ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017

Modeling and Simulation of a Microgrid with

PV and wind Energy Resources
Rehana M J1, Soumya A V2
PG Student [PCD], Dept. of EEE, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India1
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT : This work presents the modeling, control and operation of a microgrid with three power sources and a
storage system. The sources are solar photovoltaic and wind turbine. The objective of this work is to describe useful
models of typical sources, the calculation of its parameters and control design of the power electronic converters of the
energy sources. The modeling of the full system including all the stages of the converters is performed using MATLAB
software package. The microgrid was designed to operate connected to the main network. The microgrid operated
appropriately for different steady state operating conditions.

KEYWORDS: Solar Photovoltaic(SPV), Voltage Source Inverter(VSI), Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT),
DFIG(doubly fed induction generator.
I.INTRODUCTION
Microgrid is a concept that involves one or more energy resources, loads, control and protection and management
system making it operational whether connected or isolated from the main network. The development and increase in
DG penetration with electrical proximity to one another have supported the concept of the microgrid. The microgrids
are, in general, based on renewable energy resources or of low environmental impact. Energy resources refer to
generation and storage units. The most commonly used power generation technologies are solar photovoltaic, wind
power, micro turbines, combustion turbines, Stirling engines, geothermal systems, fuel cells and small hydropower .
The energy storage sources include battery, super-capacitor, low- and high-speed flywheel systems and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems. Each of these resources has its own characteristics, and
most of them require power converters for the connection to the network. The power electronic interfaces play a crucial
enabling role of regulating the voltage, frequency, and power to integrate the energy source to the grid. The control
applied to converters makes it possible an efficient operation of each individual energy resource and the management of
the entire microgrid, whether operating connected to the main network or in isolated system is evolving in the form of
Microgrid.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PV/WIND MICROGRID
At following models of the energy resources for computer simulation are presented. The control of each energy
resource operating connected to the main network is given

A. MODELLING OF PV MODULE

The photovoltaic system consists of photovoltaic modules, a boost converter and an inverter. The dc-dc boost converter
is responsible for search for maximum efficiency of the PV system and the inverter controls the suitable operating
conditions to meet the ac load demand.

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2772

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017
1) PV Array: The PV cell is represented by a controlled current source with equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1 Equivalent Circuit of Solar Cell

A solar cell can be represented by a current source parallel with a diode, ahighresistanceandserieswithasmall resistance.
Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit of a solar cell.
The output current-voltage characteristic of a PV panel is expressed by equation (1), where npand nsare the number of
solar cells in parallel and series respectively.
( )
I = np IPH – np IO ( -1) (1)

IPH = [ISC + Ki(T-Tref)] (2)

I is the load current, IPH / IL is the photocurrent , IS / IO is the diode current , q is the electron charge , V is the terminal
voltage of the cell , N is the diode ideality factor , K is the Boltzmann constant, T is the cell temperature , RS and RSH is
the series and shunt resistance respectively. Where Isc is the short circuit current of the PV cell, T is the current
atmospheric temperature and Tref is the temperature at nominal condition (25oC and 1000W/m2), G is the current
irradiancelevel. Maximum power capacity of array is 7 kW to drive a 6 kW pump. A 250 W PV module is simulated
and the modules are connected in series and parallel to attain a 7 kW PV array. Table I shows the parameters of the pv
module.
TABLE I
PV MODULE PARAMETERS
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS VALUE
Maximum Power (Pmax) 250 W
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) 37.6 A
Short Circuit Current (ISC) 8.66 A
Number of Series Cells (Ns) 60
We make use of maximum power point techniques to utilize the trapped power from the available power from the sun.
The implementation of technique can be done on the dc-dc converter to change its duty ratio, so as to obtain the
required voltage at the output of converters. Of the different MPPT techniques, beta method is used here. Beta is a
variable used to find the intermediate value between current and voltage. Beta is calculated by
using the following equation.
ln (Ipv /Vpv ) – C. Vpv = ln (I0.C) = (3)

Where Ipv denotes panel output current, Vpv denotes panel output voltage. C denotes conductance, is calculated
by using
C=q /( ) (4)

Where q denotes the electron charge (charge carried out by single electron or photon 1.602176565 (35)
X 10-19 coulombs), denotes the quality factor of the junction panel, K denotes the Boltzmann constant
(1.380648813x 10-23 J/K), T represent the temperature, and NS represent number of cells in series. It may be

