TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Civil Engineering

PCE 2 - M

ENGINEERING SURVEYS

Assignment #5

VERTICAL CURVES

PERLAS, JERSEY MAE G.

BSCE – 2A

TUPM-18-1653

ENGR. ROMMEL G. ARAPO

Instructor
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Civil Engineering

BES – 7

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLR BODIES

Assignment #6

POISSON’S RATIO:

BIAXIAL AND TRIXIAL DEFORMATION

PERLAS, JERSEY MAE G.

TUPM-18-1653

February 21, 2020

ENGR. E. DELA CRUZ

Instructor
PROBLEM 1
In a certain road construction, it was decided to connect a forward tangent of 3% and a back tangent of -5% by a
200-meter symmetrical parabolic curve. It was discovered that the grade intersection at station 10+100 whose
elevation is 100 meters falls on a rocky section with an outcrop of 2.67 meters directly above the grade intersection.
To avoid rock excavation, the project engineer decided to adjust the vertical parabolic curve in such a way that the
curve will just clear the rock without altering the position of PC and the grade of the tangents.
a) Determine the length of the new parabolic curve.
b) Determine the stationing and the elevation of the new PT.
c) Determine the elevation of the lowest point of the curve.
SOLUTION
2H L 2|g 1−g 2|
=
L1 L 1+ L2
2HL 1+2HL 2 = L1 L 2|g 1−g 2|
L 2(2H−L 1|g 1−g 2|) = −2HL1
−2HL 1
L2 =
2H−L 1|g 1−g 2|
−2(2.67)(1 00)
L2 =
2(2.67)−1 00|-0.05−0.03|
L 2 = 200.752 m
L = L 1+ L2
L = 1 00+200.752
L = 300.752 m

st a @ PT = st a @ V+L 2
st a @ PT = 1 0+ 100+300.752
st a @ PT = 1 0+300.752

elev @ PT = elev @ V +L2 (g 2)

elev @ PT = 100+ 200.752(0.030)
elev @ PT = 106.022 m

2
g 1 L1 0.05 ( 1 00 )
use = = 2.5<H
2 2
g 1 L 12 Y1 = 2.34 1 m
s1 =
2H
0.05 ( 1 00 )2 elev @ LP = elev @ V+ g 1(L 1−s 1 ) +Y 1
s1 = elev @ LP = 1 00+0.05( 1 00-93.633) +2.34 1
2(2.67)
s 1 = 93.633m elev @ LP = 1 02.659 m

H Y1
2
= 2
L1 s1
2.67 ( 93.633 )2
Y1 =
1 002
PROBLEM 2
Point “P” is the location of the center line of an existing highway. An underpass is to be designed perpendicular to
the existing highway with a vertical parabolic curve such that its lowest point is directly below point “P” with a
vertical clearance of 5.5 meters. Stationing of the point of intersection is 5+800 and has an elevation of 105 meters.
The slope of the tangent passing thru the PC is -4% and that of the PT is 3%
a) Determine the length of the curve.
b) Determine the stationing of the point “P” on the right side of the curve if it has an elevation of 120 meters.
c) Determine the elevation of the PT of the curve.
SOLUTION
L
H = ( g 1−g 2 )
8
L
H = ( 0.04+ 0.03 )
8
H = 0.00875 L

g2 L
s2 =
g 1−g 2
0.03 L
s2 =
0.03−(-0.04)
s 2 = 0.429 L

H Y1
= 2
L s2
()
2
0.00875 L Y1
2
=
( 0.5 L ) ( 0.0064 L )2
Y1 = 0.0064 L

elev @ P = elev @ V+VC+ Y 1+ g 2 (L2 −s 2)

1 20 = 1 05+ 5.5+0.0064 L+ 0.03 ( 0.05 L−0.429 L)
L = 11 08.333 m

st a @ P = st a @ V + ( L2 −s 2 )
11 08.333
st a @ P = 5+800+
2 [ −0.429( 11 08.333) ]
st a @ P = 5+879. 167

