REDES DE DATOS I
Class 1. Introducction to
Data Networks
Alberto Arellano A. Ing. Msc.
aarellano@[Link]
CCNA – CCNP – CCSP-JNCIA
CLASS OBJETIVES
At the end of class the student will have the
ability to:
• Understand the concept of a data networks
• Understand the main components of a data
networks
• Classify the different types of data networks.
• Understand the main technologies used in
personal wireless data networks
• Explain the concepts about delay, packet loss and
Throughput
WHAT IS A COMPUTERS
NETWORKS?
“Computer networks or data networks are chains of
nodes linked by communication channels. The nodes
receive, transmit and exchange data between
endpoints. The data transmitted is in the form of data,
voice or video traffic.”
WHAT’S THE INTERNET?
PC • billions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
• hosts = end systems
wireless global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone
home
network
communication links regional ISP
wireless
• fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth
packet switches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
• routers and switches
GLOBAL&LOCAL INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDERS (ISP)
ISP ARCHITECTURE
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company the provides
Internet access. The most common ISP is the provider who delivers
Internet to your home or business for a fee. However, there are 3
levels of ISPs. Tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 providers. All 3 play an
important role in providing Internet access.
6
ISP ARCHITECTURE
A tier 1 is an carrier or Internet provider who exchanges traffic
with other tier 1 providers. These ISPs exchange traffic strictly
through peering agreements.
Without tier 1 Internet providers, Internet traffic could not
be exchanged between continents and countries.
• Hibernia Networks
• Cogent
Communications
• Level 3 Communications
7
ISP ARCHITECTURE
A tier 2 ISP is a service provider who connects between tier 1 and
tier 3 Internet service providers. Tier 2 providers will exchange
Internet traffic through peering agreements, as well as
purchase Internet transit.
• Hurricane Electric
• Vodafone
• