Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________

Laboratory 3
Assignment

Terminology review and

Aims and Objectives

 Use directional terminology to review major bones of the skeleton.

 Correctly apply the concept of planes and axis.

 Provide use and application of manual goniometry

 Measure joint angles using a manual goniometer.

 Use Logger Pro software to quantify joint angle as verification of goniometry measurement.

This laboratory will provide you an opportunity to practice kinematic terminology commonly
used in biomechanics. You will apply the terms with reference to the anatomical position and
you will categorize movements according to their plane of motion and axis of rotation. One of
the most common tools used for measuring joint range of motion is the manual goniometer. The
tool is quit valid when the user is experienced. You will gain some experience using the tool and
you will assess your accuracy (validity) using a video analysis.
Equipment Needed

 A human
 Manual goniometer
 Digital Goniometer and Logger Pro software

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________

Assignment

A. Briefly describe why it is important to know basic kinematic terminology.

B. List three reasons for why it is important to know a person’s joint range of motion.

C. Use basic directional kinematic terms to describe the body region (#1-3) or bone of interest
(#4-11) as if the individual was in anatomical position.

Example:

1. Right knee is proximal to the ankle joint and distal to the hip joint.

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________

2.

3.

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________

4. Identify two bones that are immediately superior to the talus.

________________________________________________________________

5. What bone is immediately proximal to the proximal phalange of digit # 1?

________________________________________________________________

6. What forearm bone can be considered medial to the radius?

_______________________________________________________________

7. What bone makes up the most superior aspect of the pelvic girdle (or coxal bone)?

________________________________________________________________

8. This long bone is proximal to the radius.

________________________________________________________________

9. These bones are both anterior and posterior in the lateral thoracic region.

_______________________________________________________________

10. This long bone lies distal to the pelvic region and is proximal to the fibula.

_______________________________________________________________

11. This long bone is proximal to the calcaneus and is the medial bone of the lower leg.

_________________________________________________________________

D. Draw lines to match the plane of motion with its corresponding axis of rotation.

Sagittal plane Longitudinal axis

Transverse plane Anteroposterior axis

Frontal plane Medolateral axis

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E. Match the following movement with the correct plane of motion and axis of rotation by
writing the corresponding number in the space provided.

1. Sagittal plane 2. Frontal plane 3. Transverse plane

_______Flexion _______Abduction _______Horizontal abduction

_______Extension _______Circumduction _______Dorsiflexion

_______Ulnar deviation _______Adduction _______Plantarflexion

_______Supination _______lateral flexion of trunk

F. List 6 activities that occur primarily in the sagittal plane.

1. ___________________________ 2. ____________________________

3. ___________________________ 4. ____________________________

5. ___________________________ 6. ____________________________

G. List 4 activities that occur primarily in the frontal plane.

1. ___________________________ 2. ____________________________

3. ___________________________ 4. ____________________________

H. List 2 activities that occur primarily in the transverse plane.

1. ___________________________ 2. ____________________________

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________
Goniometer basics: Place the rotational center of the goniometer over the joint axis of
rotation. Hold the stationary arm in line with the center of the non-moving segment and
hold the moving arm of the goniometer in line with the center of the moving segment. The
measurement may be recorded as the change in position (range of motion) or more simply
the maximal joint angle for each direction of movement (e.g., maximal knee extension
angle).

I. For the following joints, note the following (your instructor will demo the position required):
 Type of synovial (or diarthrodial) joint classification (e.g., hinge, condyloid, etc).
 Corresponding plane and axis in which the movement took place.
 Active range of motion (AROM) measured with goniometer.
 Maximal joint angle measured with goniometer and video analysis.

Joint Type of joint Plane and axis Maximal AROM (deg) AROM Digital
angle from Manual Goniometer
goniometer Goniometer
(choose 1)
Elbow
extension

Wrist
hyper-
extension
Hip
flexion

Knee
extension

J. How accurate (valid) were your goniometric measurements? What factors may have
influenced the accuracy?