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(Plane and Solid Mensuration)

Hand-out No.11

Sphere

Definition A hemisphere may be defined as a one-base

A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface spherical segment whose altitude is equal to radius of the
whose set of all points is equidistant from a fixed point called sphere, or h=R. Its volume is equal to one-half the volume of
of the center. the sphere.
The surface of the sphere is called a spherical
surface. As conferred in circle, the distance connecting the Volume of a Spherical Segment
spherical surface and the center is called radius of the sphere. πh ²
V= (3R –h) -------volume of one base
A great circle is a section of a 3
sphere that contains a diameter of πh 2
V= (3a + 3b2 + h2) --------volume of two base
the sphere. Sections of the sphere 6
that do not contain a diameter are Zone
called small circles. A zone is a surface of revolution of a sphere included
between two parallel planes.
The axis of a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the If one of the planes is tangent to the sphere and one
sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the [Link] intersects the sphere, the zone is called a zone of one base.
end points of the axis are poles of the circle. The area of a zone is the product of its altitude and
The spherical distance between two points of a the circumference of a great circle of the sphere.
sphere is the length of the minor arc of a great circle joining Z = 2πRh
them. This distance is the shortest on the sphere. The Surface Areas of Spherical Segments
spherical distance from any point on the circle to its nearest One-Base Segment : TSA = Zone + Areas of one base
pole is called the polar distance of a circle of a sphere. TSA = 2πRh + πr2
A sphere is inscribed in a polyhedron if it is tangent Two-Base Segment: TSA = Zone + Area Sum of Two Bases
to all the faces of polyhedron. A sphere is circumscribed TSA = 2πRh + πa2 + πb2
about a polyhedron if each of the vertices of the polyhedron Spherical Sector and Spherical Cone
touches the surface of the sphere. A spherical sector is the solid generated by revolving
a sector of a semicircle about its diameter as an axis.
A spherical angle is the angle
The base of a spherical sector is a zone and its vertex
formed by two intersecting arcs of is the center of the sphere.
great circles. This angle is equal to A spherical cone is the composite solid consisting of
the angle formed by two lines two solids a common base; a one-base spherical segment and
which are tangent to the arcs at a right circular cone whose vertex is at the center of the
their point of intersection.⦟CAD = sphere.
⦟FAE

Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere

4 3
S = 4πR2 V = πR ,
3
respectively
Surface Area and Volume of Spherical Sector
Spherical Segment
1 2
A spherical segment is the solid formed by passing V= ZR or V = πR2h
two parallel cutting planes through a sphere. 3 3
The bases of spherical segment are the sections R is the radius of the sphere and h is the altitude of base.
made by the two parallel planes and its altitude is the S = πR(2h +r)
perpendicular distance between these planes. In addition, if Spherical Polygons
one of the parallel planes forming the segment is tangent to A spherical polygon is closed figure drawn on the
the sphere a segment of one base is formed. surface of a sphere consisting of three or more arcs of great
circles. The sides of the polygon are the arcs
A spherical segment can be
thought of as spherical cap of great circles and the vertices are
with a truncated top, and the points of intersection of these
thus , it corresponds to a arcs. The interior angles are the
spherical frustum. spherical angles formed by the sides
of the polygon.
 A polyhedral angle at the center of the sphere is
formed when the vertices of a spherical polygon are joined to EXAMPLES
the center of the sphere. 1. Find the percentage increase in the volume of a spherical
Theorem on spherical polygons: ball when its surface area is increased by 44%.
 The sides of a spherical polygon are equal to the 2. The radii of two marbles are in the ratio of 3:4 and the
corresponding faces angles of polyhedral angle. 4500 π
 The interior angles of a spherical polygon are sum of their volumes is mm3. Find the volume of
3
equal to the corresponding dihedral angles of the smaller marble.
the polyhedral angle. 3. A hemispherical vessel is partly filled with water 12 cm
deep at the lower part and oil 6 cm deep above the water.
Spherical Triangle If the volume of the water is equal to the volume of the
A spherical triangle is a spherical polygon consisting oil, compute for the volumes of the oil and the vessel.
of three sides. Also,compute for the radii of the oil and water surfaces
The Right Spherical Triangle 4. A spherical segment has a volume equal to one-third that
of a sphere. Determine the height of the spherical
segment if the diameter of the sphere is 4ft.

ASSIGNMENT NO. 11
The relationships among 1. The ratio of the area of zone of the first spherical
the sides and the angles of segment to that of the second segment is 1:5. If the height
of the second zone is 5 cm, find the diameter of the
the spherical triangle are
sphere.
obtained by the Napier’s 2. What is the volume of spherical sector with diameter 15
Rule of circular parts. m and height of the base 6 m?
3. A spherical triangle ABC has an angle 90° with an
The Oblique Spherical Triangle opposite side that measures 80° . Another side measures
Law of Sines: 50° . Find the third side.
sina sinb sinc 4. The sides a and c of the spherical triangle ABC measure
= =
sinA sinB sinC 100° and 40° , respectively. Find the angle A if the
Law of Cosines for the sides: opposite angle of side b is 115° .
cos a = cosb cosc + sinb sinc cosA 5. The dihedral angle of a spherical wedge 30° , find the
cos b = cosa cosc + sina sinc cosB volume if its diameter is 6 cm.
cos c = cosa cosb + sina sinb cos C
Law of Cosines for the Angles:
Cos A = -cosB cosC + sinB sinC cosa
Cos B =-cosA cosC +sinA sinB cosc
Cos C =-cosA cosB +sinA sinB cosc

Area of a Spherical Triangles

E = (A + B + C – 180° )
πR ² E
A=
180°
Spherical Lune
A spherical lune is a slice of the surface of a sphere
cut by two planes through the azimuthal axis with dihedral
angle.
In other words, a lune is the spherical surface cut by
two great semicircles which meet at the axis of the sphere.
The angle of a lune is the angle of a lune is the angle formed
by semicircles.
S = 2R2θ where θ is expressed in radian.

Spherical Pyramid and Spherical Wedge

A spherical pyramid is a solid whose base is a
spherical polygon and whose vertex is the center of the
sphere.
π 3
V= RE
540
A spherical wedge is the solid formed by a lune and
the surfaces of its two great circles.
2 3
V= R θ where θ (in radians)
3