeld, and was also influenced

by EugenSteinach, a Viennese endocrinologist who transplanted testicles from straight men into

gay men in attempts to change their sexual orientation. Freud stated that Steinach's research had

"thrown a strong light on the organic determinants of homoeroticism", but cautioned that it was

premature to expect that the operations he performed would make possible a therapy that could

be generally applied. In his view, such transplant operations would be effective in changing

sexual orientation only in cases in which homosexuality was strongly associated with physical

characteristics typical of the opposite sex, and probably no similar therapy could be applied to

lesbianism. In fact Steinach's method was doomed to failure because the immune systems of his

patients rejected the transplanted glands, and was eventually exposed as ineffective and often

harmful.

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Views on attempts to change homosexuality

Freud believed that homosexuals could seldom be convinced that sex with someone of

the opposite sex would provide them with the same pleasure they derived from sex with someone

of the same sex. Patients often had only superficial reasons to want to become heterosexual,

pursuing treatment due to social disapproval, which was not a strong enough motive for change.

Some patients might have no real desire to become heterosexual, seeking treatment only

so that they could convince themselves that they had done everything possible to change, leaving

them free to return to homosexuality afterwards. Freud, therefore, told the parents only that he

was prepared to study their daughter to determine what effects therapy might have. Freud

concluded that he was probably dealing with a case of biologically innate homosexuality, and

eventually broke off the treatment because of what he saw as his patient's hostility to men.

Modern perspectives

Though modern medical professional organizations share Freud's opinion that attempts to

change sexual orientation are not helpful, they also do not find that a sort of arrested

development explains homosexuality or that interpersonal relationships are what determine

sexual orientation. More scientific research has since found other biological factors that

influence sexual attraction, with environmental factors weighing more on sexual behavior than

sexual orientation.

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The Pope Francis Statement That Changed the Church on LGBT Issues (July 29, 2015)

According to Pope Francis, “If someone is gay and searches for the Lord and has good

will, who am I to judge?” Under the leadership of Pope Francis, the Catholic Church is evolving

on LGBT issues. As theologian David Cloutier has noted, the process isn’t political—it's

spiritual. The church is beginning to discern more deeply the full measure of God’s presence in

LGBT individuals and, yes, couples, too. There have been five notable moments in this

evolution.

Pope Francis said that God doesn’t condemn LGBT individuals — Sept. 30, 2013

In an interview with America Magazine, Pope Francis revealed his pastoral approach toward the

LGBT community:

A person once asked me, in a provocative manner, if I approved of homosexuality. I replied with

another question: ‘Tell me: when God looks at a gay person, does he endorse the existence of

this person with love, or reject and condemn this person?’ We must always consider the person.

Here we enter into the mystery of the human being.

Pope Francis suggested the church could be open to civil unions — March 5, 2014

Francis said in an interview that the church could be open to same-sex civil unions, a view he

had first voiced as archbishop of Buenos Aires. The pope reiterated the church’s teaching that a

“marriage is between a man and a woman” but argued that on civil unions, “we have to look at

different cases and evaluate them in their variety.”

The bishops gathered for Pope Francis’s Synod on the Family in October 2014 issued a

report suggesting that the church should create a more inclusive space for LGBT Catholics. In

the document, they said that the LGBT community has “gifts and qualities to offer to the

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Christian community,” and they asked, “Are we capable of welcoming these people,

guaranteeing to them a fraternal space in our communities?” Though this language was rejected

in the final draft, it sparked a conversation that the church could formally change its stance

toward the LGBT community when the bishops meet again this October.

The pope began a series of meetings and dialogues with LGBT individuals and activists — 2015

Throughout the first months of 2015, Pope Francis had several encounters with LGBT

individuals and groups, including a transgender man from Spain who was excluded from his

parish community and gay and transgender prisoners in Naples. The Vatican also gave the VIP

treatment to a pro-LGBT American Catholic group visiting Rome and the pope met with a gay

Paraguayan activist during his recent trip to South America.

Collectively these events signal a church that is more open to welcoming the LGBT

community and the diverse realities of the modern family than it was two years ago. After the

Supreme Court’s ruling in support of same-sex marriage, BlaseCupich, Pope Francis’s

handpicked archbishop of Chicago, said the church’s respect for LGBT individuals “must be

real, not rhetorical, and ever reflective of the Church’s commitment to accompanying all

people.” Such language would have been rare two years ago. Today it's expected.

As the United States and other countries grapple with the issue of same-sex marriage, a

new Pew Research Center survey finds huge variance by region on the broader question of

whether homosexuality should be accepted or rejected by society.

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Conceptual Framework of the Study

The study is mainly focused on determining the perception on homosexuality among the

students of Surigao Education Center.

As illustrated in the diagram, Figure 1 shows the interplay of the dependent and

independent variables. Box 1 shows how the participants perceive homosexuality depending on

their age, sex, civil status, course and year level and religion. These are important variables used

in determining on how they perceive homosexuality.

The second box shows the independent variables which include; self-identified sexual

orientation as this would affect the results on how they see themselves. Knowledge on sexual and

reproductive health determines their wisdom and idea on how they interpret the questions.

Family values affects the perception of the respondents as it is based on their environment on

how they were raised. Gender role values and religious beliefs has a great impact on the

perception of the respondents since other religion discriminate gender and some religious groups

suppress women rights and they are not valued greatly in other religious groups. These factors

may greatly influence the Perception on Homosexuality among the Students of Surigao

Education Center.

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Profile of the Perception on

respondents according homosexuality among
to: the Students of
Surigao Education
Age Center in terms of:

Sex Identified sexual

orientation
Civil Status Knowledge on sexual
and reproductive
Course and year level health.
Family values and
Religion Religious beliefs
Gender role values

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of Study

Statement of the Problem

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This study aimed to determine the Perception on Homosexuality among the Students of

Surigao Education Center, Surigao City, Surigao Del Norte. Specifically, it will answer the

following questions:

1. What is the profile of the participants according to:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Year Level

1.4 Religion

2. What is the perception of homosexuality among adolescent and young adult students

of SEC in terms of:

2.1 Self-identified sexual orientation

2.2 knowledge on sexual reproductive health

2.3 family values & religious beliefs

2.4 gender role values

3. Is there a significant difference in the Perception on Homosexuality among the

Students of Surigao Education Center when grouped according to their profile

variables?

Null Hypothesis of the Study

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There is no significant difference on the Perception on Homosexuality among the

Students of Surigao Education Center when grouped according to their profile variables.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study are of great benefit to the following:

Students.This study is a very timely issue that needs to be discussed thoroughly since it clearly

affects their interpersonal relationships with others the students will be enlightened as to how

they perceive homosexuality and the underlying factors that contributed to such insight.

Faculty and Staff.This study will give them the idea to come up with alternative techniques that

promote learning and discourage discrimination against them and recommend school activities to

the institution that raise sexual awareness and equality.

School.The result of this study will give them data in drafting policy that will effectively address

gender discrimination issues and conduct seminar/awareness campaign to all students that will

focus on acceptance and homosexual empowerment.

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Future Researchers.This study may serve as a reference material to those who would like to

look for several ideas and future studies about Perception on Homosexuality among Adolescents

and Young Adult Students.

Researcher.This study will enhance our knowledge and help us gain more information on the

Perception on Homosexuality among Adolescents and Young Adult Students.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused on determining the Perception on Homosexuality among the Students

of Surigao Education Center, Surigao City, Surigao Del Norte. This study was conducted within

the premises of Surigao Education Center, Surigao City, Surigao Del Norte, in the first semester

of school year 2017-2018.

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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity, the following terms are defined conceptually and some terms

are defined operationally:

Family Values – values held to be traditionally learned or reinforced within a family, such as

those of high moral standards and discipline. Also refers to as traditional or cultural values that

are passed on from generation to generation within families that pertains to the family’s

structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals.

Gender Role – is a set of societal norms dictating the types of behaviors which are generally

considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirables for people based on their actual or perceived

sex or sexuality.

Homosexuality – is a romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members

of the same sex or gender.

Homosexual – a person who is sexually attracted to people of their own sex.

Reproductive Health - addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages

of life.

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Religious Belief – refers to attitude towards mythological, supernatural, or spiritual aspects of

religion. Religious belief is distinct from religious practice or religious behaviors with some

believers not practicing religion and some practitioners not believing religion.

Sexual Health – is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It

requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the

possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination

and violence.

Sexual Orientation – a person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are

attracted, the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual.

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CHAPTER 2

Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the method used in the study that includes the research design, the

participants, instruments, data gathering procedure and data analysis.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive normative survey method. This was used since it will

involve the collection and description of the data concerning the Perception on Homosexuality

among Students of Surigao Education Center.

Participants

The participants of the study were the randomly selected students ages 13-21 years old

coming from the junior and senior high school and college departments of Surigao Education

Center. The stratified random sampling method was utilized in the study.

Instruments

This study utilized a structured survey questionnaire in gathering the data. There are two

parts of questionnaire; the first part is to elicit the profile data of the participants; and the second

part is assessing the perception of homosexuality among the students of Surigao Education

Center. The items in the questionnaire was checked and validated by the experts for content

validation.

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Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers sent a letter to the Deans or program heads of the different departments

asking permission to conduct a study on their students regarding on their perception of

homosexuality. The researchers did some interview to the participants and personally distributed

the questionnaires to them after which the questionnaires were then retrieved once the

participants are done answering.

Data Analysis

The researchers used the frequency count and percentage computations to describe the

profile of the participants. Mean is computed by adding all the data points in population and then

dividing the total by the number of points and Standard deviation will also be used to quantify

the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values; these are used to determine the

Perception on Homosexuality among the Students of Surigao Education Center. The ANOVA on

the other hand was used to determine the degree of difference or similarity between two or more

groups of data. It is based on the comparison of the average value of a common component. The

researchers used the Likert scale on determining the perception on homosexuality using the

parameters below:

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Parameter and Scale

Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

4 Strongly agree There is full acceptance on

homosexuality among the

respondents
3 Agree There is acceptance on

homosexuality among the

respondents
2 Disagree There is no acceptance on

homosexuality among the

respondents.
1 Strongly disagree There is no full acceptance on

homosexuality among the

respondents.

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Chapter 3

Results and Discussions

(Data Presentation, Interpretation & Analysis)

Table 1 . Profile of the Respondents

Frequency
Profile Variables %
(n=297)
Age (years old)
13 - 15 34 11.4
16 - 18 82 27.6
19 - 21 181 60.9 It
Sex
Male 159.0 54
Female 138.0 46
Self-Identified Sexual
Orientation
Male 144.0 48
Female 127.0 43
Gay 14.0 5
Lesbian 10.0 3
Bisexual 2.0 1
Relationship Status
Single 285.0 96
Married 9.0 3
Separated 3.0 1
Religion
Roman Catholic 251.0 85
Protestant 2.0 1
Islam 1.0 0
Pentecostal 18.0 6
Seventh Day Adventist 3.0 1
Iglesiani Cristo 17.0 6
Jehovah's Witnesses 4.0 1
Others 1.0 0
was shown in the table about the distribution of the respondent’s age, sex, self-identified sexual

orientation, relationship status, and religion. As observed, according to age, 13-15 years old has

the population of 34 (11.4%), 16-18 years old has 82 (27.6%) and 19-21 years old has 181

(60.9%) which is also the highest percentage according to the respondents’ age. In sex, Female

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has the population of 138 (46%) and male with 159 (54%) population of the highest percentage.

In Self-identified Sexual Orientation, it reveals Male has the population of 144 (48%), Female

127 (34%), Gay has 14 (5%), Lesbian with 10 (3%) while Bisexual has 2 (1%). Male has the

highest percentage among the respondents’ according to their Self-Identified Sexual Orientation.

In relationship Status, single has the population of 285 (96%), married has 9 (3%) and separated

with 3(1%) which reveals that single has the highest percentage among the respondents’

according to their relationship status, in Religion, Roman Catholic has the highest population of

251 (85%), followed by Pentecostal with 18 (6%), also the Iglesia ni Cristo with 17 (6%),

Jehovah’s Witnesses with 4 (1%), Seventh Day Adventist with 3 (1%) and Islam 1.

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Table 2. Profile of the Respondents (continuation…)

Profile Variables Frequency (n=297) %
Year Level
First Year 61.0 21
Second Year 96.0 32
Third Year 70.0 24
Fourth Year 31.0 10
Grade 7 6.0 2
Grade 8 8.0 3
Grade 9 7.0 2
Grade 10 4.0 1
Grade 11 7.0 2
Grade 12 7.0 2
Course and Year
Junior High School 24.0 8
Senior High School 15.0 5
BS Accounting Technology 3.0 1
BS Architecture 13.0 4
BS Marine Engineering 38.0 13
Bachelor in Secondary
6.0 2
Education
BS Midwifery 2.0 1
BS Mechanical Engineering 28.0 9
BS Nursing 24.0 8
2-Year Midwifery Program 1.0 0
BS Radiologic Technology 2.0 1
BS HRM 26.0 9
Bachelor in Elementary
7.0 2
Education
BS Business Administration 15.0 5
BS Information Technology 3.0 1
BS Marine Transportation 56.0 19
BS Civil Engineering 14.0 5
BS Computer Engineering 13.0 4
BS Accountancy 2.0 1
BS Electrical Engineering 1.0 0
BS Electronics Engineering 4.0 1

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The table shows the population and percentage of the respondents according to Year

Level and Course. In Year Level, Second year has the population of 96 (32%); third year has 70

(24%). First year has 61(21%), fourth year has 31(10%), Grade 8 has 8(3%) , Grade 9,11 and 12

has 7(2%), Grade 10 has 4(1%) which reveals that second year has the highest percentage while

Grade 10 has the lowest percentage among the respondents according to year level. In course, BS

Marine Transportation has the population of 56(19%), BS Marine Engineering has 38(13%), BS

Mechanical Engineering has 28(9%), BS HRM has 26(9%), BS Nursing has 24(8%), Senior

High School and BS Business Administration has 15(5%), BS Civil Engineering has 14(5%), BS

Architecture and BS Computer Engineering has 13(4%), BS Elementary Education has 7(2%),

BS Secondary Education has 6(2%), BS Electronics Engineering has 4(1%), BS Accounting

Technology and BS Information Technology has 3(1%), BS Midwifery, BS Radiologic

Technology and BS Accountancy has 2(1%), lastly two-year Midwifery Program and BS

Electrical Engineering has 1(0%) which reveals that the respondents with the highest percentage

is BS Marine Transportation while the lowest are two-year Midwifery Program and BS Electrical

Engineering according to course.

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Table 3. Self-identified Sexual Orientation

Details SELF IDENTIFIED SEXUAL ORIENTATION

MALE FEMALE TOTAL
Do you accept/see NO 16 128 144
yourself as male? YES 143 10 153
Do you accept/see NO 145 10 155
yourself as female? YES 14 128 142
Do you accept/see NO 145 138 283
yourself as gay? YES 14 0 14
Do you accept/see NO 159 128 287
yourself as lesbian? YES 0 10 10
Do you accept/see NO 157 138 295
yourself as bisexual? YES 2 0 2
Do you accept/see NO 159 138 297
yourself as YES 0 0 0
transmale/man?
Do you accept/see NO 159 138 297
yourself as
YES 0 0 0
transfemale/woman?

SELF IDENTIFIED SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Male Female Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transman/wo TOTAL
man
143 128 14 10 2 0 297

It was shown on the table on how the respondents see and accept themselves as to what

their Self-Identified Sexual Orientation is. The respondents were asked the following questions

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based on the survey questionnaire provided by the researchers. There were a total of 159 males

and 138 females in the population. To the first question 16 males, 128 females answered NO and

143 males, 10 females answered YES when asked if they see/accept themselves as male. To the

second question 145 males, 10 females answered NO and 12 males, 128 females answered YES

when asked if they see/accept themselves as female. To the third question 145 males, 138

females answered NO and 14 males answered YES when asked if they see/accept themselves as

gay. To the fourth question 159 Males, 128 females answered NO and 10 females answered YES

when asked if they see/accept themselves as lesbian. To the fifth question 157 males, 138

females answered NO and 2 males answered YES when asked if they see/accept themselves as

bisexual. To the last question 159 males and 138 females answered no when asked if they

see/accept themselves as transman/transwoman. According to the result showed in the table, it is

revealed that there are 143 Males, 128 Females, 14 Gay’s, 10 Lesbians, 2 Bisexual and 0 Trans

man/woman. That is how the respondent sees and accepts themselves as to what their Self-

Identifies Sexual orientation is.

Table 4. Knowledge on Sexual and Reproductive Health

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Knowledge on sexual and reproductive

Mean SD Interpretation
health
a. Even a very young girl can get pregnant
if she has sexual intercourse 2.8586 1.01019 SA
after she has had her first period.
b. A girl can become pregnant even if she
only has sex once 2.8822 .98447 SA
c. A boy who has experienced a wet dream
can make a girl pregnant 2.3064 1.13768 DA
d.  A girl is most likely to get pregnant if
her menstrual periods are regular in the SA
middle of her menstrual cycle or about 2.9057 .86478
14 days before menstruation
e. Oral pills, Condoms, Intrauterine
device, Injection, Implanon/Norplant, SA
Emergency contraception,
Creams/Suppository/Jelly, Medical 3.0370 .85541
sterilization are effective contraceptive
methods
f. Condoms can prevent STIs/AIDS 3.1818 .90079 SA
g. Sexual intercourse can transmit
HIV/AIDS 3.2559 .87871 SA
h. Mother with HIV can transfer HIV to
baby during delivery 2.9966 .95330 SA

i. Even a single unprotected sexual

intercourse may make people get HIV 3.0168 .91333 SA
infection
j.  A person infected with an untreated
STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection) 2.8215 1.04225 SA
could become infertile.
There is full
knowledge on
sexual and
Mean 2.9263
reproductive
health among
the respondents

Legend:
Parameter Qualitative Description (QD)
Interpretation
s
There is knowledge on sexual and reproductive health
1.00 - 1.75 Agree (A) among the respondents

1.76 - 2.50 Disagree (DA) There is no knowledge on sexual and reproductive

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health among the respondents

There is full knowledge on sexual and reproductive

2.51 - 3.25 Strongly Agree (SA) health among the respondents

Strongly Disagree There is no full knowledge on sexual and reproductive

3.26 - 4.00
(SDA) health among the respondents

This table revealed the respondents’ knowledge on Sexual and Reproductive Health. The

following questions were from the survey questionnaire provided by the researchers. In Question

A “Even a very young girl can get pregnant if she has sexual intercourse after she has had her

first period”, the mean is 2.8586, SD is 1.01019 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree).

Question B “A girl can become pregnant even if she only has sex once”, the mean is 2.8822, the

SD is .98447 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). C “A boy who has experienced a wet

dream can make a girl pregnant”, the mean is 2.3064, the SD is 1.13768 and the interpretation is

DA (Disagree). D “ A girl is most likely to get pregnant if her menstrual periods are regular in

the middle of her menstrual cycle or about 14 days before menstruation”, the mean is 2.9054, the

SD is .86478 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). E “Oral pills, condoms, Intrauterine

Device, Injection, Implanon/Nonplant, Emergency contraception, Creams/Suppository/Jelly,

Medical Sterilization are effective contraceptive methods”, the mean is 3.0370, the SD is .85541

and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). F “Condoms can prevent STI’s/AIDS” the mean is

3.1818, the SD is .90079 the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). G “Sexual intercourse can

transmit HIV/AIDS”, the mean is 3.2559, the SD is .87871, the interpretation is SA (Strongly

Agree). H “Mother with HIV can transfer HIV to baby during delivery” the mean is 2. 9966, the

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SD is .95330 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). I “Even a single unprotected sexual

intercourse may make people get HIV infection”, the mean is 3.0168, SD is .91333 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). J “A person infected with an untreated STI (Sexually

Transmitted Infection) could become infertile”, the mean is 2.8215, SD is 1.04225 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). In the survey on Knowledge on Sexual and Reproductive

Health, most of the respondents’ answered SA (Strongly Agree) on most of the Questions except

on question “C” which the respondents’ answered DA (Disagree). In the legend provided the

overall mean is 2.9263 which interpret as SA (Strongly Agree) that in Qualitative Description is

full knowledge on sexual reproductive health among the respondents.

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Table 5. Family values and Religious beliefs

Family Values & Religious beliefs Mean SD Interpretation

a.       One's family must be the main source of
3.2222 .94321
trust and dependence. SA
b.       One need not conform to one's family's
2.9630 .80663
or society's expectations. SA
c.       One's achievements should be viewed
3.1448 .88679
as family's achievements SA
d.       The worst thing one can do is to bring
2.9764 .96359
disgrace to one's family reputation SA
e.       Occupational failure does not bring
2.8418 .86907
shame to the family SA
f.        Regardless of what faults one's parents
3.2121 .84956
may have, one must always respect them. SA
g.       I had a lot of respect for my parents'
3.2020 .92247
ideals and opinions when I was growing up SA
h.       When choosing a husband or a wife,
both couple should decide independently 2.9596 .90329
on their own. SA
i.        It is important to you that your parents
3.1987 1.00888
are proud of you. SA
j.        You consider your life in general as
3.1111 .89920
happy. SA
k.       It is wrong for a man and a woman to
2.9293 1.06466
have sexual relation before marriage. SA
l.        It is wrong for a married person to have
sexual relations with someone other than 2.8687 1.08721
his or her husband or wife. SA
m.     It is not right to have a sexual relation
2.8956 1.11465
between two adults of the same sex. SA
n.       We trust too much on science and not
2.6768 1.10431
enough in religious faith. SA
o.       Looking around the world, religions
2.4646 .95131
bring more conflict than peace. DA
p.     People have different religions and
3.0101 .92080
different religious views. SA
q.       You have your own way of connecting
with God without Churches and Religious 3.1044 .94398
services. SA
There is full strong belief
on family and religious
Mean 2.9871
values among the
respondents

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Legend:
Parameter Qualitative Description (QD)
Interpretation
s
There is belief on family and religious values among
1.00 - 1.75 Agree (A) the respondents

There is no belief on family & religious values among

1.76 - 2.50 Disagree (DA) the respondents
.
There is full strong belief on family and religious
2.51 - 3.25 Strongly Agree (SA) values among the respondents

Strongly disagree There is no strong belief on family & religious values

3.26 - 4.00
(SDA) among the respondents

The table shows the respondents answers to the survey question regarding Family Values

and Religious Beliefs. The following questions were from the survey questionnaire provided by

the researchers. A “One's family must be the main source of trust and dependence”, the mean is

3.2222, SD is .94321 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). B “One need not conform to

one's family's or society's expectations” the mean is 2.9630, SD is .80663 and the interpretation

is SA (Strongly Agree). C “One's achievements should be viewed as family's achievements” the

mean is 3.1448, SD is .88679 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). D “The worst thing

one can do is to bring disgrace to one's family reputation”, the mean is 2.9764, SD is .96359 and

the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). E “Occupational failure does not bring shame to the

family”, the mean is 2.8418, SD is .86907 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). F

“Regardless of what faults one's parents may have, one must always respect them”, the mean is

3.2121, SD is .84956 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). G “I had a lot of respect for

my parents' ideals and opinions when I was growing up” the mean is 3.2020, SD is .92247 and

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the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). H “When choosing a husband or a wife, both couple

should decide independently on their own” the mean is 2.9596, SD is .90329 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). I “It is important to you that your parents are proud of

you” the mean is 3.1987, SD is 1.00888 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). J “You

consider your life in general as happy” the mean is 3.1111, SD is .89920and the interpretation is

SA (Strongly Agree). K “It is wrong for a man and a woman to have sexual relation before

marriage”, the mean is 2.9293, SD is 1.06466 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). L “It

is wrong for a married person to have sexual relations with someone other than his or her

husband or wife”, the mean is 2.8687, SD is 1.08721 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly

Agree). M “It is not right to have a sexual relation between two adults of the same sex”, the

mean is 2.8956, SD is 1.11465 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). N “We trust too

much on science and not enough in religious faith”, the mean is 2.6768, SD is 1.10431 and the

interpretation is SA 9Strongly Agree). O “Looking around the world, religions bring more

conflict than peace” the mean is 2.4646, SD is .95131 and the interpretation is DA (Disagree). P

“People have different religions and different religious views”, the mean is 3.0101, SD is .92080

and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). Q “You have your own way of connecting with

God without Churches and Religious services” the mean is 3.1044, SD is .94398 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). In the survey on Family Values and Religious Beliefs,

most of the respondents’ answered SA (Strongly Agree) except on question “O” which the

respondents answered DA (Disagree). In the legend provided overall mean is 3.0144 which

interpret as SA (Strongly Agree) that in Qualitative Description means there is full strong belief

on Family Values and Religious Beliefs among the respondents.

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Table 6. Gender Role Values

Gender Role Values Mean SD Interpretation
a.    Do you believe there is more equality
in male and female gender roles 2.7172 .88958 SA
nowadays?
b.    Do you think this society favors men
2.8586 .84242 SA
and women equally?
c.    Do you think that women in this
country SHOULD have equal job 2.8418 .91821 SA
opportunities with men?
d.    When job are scarce, men should
2.2560 1.19199 DA
have more right to a job than women
e.   Do you feel superior to your opposing
2.6162 .88958 SA
gender?
f.   Do you think gender stereotypes
2.6061 1.01494 SA
affected your career and life decisions?
g.       In general, boys should get more
2.2660 1.13004 DA
schooling than girls.
h.       If you see yourself as Gay, Lesbian,
Transgender or Bisexual, do you think 2.6397 .94163 SA
your emotional performance is normal?
i.        Do you see homosexuals same as
2.7912 .97096 SA
normal people?
j.        If your one of your relatives or
friends is gay, lesbian, transgender or 2.4983 1.07843 DA
bisexual, will you mind?
k.       Do you agree that homosexuality
2.7508 .96835 SA
will affect the society and social moral?
l.        If you see yourself as Gay, lesbian,
transgender or bisexual, will you be proud 2.7542 1.19268 SA
of it?
There is a full belief on gender
Mean 2.6661 role values among the
respondents

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Legend:
Parameter Qualitative Description (QD)
Interpretation
s
There is belief on gender role values among the
1.00 - 1.75 Agree (A) respondents

There is no belief on gender role values among the

1.76 - 2.50 Disagree (DA) respondents
.
There is full strong belief on gender role values among
2.51 - 3.25 Strongly Agree (SA) the respondents

Strongly disagree There is no full belief on gender role values among the
3.26 - 4.00
(SDA) respondents

This table shows the respondents’ answers to the survey questionnaire regarding Gender

Role Values. The following questions were from the survey questionnaire provided by the

researchers. Question A “Do you believe there is more equality in male and female gender roles

nowadays?” the mean is 2.7172, SD is .88958 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). B

“Do you think this society favors men and women equally?” the mean is 2.8586; SD is .84242

and the interpretation SA (Strongly Agree). C “Do you think that women in this country

SHOULD have equal job opportunities with men?” the mean is 2.8418, SD is .91821 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). D “When job are scarce, men should have more right to a

job than women?” the mean is 2.6532, SD is .99199 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly

Agree). E “Do you feel superior to your opposing gender?” the mean is 2.6162, SD is .88958 and

the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). F “Do you think gender stereotypes affected your

career and life decisions?” the mean is 2.6061, SD is 1.01494 and the interpretation is SA

(Strongly Agree). G “In general, boys should get more schooling than girls” the mean is 2.2660,

SD is 1.13004 and the interpretation is DA (Disagree). H “If you see yourself as Gay, Lesbian,

Transgender or bisexual, do you think your emotional performance is normal?” the mean is

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2.6397; SD is .94163 and the interpretation SA (Strongly Agree). I “Do you see homosexuals

same as normal people?” the mean is 2.7912, SD is .97096 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly

Agree). J “If your one of your relatives or friends is gay, lesbian, transgender or bisexual, will

you mind?” the mean is 2.4983, SD is 1.07843 and the interpretation is DA (Disagree). K “Do

you agree that homosexuality will affect the society and social moral?” the mean is 2.7508, SD is

.96835 and the interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). L “If you see yourself as Gay, lesbian,

transgender or bisexual, will you be proud of it?” the mean is 2.7542, SD is 1.19268 and the

interpretation is SA (Strongly Agree). In the survey on Gender Role Values, most of the

respondents’ answered SA (Strongly Agree) on most of the questions except on question “D”,

“G” and “J” which the respondents answered DA (Disagree). In the legend provided the overall

mean is 2.6661 which interpret as SA (Strongly Agree) and that in the Qualitative Description

means there is a full belief on Gender Role Values among the respondents.

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Table 7
Mean SD Interpretation
a. As a whole what is your 3.7475 1.07499 NBU
opinion regarding
homosexuality?

Legend:
Parameters Interpretation Qualitative Description (QD)
1.00 - 1.89 Don’t know (DN) The respondents don’t have any
knowledge on homosexuality.

1.81 - 2.60 Abnormal behavior & The respondents believed that being
unacceptable (ABU) homosexual is not mentally &
physically healthy & is not
acceptable.
2.61 - 3.40 Abnormal behavior but The respondents believed being
acceptable (ABA) homosexual is not mentally and
physically healthy but Acceptable.

3.41 - 4.20 Normal behavior but The respondents believed that being
unacceptable (NBU) homosexual is mentally and
physically healthy but is not
acceptable.
4.21 – 5.00 Normal behavior & The respondents believed that being
acceptable (NBA) homosexual is mentally and
physically healthy.