L
elev @ PT = elev @ V + (g 2)
2
11 08.333
elev @ PT = 105+ ( 0.03 )
2
elev @ PT = 12 1.625 m
PROBLEM 3
A symmetrical parabolic summit curve connects two grades of 6% and -4%. It is to pass through a point P on the
curve at station 25+140 having an elevation of 98.14 meters. If the elevation of the grade intersection is 100 meters
with a stationing 25+260;
a) Compute the length of the curve.
b) Compute the elevation of the highest point of the curve.
c) Compute the elevation of station 25+120 on the curve.
SOLUTION
L
H = ( g 1−g 2 )
8
L
H = ( 0.06+ 0.04 )
8
H = 0.0 1 25 L

elev @ P = elev @ V−g 1 ( 20 )−Y 1

98. 1 4 = 1 00−0.06 ( 20 )−Y1
Y1 = 0.66

H Y1
=
L L
() (
2 2
−20 )
0.0 1 25 L 0.66
=
L L
()
2 (
2
−20 )
0.66 (2L )
(2L −20) = 0.0 125 L
L
0.66 ( )
(2L −20) = 0.0 1252 L
(2L −20) = 26.4 L
L2
−20 L+ 400 = 26.4 L
4
L2
−46.4 L+ 400 = 0
4
L = 1 76.537 m
 g2 L
s2 =
g 1−g 2
0.04 ( 176.537)
s2 =
0.06−(-0.04)
s 2 = 70.6 1 5 m

H Y2
=
L s22
()
2
0.0 1 25( 176.537) Y
= 2
176.537 70.6 152
(
2 )
Y2 = 1 .412m

elev @ HP = elev @ V +g 2 ( L2 −s )−Y 2

2

elev @ HP = 1 00+0.04 (12 76.537 −70.615)−1.4 1 2

elev @ HP = 97.882 m

H Y3
=
L L
() (
2 2
−40 )
0.0 1 25( 176.537) Y3
=
176.537 1 76.537
(
2 ) 2 ( −40 )
Y3 = 0.660m

elev @ 25+ 1 20 = elev @ V +g 1 ( 40 )−Y 3

elev @ 25+ 1 20 = 1 00+ 0.06 ( 40 ) −0.660
elev @ 25+ 1 20 = 96.940 m
PROBLEM 1
A vertical summit curve have grades of 5% and -4% which intersects at station 20+320 with elevation of 253
meters. If the stopping sight distance is equal to 175 meters;
a) Compute the maximum speed that a vehicle could move along this curve to avoid collision if the
perception reaction time of the driver is 2.0 seconds and the coefficient of friction is equal to 0.25.
b) Compute the length of the curve.
c) Compute the stationing and elevation of the highest point of the curve.
SOLUTION
V2
S = Vt +
2 g(f+G)
V2
1 75 = V(2)+
2 (9.8 1 )(0.25+0.05)
2
0. 170 V +2V−175 = 0
V= 26.744 m /s

Assume L > S, h 1= 1 . 1 4 h 2 = 0 .1 5
A = g 1−g 2
A = 5−(-4)
A =9m

A S2
L=
1 00 ( √ 2 h 1+ √ 2 h 2 )
9( 1 75)2
L=
1 00 ( √ 2 ( 1 .1 4 ) + √ 2 ( 0. 1 5 ) )
L = 650.967 m >S ok as assum ed

g2L
s2 =
g 1−g 2
0.04 ( 650.967)
s2 =
0.05+0.04
s 2 = 289.31 9 fr om PT

L
st a @ HP = st a @ V+ −s 2
2
650.967
st a @ HP = 20+320+ −289.31 9
2
st a @ HP = 20+356. 1 65

L
H = ( g 1−g 2 )
8
650.967
H = ( 0.05+ 0.04 )
8
H = 7.323
H Y2
=
L s 22
()
2
2
650.967
Y2 =
7.323
2 ( )
289.3 1 92
Y2 = 9.269 m

L
elev @ HP = elev @ V+g 2 ( −s 2 )−Y2
2
650.967
elev @ HP = 253+0.04(
2 ( )
−289.31 9 −9.269

elev @ HP = 245. 178 m

PROBLEM 2
The sight distance of a sag parabolic curve is 155.32 meters long with grade tangents of -2% and 2.98%
respectively, determine the following;
a) The length of the sag parabolic curve.
b) The maximum velocity of the car that can pass thru the curve to avoid possible collision of any approaching
cars.
c) The perception reaction time of the driver to avoid collision, assume coefficient of friction between tires and
pavement to be 0.35.

SOLUTION
Assume L > S
A = g 2−g 1
A = 2.98−(-2)
A = 4.98 m

AS 2
L=
1 22 +3.5 S
4.98 ( 1 55.32)2
L=
1 22 +3.5 ( 155.32)
L = 180.492 m >S ok as assum ed

A V2
L=
395
4.98 V 2
1 80.492 =
395
V = 99 . 969 kp h
V = 27 . 769 m/s

V2
S = Vt +
2 gf
27 . 7692
1 55.32 = 27 .769 t +
2 (9.81)(0.35)
t = 1 .549 sec
PROBLEM 3
The design speed of a sag parabolic curve is 80 kph. The downward tangent is 4%. The length of the curve is 120
meters.
a) Compute the upward tangent grade of the parabolic curve.
b) Copute the length of the sight distance,
c) At what distance from the PT is the lowest point of the curve?

A V2
SOLUTION L =
395
A ( 8 0)2
1 20 =
395
A = 7.406

A = g 1+ g 2
7.406 = 4 +g 2
g 2 = 3.406 %

AS 2
L=
1 22 +3.5 S
7.406 S2
1 20 =
1 22+ 3.5 S
1 4640+ 420 S −7.406 S2 = 0
S = 8 1.087 m

g2L
s2 =
g 1−g 2
0.03406 ( 1 20)
s2 =
0.04+0.03406
s 2 = 55.1 90 m fr om PT
PROBLEM 4
A cargo truck approaches a sag parabolic curve at a speed of 100 kph. The length of the curve is 185 meters long
with grade tangent of -3.85% and 2.56%. The intersection of the grade tangents is at 10+450 with an elevation of
250.85 meters. The driver switch on the beam light at night time travel, with the beam light making an angle of tilt
of 0.75° above the longitudinal axis of the car. The driver perception reaction time is 1.75 seconds.
a) Assuming a coefficient of friction of 0.18, compute the length of the head lamp sight distance.
b) How high was the headlamp above the pavement at this instant?
c) What is the maximum design speed that a car could maneuver on this curve?

SOLUTION

V2
S = Vt +
2 gf
2
1 000

S = 1 00
1 000
( ) ( 1 .75) +
[ ( )]
1 00
3600
3600 2 (9.8 1 )(0.18)
S = 267.097 m

(g 2−g 1 ) L
S ∅+ h =
2
(0.0256+0.0385) ( 185) π
h =
2
−(267.097)(0.75)
180 ( )
h = 2.433 m

A V2
L=
395
(2.56+3.85) V 2
1 80 =
395
V = 1 05.2 19 kp h
PROBLEM 1:
A 5-m length solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque of 15 kN-m. If the angular deformation of the shaft
is limited to 40, what minimum diameter is required? Also, calculate the maximum shearing stress
developed. Use G = 83 GPa.
GIVEN: L = 9 m T = 15 kN-m θ = 4° G = 83 GPa
REQUIRED: d, τmax
SOLUTION:
TL Tr
θ= τ max =
JG J

4 (1π80 ) = (J1(835)(5)x 1 0 )6
τ max =
15 (20. 1 07 )
-5
J = 1 .29 x 10 -5 m 4 1 . 29 x 1 0

π d4 τ max =
15 (20. 1 07 )
J = 1 . 29 x 1 0
-5
32
τ max = 62090.75 K P a
-5 π d4
1 .29 x 10 = τ max = 62.09 MP a
32
√4 d 4 = √4 1. 3 18 x 1 0-4
d = 0 .1 07 m
d = 1 07. 1 5 mm

PROBLEM 2:
A steel marine propeller shaft transmits a power of 5 MW at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. The diameter of the
shaft is 250 mm with G = 83 GN/m2. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the shaft.
GIVEN: P = 5 MW f = 2.5 Hz d = 250 mm G = 83 GPa
REQUIRED: τmax
SOLUTION:
P = T2π f
5 x 1 06 = T (2)( π )(2.5 )
T = 3 18309.89 N -m