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2773

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017
noted that is independent of insolation but depends on temperature
The method senses voltage and current of the PV panel. The initial step of the algorithm is to reading the output
voltage (Vpv) and current (Ipv) measured from Photovoltaic panel. After getting the value Vpv and Ipv the value is
calculated. Check value is in steady state or not. If is in the steady state, then is checked whether it is within
range of steady state or not. if in that range then it is switched to Hill climbing or other methods. After that same
process repeated again from the initial state. If the is not in steady state, it starts processing from initial steps. If the
a is not in the steady state range and then error value is calculated. , the value of corresponding to the most
probable array temperature is used as the guiding value.
The steady state value is calculated by a fixed temperature, the difference in the magnitude value of at maximum
power point lies smaller, from that Min and Max ranges are fixed. Smaller changes irradiation level made changes
in wide range. Max is taken from maximum irradiation in maximum temperature. Min is taken in minimum
irradiation and in minimum temperature. Both values Min and Max calculated at maximum power point. Error
values are calculated from the difference between g and a. From that new duty is calculated, by summing the old
duty cycle with the product of error and Boltzmann constant.

Fig.2.flowchart of Beta method.

B.WIND POWER SYSTEM

The wind power source is based on a three-phase doublyfed induction generator (DFIG). The DFIG stator is directly
connected to the low-voltage side of the transformer, so it must have a steady output voltage and frequency. The rotor
is connected to the microgrid through a back-to-back converter that comprises a rotor-side converter (RSC), a grid-side
converter (GSC) with an intermediate dc voltage link. By controlling the converters in both sides, the DFIG can capture
maximum energy from the wind with high efficiency. The traditional control method of DFIG is based on stator field
orientation. In the stator flux oriented control (FOC) the d-q frame rotates at synchronous speed and is aligned to the
synchronously rotating reference frame such that the stator flux is aligned with the d-axis and the stator voltage vector
with the q-axis as represented in Fig.3

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2774

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017

Fig 3
The mathematical model of the DFIG is written in (5)- (8), which considers the generator´s variables in the d-q
synchronous reference frame
( ) ( )
Vds = Rsids – ωsλqs + Lls + Lm (5)

( ) ( )
Vqs = Rsiqs – ωsλds + Lls + Lm (6)

( ) ( )
Vdr = Rridr –( ωs – ωr )λqr + Llr + Lm (7)

( ) ( )
Vqr = Rridr –( ωs – ωr )λdr + Llr + Lm (8)
where the sub index ds and qs refer to either voltage, current or flux stator related variables in the d- and q-axis,
respectively, the sub index dr and qr refer to either voltage, current or flux rotor related variables in the d- and q axis,
respectively, Rs is the stator resistance, Rr is the rotor resistance, Lls , Llr and Lm are the stator, rotor dispersed and
magnetizing inductance, respectively, ωs is the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field and ωr is the rotor
angular velocity.
The electromagnetic torque and the active and reactive power at the stator windings can be calculated by:
Te = p λds irq (9)

Ps = ( Vdsids + Vqsiqs) = (Vqsiqs) (10)

Qs = ( Vqsids - Vdsiqs) = (Vqsiqs) (11)

where p is the machine number of pairs of poles and Ls is the proper inductance of the stator. Therefore, considering
the magnetic flux constant and controlling the quadrature component of the rotor current, the electromagnetic torque of
DFIG is controlled. Making use of the same torque control strategy, one can control the flow of active and reactive
powers of stator through the converter on the side of the machine.
The block diagram of the control of the RSC is shown in fig4

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2775

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017

Fig. 4. Control diagram of the rotor-side converter.

The GSC converter is an inverter connected to the electric network whose main function is to keep the DC bus voltage
independent of the direction of flow of power through the rotor [14]. Different from the RSC control, the stator voltage
on the grid-side converter control is aligned with the d-axis. The equations that will set the GSC converter are defined
in (12)-(13).

Vds = Vs = Rf i fd + Lf (difd/ dt ) –ωg Lf ifq + vd (12)

Vqs = 0 = Rf ifq + Lf (difq / dt ) –ωg Lf ifd + vq (13)

where Rf and Lf are the resistance and inductance of output filter of GSC, ωg is the angular frequency of the network,
ifd and ifq are the current d-q components that flows through the filter, and finally, vd and vq are the voltage components
at the inverter output.
Using equation of active power of the GSC and active power in the DC link shown in (14), it should be noted that the
voltage on the capacitor can be controlled through the filter d-axis current.
Conversely, the q-axis current controls the reactive power that the GSC processes (15); setting the ifq reference to zero
when in steady state regime the power factor of the converter is unity.
VccIcc = 3/2 (Vds ifd) (14)

Qr = 3/2 (Vds ifq ) (15)

The block diagram of the GSC control is shown in Fig. 11.The wind turbine designed to the generator 12.8kVA/10kW
was modeled according to [15].