The table shows that the respondents viewed or perceived homosexuality, when the

respondents were asked the question “As a whole what is your opinion regarding

homosexuality?” the mean is 3.7475, SD is 1.07499 and the interpretation is NBU (Normal but

Unacceptable). This table reveals that the respondents believed that being homosexual is normal

mentally and physically healthy BUT is not acceptable.

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Table 8

Age SISO Sex Religion Year Level

p- p- p- p- p-
F value F value t-value value F value F value

Knowledge on
Sexual 1.730 0.179 0.288 0.886 0.705 0.481 1.224 0.289 3.181 *0.001
Reproductive
Health
Family Values
*0.00
and Religious 5.427 3.060 *0.017 -2.437 *0.015 2.080 *0.046 2.400 *0.012
5
Belief
Gender Role *0.00
8.906 8.952 *0.000 5.453 *0.000 1.913 0.067 3.010 *0.002
Values 0
VA 0.170 0.844 2.013 0.093 -0.624 0.533 1.453 0.184 0.869 0.554

The table below shows the significant difference among the respondents according to

their valuable. According to the respondents Knowledge on Sexual Reproductive Health there is

no significant difference with regards to the respondents’ Age, Self-Identified Sexual

Orientation, Sex and Religion but there is a significant difference with regards to the

respondents’ Year Level this result to the rejection of the null hypothesis. According to Family

Values and Religious Belief there is a significant difference with regards to the respondents’

Age, Self-Identified Sexual Orientation, Sex, Religion and Year Level this result to the rejection

of the null hypothesis. According to Gender Role Values there is no significant difference with

regards to Religion but there is significant difference according to the respondents’ Age, Self-

Identified Sexual Orientation, Sex, and Year Level, this result to the rejection of the null

hypothesis.

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In the survey the research studies on the Perceptions on Homosexuality Among the

Students of Surigao Education Center. The result revealed that the respondents fully accept

themselves as they are according to their self-identified sexual orientation, they have full

knowledge on sexual & reproductive health, and there is a belief on family and religious values

among the respondents in accordance to their Family Values & Religious Beliefs. There is a full

and strong belief on gender role values among the respondents and lastly, the respondents

believed that being homosexual is normal mentally and physically healthy but is not acceptable.

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CHAPTER 4

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of the study on the basis of the findings.

Conclusion were drawn four (4) recommendations are offered.

Summary

This study aimed to determine the Perception on Homosexuality among the Students of

Surigao education Center in terms of their Self- Identified Sexual Orientation, Knowledge on

Sexual and Reproductive Health, Family Values and Religious Beliefs and Gender Role Values.

This research utilizes descriptive design upon using the researcher- made questionnaire with 297

respondents in all courses aged ranges from 13-21 and are enrolled in the academic year 2017-

2018. The data gathered were treated using: frequency and percentage computations, mean and

standard deviation and analysis of variance (ANOVA). In terms of their Self-identified Sexual

Orientation, it is revealed that among the respondents 143 of them were males, 128 were

females, 14 were Gays’, 10 were Lesbians and 2 were Bisexual for a total of 297 respondents. In

terms of Knowledge on Sexual and Reproductive Health, it reveals that there is full knowledge

on Sexual reproductive Health among the respondents. In terms of Family Values and Religious

Beliefs it also shows that there is full strong belief on Family Values and Religious Values and in

terms of Gender Roles Values, the respondents also have full belief on Gender Roles Values.

And as a whole, the respondents perceived Homosexuality as normal behaviors but unacceptable.

The respondents believed that being homosexual is mentally and physically healthy but is still

not acceptable.

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Findings

The salient findings of the study are summarized as follows:

a. Most of the respondents were the second year students that constitute 96 (32%) from 2 nd year

followed by 70 (24%) who were 3rd year students, 61 (21%), who were 1st year students, 31

(10%) who were 4th year students, 8 (3%) who were grade 9, 11, and 12 students.

Respondents causes majority BS Marine Transportation 56 (19%), BS Marine Engineering

381 (13%), BS Mechanical Engineering 28 (9%), BS Hotel Restaurant Management 26

(90%), Junior High school and BS Nursing 24 (8%), Senior High school, BS Business

Administration 15 (5%), BS Civil Engineering 14 (5%) , BS Architecture, BS Computer

Engineering 13 (40%), BS Elementary Education 7 (2%), BS Secondary Education 6 (2%),

BS Electronics Engineering 4 (1%), BS Information Technology, BS Accounting

Technology 3 (1%), BS Midwifery, BS Radiologic Technology, BS Accountancy 2 (1%), 2

year Midwifery Program and BS Electrical Engineering 1 (0%).

b. Mostly from ages 19-21 years old 181 (60.9%) followed by 16-18 years old 82 (27.6%) and

there were 13-15 years old 34 (11.4%).

c. Majority of the respondents were Male 159 (54%), Female 138 (46%). According to their

Self-Identified Sexual Orientation, there were Male 144 (48%), Female 127 (43%), Gay 14

(5%), lesbian 10 (3%) and Bisexual 2 (1%).

d. The Civil Status/Relationship Status of the respondents shows the majority of 285 (96%)

Single, 9 (3%) Married and 3 (1%) Separated.

e. Respondents Religion majority Roman Catholic 251 (85%), Pentecostal 18 (6%), Iglesiani

Cristo 17 (6%), Jehovah’s Witnesses 4 (1%), Seventh Day Adventist 3 (1%) and Islam.

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Conclusion

As a whole, the result of the study on “Perception on Homosexuality among the Students

of Surigao Education Center” revealed that majority of the students of Surigao Education Center

believed that being homosexual is a normal behavior. It is mentally and physically healthy but is

not acceptable.

Recommendations

On the basis of findings and conclusions drawn from the study, the following

recommendations are offered for considerations:

 Provide seminars / campaign that will promote learning and discourage discrimination

against them and will focus on acceptance and homosexual empowerment.

 School activities to the institution that raise sexual awareness and equality.

 Drafting policy that will be effective in addressing gender discrimination issues.

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REFERENCES

Books

 LeVay S, Valente SM. Human sexuality. Sunderland, MA. 2nd edition. Sinauer

Associates; 2006.