16T
τ max =
π d3
1 6 (3 1 8309.89)(1 000)
τ max =
π (250)3
τ max = 1 03.75 MP a
PROBLEM 3:
The copper pipe has an outside diameter of 45 mm and an inside diameter of 40 mm. It is tightly fixed to
the wall at A and loaded by torques as shown in the figure. Compute the absolute maximum shearing
stress developed.
GIVEN: D = 45 mm d = 40 mm
REQUIRED: τmax
SOLUTION:

30 N- m

20 N- m

80 N- m

For section C
ΣT = 0 16T D
τ =
T c = 80 N- m π (D4−d4 )
1 6(8000)(45)
Tc τ =
π (454 −40 4 )
80 N- m τ = 11 .90 MP a

For section B
ΣT = 0 16T D
τ =
80−20−T B = 0 π (D4−d4 )
TB
T B = 60 N- m 1 6(60000)(45)
20 N- m τ =
π (454 −40 4 )
τ = 8.93 MP a
80 N- m

For section A
ΣT = 0 16T D
τ =
TA 80−20+30−T A = 0 π (D4−d4 )
T A = 90 N- m 1 6(90000)(45)
30 N- m τ =
π (45 4−404 )
20 N- m τ = 1 3.39 MP a

80 N- m

T here f ore τ max = 1 3.39 MP a

PROBLEM 4:
The 70-mm diameter solid shaft carries the torsional loadings shown. Calculate the maximum shearing
stress in the shaft. What is the distance from fixed A at which the shear stress is zero?
GIVEN: d = 70 mm
REQUIRED: τmax , x
SOLUTION:

2 kN- m/m A

1 .5 m
1 200 N- m
B

0.8 m
C

TA
ΣT = 0
1 200−2000 ( 1.5) + T A = 0 2 kN- m/m
T A = 1 800 N- m
1 200 N- m
16T A
τ max =
π d3
1 6 ( 1800)( 1 000)
τ max =
π (70)3
τ max = 26.73 MP a

T AB
ΣT = 0 2 kN- m/m
1 200−2000x + T AB = 0
T AB = 2000x−1 200 1 200 N- m X
The minimum shear stress occurs when T AB = 0
2000x−1 200 = 0
x = 0.6 m
From distance A
x A = 1. 5−0.6
x A = 0.9 m
PROBLEM 5:
A 3-in solid aluminum shaft is subjected to two torques as shown. Use G = 4 x 106 psi. Compute the
maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation at the free end.
GIVEN: d = 3 in G = 4 x 106 psi
REQUIRED: τmax, θ
SOLUTION:

200 lb - ft

800 lb - ft
2 ft 3 ft

For segment with 2ft length

200 lb - ft ΣT = 0
T2 800 lb - ft

800−200−T 2 = 0

T 2 = 600 lb-ft

16T2
τ =
π d3
1 6 (600)( 1 2)
τ =
π (3)3
τ = 1 358.1 2 psi

For segment with 3ft length

ΣT = 0
T3 800 lb - ft

800−T 3 = 0

T 3 = 800 lb-ft
 16T2
τ =
π d3
1 6 (800)( 1 2)
τ =
π (3)3
τ = 1 8 1 0.83 psi

T here f ore τ max = 1 8 1 0.83 psi

Σ TL Σ TL
θ= =
JG π
(d 4 )(G)
32
600(2) ( 12) 2 +800(3) ( 1 2)2
θ=
π
(3 4 )(4 x 1 06 )
32
θ = 0. 163 r a d
θ = 0.93 °
PROBLEM 6:
The steel shaft shown rotates at 3 rev/sec with 30 kW removed at A, 15 kW taken off at B, and 45 kW
applied at C. Compute the minimum and maximum shearing stress developed in the shaft. Determine the
total angular deformation of gear A relative to gear C. use G = 83 GPa.
GIVEN: f = 3 rev/sec PA = 30 kW PB = 15 kW PC = 45 kW G = 83 GPa
REQUIRED: τmax, τmin, θA/C"
SOLUTION:
A B C