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2776

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017

Fig. 5. Control diagram of the grid-side converter.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The modelling of proposed system with compensation capacitor is carried out inMATLAB/SIMULINK. The
simulation is carried out for an irradiance of 1000 W/m2and a wind speed of 12m/s. The P-V are plotted for the
standard test condition at an irradiation level of 1000 W/ m2 and temperature of 298K. The maximum peak point of the
P-V curve gives the maximum power obtained from the PV module and it is 250W.

P
O
W
E
R

VOLTAGE
Fig.6. P-V curve at standard test condition of 1000 W/ and 298K

TIME
Fig 7 .Current and voltage waveform PV

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2777

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017
Fig 7 shows the current and voltage waveform with time in x-axis with a step input of irrandiance 1000W/m2and at 5
seconds irradiance of 500W/m2 is applied.

A boost converter is modeled using the equations. The values used for inductor and capacitor in the converter are L=
5μH and C = 840 μF and switching frequency is 5 kHz. The switching pulses to the boost converter are provided by the
MPP algorithm. Fig.8 shows the output voltage waveform of boost converter at different irradiation levels 500 W/ ,
1000 W/ respectively

Time
Fig. 8 Output voltage waveform of boost converter at irradiation level of
1000W/ and 500W/

Fig 9 .Stator input voltage of DFIG with wind speed 12 m/s

Fig 9 shows the stator input voltage waveform of doubly fed induction generator for a input of wind speed 12 m/s.the
input voltage is 415 v magnitude.

Fig.10 rotor voltage of DFIG with constant wind speed 12m/s.

Fig 10 shows the rotor side voltage of DFIG which is of 200 V in magnitude.
Fig.11 shows the Simulink model of grid control. The grid control circuit mainly consists of DC regulator, ABC to dq
conversion, Current regulator and reference generator. The output of the control circuit is a reference sine wave. This
reference wave is then compared with the carrier wave to produce the pulses to the three phase inverter. Fig. 12 shows
the output voltage waveform of three phase inverter .

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2778

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017

Fig :11 grid control of microgrid

Fig 12. Inverter waveform for a microgrid

Fig 12 shows the inverter line voltage waveform for the microgrid with 280V amplitude

Fig.13.voltage and current waveform of the micro grid

Figure 13 shows the votage and current waveform at grid which is of 440 rms V and 15 A. The power at grid is of 7
KW

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2779

 ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijareeie.com
Vol. 6, Issue 4, April 2017
IV.CONCLUSION
The paper has presented useful models of three phase micro sources of a microgrid. The simulation results based in
MATLAB software environment were presented The parameters of the models of the energy resources were obtained
using the datasheet and operating curves as given b manufactures of the equipment that are to be used as part of the
microgrid The energy resources are connected to the network through power converters such as boost converter, high
voltage gain boost converter and single- and three-phase inverters The microgrid was designed to operate connected to
th main network. The converters operation was tested for different operating point changes, which responded suitably
The results showed that the inverters have a higher efficiency low current harmonic distortion, when operating close to
it rated power. However, the stochastic power sources, such a PV array and wind turbine, most of the time generate less
than the rated power, therefore measures should be taken in the control of these sources in order to improve
performance o their converters..

REFERENCES

[1] A. Kahrobaeian and Y.A.-R.I. Mohamed, "Interactive Distributed Generation Interface for Flexible Micro-Grid Operation in Smart
Distribution Systems," IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, pp. 295 - 305, Apr. 2012.
[2] M. H. Nehrir, C. Wang, K. Strunz, H. Aki, R. Ramakumar, J. Bing, Z. Miao, and Z. Salameh, " A Review of Hybrid Renewable/Alternative
Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation: Configurations, Control, and Applications," IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 2,
pp. 392 - 403, Oct. 2011.
[3] B. Belvedere, M. Bianchi, A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, M. Paolone and A. Peretto, " A Microcontroller-Based Power Management System for
Standalone Microgrids With Hybrid Power Supply," IEEE Trans. On Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, pp. 422 - 431, Jul. 2012.
[4] J. Lee, B. Han and N. Choi, " DC micro-grid operational analysis with detailed simulation model for distributed generation," in Proc. 2010
IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 3153 - 3160.
[5] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. Ruppert Filho, "Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays." IEEE
Trans.on Power Eletronics, vol. 24, pp. 1198 – 1208, May 2009.
[6] M. M. Casaro and D. C. Martins, "Modelo de arranjo fotovoltaico destinado a análises em eletrônica de potência via simulação,"
RevistaEletrônica de Potência, vol. 13, n. 3, pp. 141 – 146.

Copyright to IJAREEIE DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2017.0604094 2780