 American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

[S] 3rd edition.

 Bernstein, Elizabeth; Schaffner, Laurie (2005), Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy

and identity, Routledge

 Davidson, James (2007). The Greeks And Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of

Homosexuality In Ancient Greece. Weidenfeld& Nicolson.

 Gunther, Scott Eric (2009). The Elastic Closet, A History of Homosexuality in France,

1942-present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Journals / Articles

 Eliason MJ, Hughes T. (2008) Treatment counselor's attitudes about lesbian, gay,

bisexual, and transgendered clients: Urban vs. rural settings

 Iemmola, Francesca; Ciani, Andrea Camperio (2009), "New Evidence of Genetic Factors

Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line"

 McConaghy, N; Hadzi-Pavlovic, D; Stevens, C; Manicavasagar, V; Keller, M;

MacGregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; et al. (2006), "Fraternal Birth Order and Ratio of

Heterosexual/Homosexual Feelings in Women and Men"

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Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

 Murray, Stephen O. (2000). Homosexualities. University of Chicago.

 Crompton, Louis (2003). Homosexuality and Civilization. Harvard University Press.

 Adamczyk, Amy (2017). Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality:

Examining Attitudes across the Globe. University of California Press

 "The Global Divide on Homosexuality" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013.

Retrieved 8 December 2014.

Electronic Sources

 https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.pdf/ - For a Better Understanding of Sexual

orientation and Homosexuality ByAmerican Psychological Association.

 http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ - The Global Divide

on Homosexuality/ Pew Research Center ( Global Attitudes and Trends ) June 4, 2013

 http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/views-about-homosexuality/ - Views about

Homosexuality By Religious Attendance / Pew Research Center ( Religion and Public Life) 2014

 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/ - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/ July 5,

2015

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22340857 - Adolescents' and young adults' perception of

homosexuality and related factors in three Asian cities / PubMed.Gov March 2015

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4165856/ - Adolescents' and young adults'

perception of homosexuality and related factors in three Asian cities / NCBI-PMC Sept. 2014

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APPENDIX A

Letter of Request to Conduct the Study on the different Deans

DEAN – COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES

TERESITA P. ADOBAS, RN, MN

Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION

GLENDA M. ARLEGUI, MBA

Dean of College of Business Education
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

CAPT. LEO B. DURANO, M.B.A

Dean of College of Maritime Education
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ENGR. CARMEL B. SABADO

Dean of College of Engineering and Architecture
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

CAPT. LEO B. DURANO, M.B.A

Dean of College of Maritime Education
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

MARIA CHRISTINA F. BELDAS, MBA, MIT

Dean, College of Information and Technology
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

DEAN – COLLEGE OF TEACHER’S EDUCATION

ZALDY P. BELOY, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Teacher’s Education
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX A

PRINCIPAL

ZALDY P. BELOY, Ph. D.

Principal
Surigao Education Center
Surigao City

Madam/Sir:

Great day!

The undersigned are conducting a study on the “PERCEPTION ON HOMOSEXUALITY

AMONG THE STUDENTS OF STUDENTS OF SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER”. As
part of Research 1 requirements.

In relationship to this, we gladly ask you permission that we will be conducting this study with
your students in your department. Thank you very much.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

Geneblazo, Acee Jean M.

Baltazar, Enna Paula P.
Morite, Diaden M.
Roda, Marji J.
Researchers

Noted by:
Rocelyn S. Dawsan, RN
Research Adviser

Approved by:
Teresita P. Adobas, RN, MN
Dean of College of Allied Medical Sciences

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APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

I. Profile of the Respondents:

Instructions/Directions: Put a check mark (/ )on the space provided and fill in the blanks

appropriately that correspond to your answer:

NAME: ________________________ (Optional)

Age: __ 13 to 15

__ 16 to 18

__ 19 to 21

Sex: __ Male __ Female

Self-Identified Sexual Orientation: __Male __Female __Gay __Lesbian

__Transgender __Bisexual

Relationship Status: __ Single __ Separated

__ Married __ Widow/Widower

Religion: __ Roman Catholic __Seventh Day Adventist

__Protestant __Iglesiani Cristo

__Pentecostal __Jehovah’s Witnesses

__ Islam

Others (please specify) __________________________

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Year Level:

__ First Year __Grade 7 __Grade 11

__ Second Year __Grade 8 __Grade 12

__Third Year __Grade 9

__Fourth Year __Grade 10

__Fifth Year

Course:

__Junior High School __BS Business Administration

__Senior High School __BS Information Technology

__ BS Accounting Tech __BS Marine Transportation.

__ BS Architecture __BS Civil Engineering

__ BS Marine Engineering __BS Computer Engineering

__ BS Sec. Education __BS Accountancy

__ BS Midwifery __BS Electrical Engineering

__BS Mechanical Engineering __BS Electronics Engineering

__ BS Nursing

__ Midwifery

__ BS Radiologic Technology

__ Hotel & Restaurant Mngt.

__ BS Elem. Education

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II. Perception on homosexuality among the students of Surigao Education Center.

Direction: Please check the box that corresponds according to your answer.

Rating scale and Interpretations

Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

3 Yes You Fully accept yourself as

you are.
2 Not Totally You don’t fully accept
yourself as you are.
1 No You doesn’t accept yourself
as you are.

1. Self-identified sexual orientation.

QUESTIONS 3 2 1

a. Do you accept/see yourself as male?

b. Do you accept/see yourself as female?

c. Do you accept/see yourself as gay?

d. Do you accept/see yourself as lesbian?

e. Do you accept/see yourself as bisexual?

f. Do you accept/see yourself as trans male/trans man?

g. Do you accept/see yourself as trans female/trans woman?