55 mm ∅ 65 mm ∅

4 m 2m
P
P=T 2 π f T=
2π f
30 x 1 03
T A= =159 1.55 N -m CCW
2 π (3)
15 x 1 03
T B= =795. 77 N -m CCW
2 π (3)
45 x 1 03
T C= =2387.32 N -m CW
2 π (3)

For segment AB
T AB T AB−T A=0 16T
τ max=
T 2=159 1 .55 N-m π d3
TA 1 6 ( 1 591 .55)(1 000)
τ max=
π (55)3
Σ T=0 τ max=48.72 MP a
 For segment BC
T BC Σ T=0 16T
τ m i n=
TA T BC−T A−T B=0 π d3
TB
T BC=1 59 1.55+795. 77 1 6 (2837.32)( 1 000)
τ m i n=
T BC=2837.32 N-m π (65)3
τ m i n=44.27 MP a

T here f ore τ max=48.72 MP a and τ m i n = 44.27 MP a

TL
θ A/C=Σ
π
(d 4 )(G)
32
1 591 .55(4)( 1000) 2 283 7 .32(2)( 1 000) 2
θ= +
π 4 3 π
(55 )(83 x 1 0 ) (65 4 )(83 x 1 03 )
32 32
θ=0. 11 82 r a d
θ=6. 77 °
PROBLEM 7:
A compound shaft consists of an aluminum segment and a steel segment and subjected to torsional loads as
shown. Calculate the maximum value of T that will satisfy the following criteria: allowable shearing stress
in the steel shaft is not to exceed 80 MPa, shearing stress in the aluminum shaft is limited to 50 MPa, and
the angle of twist of the free end is not to exceed 5°. For aluminum, use G = 28 GPa and for steel, use G =
83 GPa.
GIVEN: τST = 80 MPa τAL = 50 MPa θ = 5° G = 83 GPa
REQUIRED: T
SOLUTION:

2T
50 mm ∅ 40 mm ∅ T

900 mm 600 mm
steel aluminum

For steel segment

2T Σ T=0 1 6 TST
T τ ST=
T ST−2 T−T=0 π d3
T ST T ST=3 T 16 (3 T )
80=
π (50)3
T=654498.47 N- mm
T=654.50 N- m

For aluminum segment

T AL−T=0
T
T AL=T
T AL Σ T=0
 16 T T=628 . 32 N- m
50=
π (40)3
1 6 T AL T=6283 1 8.53 N- mm
τ AL=
π d3

TL
θ=Σ
π
(d 4 )(G)
32

5 (1π80 )= 3πT (50(900))(83 x 10 ) + Tπ (600)

4 3 4 3
(40 )(28 x 10 )
32 32
T=63 1 096.94 N- mm
T=63 1 .1 0 N- m

Therefore use T=628 . 32 N- m

PROBLEM 8:
The compound shaft is rigidly attached to unyielding supports as shown. Use G = 35 GPa for bronze and
G = 83 GPa for steel. Calculate the largest torque T that can be applied at B if the shearing stress in the
bronze is limited to 60 MPa and for steel, shearing stress is not to exceed 85 MPa.
GIVEN: GBR = 35 GPa GST = 83 GPa τBR = 60 MPa τST = 85 MPa
REQUIRED: Tmax
SOLUTION:

75 mm ∅ 50 mm ∅
A bronze B steel C
T
2.5 m 1 .5 m

since the support is rigid θ=0:

TL τ max L
θ=Σ =Σ =0
JG r G
τ max L τ max L
r G
BR=)r G
ST )
τ BR max (2.5)( 1 000) τ STmax ( 1.5)( 1000)
=
75 3 50
(35 x 1 0 ) (83 x 10 3 )
2 2
1 .90 x 1 0-3 τ BR max =7.23 x 1 0-3 τ STmax
τ BR max =0.38 τ STmax
τ STmax =2.63 τ BR max

τ BR max ≤ 60 t o b e pe r m iss i bl e
τ BR max =0.38(85)
τ BR max =32.26 MP a ≤ 60 MP a

τ STmax ≤ 85 to b e pe r m i ss i bl e
τ STmax =2.63(60)
τ STmax =158. 10 MP a ≥ 85 MP a

Σ T=0 T
T BR +T ST−T=0 T BR T ST
T=T BR +T ST
16T
τ max= 3
πd
τ max π d 3 τ max π d 3
T=
16 )
BR +
16
ST )
 32.26 π (75)3 80 π (50)3
T= +
16 16
T=4758389.92 N- mm
T=4758.39 N- m
PROBLEM 9:
The compound shaft consists of three segments made from steel, aluminum, and bronze. The shaft is
secured at both ends by rigid supports. Use GST = 12 x 106 psi, GAL = 4 x 106 psi, GBR = 6 x 106 psi.
Determine the shearing stress developed in each segment
GIVEN: GST = 12 x 106 psi GAL = 4 x 106 psi GBR = 6 x 106 psi.
REQUIRED: τST, τAL, τBR,
SOLUTION:
300 lb-ft 500 lb-ft
steel aluminum bronze
A B
1 in ∅ 2 in ∅ D 1 in ∅
C
6 ft 4 ft 3 ft

Σ T=0
T ST=T A

Σ T=0
300+ T AL−T A=0
T AL=T A−300

Σ T=0
300+500+ T BR−T A=0
T BR=T A−800

since the support is rigid θ=0:

32 TL
θ= Σ 4 =0
π d G
TL TL +TL
4
d G )
ST+ 4
d G
AL 4
d G )
BR=0
)
T A (6) ( 1 22 ) ( T A−300)(4) ( 1 22 ) ( T A−800)(3) ( 1 22 )
+ + 4 =0
( 1 4 )(1 2 x 1 06 ) (2 4 )(4 x 1 06 ) ( 1 )(6 x 10 6 )
T A=394.118 lb-ft

T ST=T A=394.11 8 lb-ft

T AL=394.11 8−300=94.11 8 lb-ft
T BR=394. 11 8−800=−405.882 lb-ft
 16 T
use τ=
π d3
1 6(394. 11 8)( 12) 1 6(94. 118)( 12) 1 6(405.882)( 12)
τ ST= τ ST= τ ST=
π ( 13 ) π (2 3 ) π ( 13 )
τ ST=24086.72 ps i τ ST=7 1 9.0 1 ps i τ ST=24805.68 ps i
PROBLEM 1:
An elliptical tube has a thickness of 0.15 inch. What torque will produce a shearing stress of 6000 psi?
GIVEN: t = 0.5 in τ = 6000 psi
REQUIRED: T
SOLUTION: 2a = 3 in
T = 2A τ t A = π ab a = 1.5 i n
T = 2 π ( 1. 5)(3)(0.1 5)(6000)
T = 25446.90 lb- i n 2b = 6 in
b = 3 in

PROBLEM 2:
A tube 3-mm thick has the cross-section shown. It is subjected to a torque of 500 N-m. Determine the
shearing stress developed across the thickness.
GIVEN: t = 3 mm T = 500 N-m
REQUIRED: τ
SOLUTION:
T 1 0 mm 1 0 mm
τ = A = 80(20)+ π ( 10) 2
2A t
500 ( 1 000)
τ =
2(3) [ 80(20)+ π ( 1 0)2 ]
80 mm
τ = 43.54 MP a

PROBLEM 3:
A torque T is applied to two tubes with the cross-sections shown. Assuming the same shear stress is
developed in the two tubes, determine the ratio of the shear flow developed in each tube.
REQUIRED: r
SOLUTION: t
τC = τS
t
qC qS a
=
t t
q
r= C a a
qS
2
a
T AC = π AS = a 2
4
2 AC
r=
T
2 AS
AS
r=
AC
a2
π
4
r=
a2
π
r =
4
PROBLEM 4:
A torque of T = 800 N-m is applied on the rectangular tube shown. Calculate the average shear stress in the
tube at points A and B.
GIVEN: T = 800 N-m
REQUIRED: τA, τB
SOLUTION:
T
τA =
2A t A 4 mm
800 ( 1 000)
τA = A
2( 100)(60)(4)
1 00 mm
τ A = 1 6.67 MP a
6 mm
T B
τB = 75 0 N-m
2A t B
800 ( 1 000) 60 mm
τB =
2(1 00)(60)(6)
τ B = 11 .11 MP a