Rating scale and interpretations

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Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

4 Strongly agree There is full knowledge on sexual and
reproductive health among the respondents
3 Agree There is knowledge on sexual and
reproductive health among the respondents

2 Disagree There is no knowledge on sexual and

reproductive health among the respondents
1 Strongly disagree There is no full knowledge on sexual and
reproductive health among the respondents

2. Knowledge on sexual and reproductive health

QUESTIONS 1 2 3 4
a. Even a very young girl can get pregnant if she has sexual
intercourse after she has had her first period.
b. A girl can become pregnant even if she only has sex once
c. A boy who has experienced a wet dream can make a girl
pregnant
d. A girl is most likely to get pregnant if her menstrual
periods are regular in the middle of her menstrual cycle or
about 14 days before menstruation
e. Oral pills, Condoms, Intrauterine device, Injection,
Implanon/Norplant, Emergency contraception,
Creams/Suppository/Jelly, Medical sterilization are
effective contraceptive methods
f. Condoms can prevent STIs/AIDS
g. Sexual intercourse can transmit HIV/AIDS
h. Mother with HIV can transfer HIV to baby during
delivery
i. Even a single unprotected sexual intercourse may make
people get HIV infection
j. A person infected with an untreated STI(Sexually
Transmitted Infection) could become infertile.

Rating scale and Interpretation

Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

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4 Strongly agree There is full strong belief on family &

religious values among the respondents
3 Agree There is belief on family& religious values
among the respondents
2 Disagree There is no belief on family & religious
values among the respondents
1 Strongly disagree There is no strong belief on family &
religious values among the respondents

3. Family Values& Religious beliefs

QUESTIONS 1 2 3 4
a. One's family must be the main source of trust and dependence.
b. One need not conform to one's family's or society's expectations.
c. One's achievements should be viewed as family's achievements
d. The worst thing one can do is to bring disgrace to one's family
reputation
e. Occupational failure does not bring shame to the family
f. Regardless of what faults one's parents may have, one must always
respect them.
g. I had a lot of respect for my parents' ideals and opinions when I
was growing up
h. When choosing a husband or a wife, both couple should decide
independently on their own.
i. It is important to you that your parents are proud of you.
j. You consider your life in general as happy.
k. It is wrong for a man and a woman to have sexual relation before
marriage.
l. It is wrong for a married person to have sexual relations with
someone other than his or her husband or wife.
m. It is not right to have a sexual relation between two adults of the
same sex.
n. We trust too much on science and not enough in religious faith.
o. Looking around the world, religions bring more conflict than
peace.
p. People have different religions and different religious views.
q. You have your own way of connecting with God without Churches
and Religious services.

Rating scale and Interpretations

Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

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4 Strongly agree There is full strong belief on gender role

values among the respondents
3 Agree There is belief on gender role values
among the respondents
2 Disagree There is no belief on gender role values
among the respondents
1 Strongly disagree There is no strong belief on gender role
values among the respondents

4. Gender Role Values

QUESTIONS 1 2 3 4
a. Do you believe there is more equality in male and female
gender roles nowadays?
b. Do you think this society favors men and women equally?
c. Do you think that women in this country SHOULD have equal
job opportunities with men?
d. When job are scarce, men should have more right to a job than
women
e. Do you feel superior to your opposing gender?
f. Do you think gender stereotypes affected your career and life
decisions?
g. In general, boys should get more schooling than girls.
h. If you see yourself as Gay, Lesbian, Transgender or Bisexual,
do you think your emotional performance is normal?
i. Do you see homosexuals same as normal people?
j. If your one of your relatives or friends is gay, lesbian,
transgender or bisexual, will you mind?
k. Do you agree that homosexuality will affect the society and
social moral?
l. If you see yourself as Gay, lesbian, transgender or bisexual,
will you be proud of it?

Rating scale and Interpretations

Scale Verbal Interpretation Qualitative Description

5 The respondents believed that
Normal behavior and acceptable being homosexual is mentally

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and physically healthy and

acceptable.
4 The respondents believed that
Normal behavior but unacceptable being homosexual is mentally
and physically healthy but is not
acceptable
3 The respondents believed that
Abnormal behavior but acceptable being homosexual is not
mentally and physically healthy
but is acceptable
2 The respondents believed that
Abnormal behavior and being homosexual is not
unacceptable mentally and physically healthy
and is not acceptable.
1 The respondents don’t have any
Don’t know knowledge on homosexuality.

QUESTIONS 1 2 3 4 5
a. As a whole what is your opinion regarding
homosexuality?

APPENDIX C

CURICULUM VITAE

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PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME : Enna Paula P. Baltazar

DATE OF BIRTH : December 02, 1998
AGE : 18 yrs. old
STATUS : Single
ADDRESS : Kaskag Village, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
TERTIARY : Liceo de Cagayan University
A.Y 2016-2017
Surigao Education Center
A.Y 2017-2018
SECONDARY : St. Paul University Surigao
A.Y 2014-2015
ELEMENTARY : Surigao City Pilot School
A.Y 2010-2011

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PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME : Acee Jean M. Geneblazo

DATE OF BIRTH : July 05, 1992
AGE : 25 yrs. old
STATUS : Single
ADDRESS : Malimono, Surigao del Norte
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
TERTIARY : Surigao Education Center
A.Y 2017-2018
SECONDARY : Surigao State College of Technology (Malimo Campus)
A.Y 2007-2008
ELEMENTARY : Malimono Central Elementary School
A.Y 2003-2004

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PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME : Diaden M. Morite

DATE OF BIRTH : December 15, 1995
AGE : 21yrs. old
STATUS : Single
ADDRESS : Magsaysay, Surigao del Norte
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
RELIGION : Iglesia Filipina Indepente
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
TERTIARY : Surigao Education Center
A.Y 2017-2018
SECONDARY : Placer National Highschool
A.Y 2013-2014
ELEMENTARY : Placer Central Elementary School
A.Y 2009-2010

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PERSONAL DETAILS
NAME : Marji J. Roda
DATE OF BIRTH : March 15, 1993
AGE : 24 yrs. old
STATUS : Single
ADDRESS : Km. 7, Brgy. Bonifacio, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte
CITIZENSHIP : Filipino
RELIGION : Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
TERTIARY : Surigao Education Center
A.Y 2017-2018
SECONDARY : St. Paul University Surigao
A.Y 2008-2009
ELEMENTARY : Bonifacio Elementary School
A.Y 2003-2004

68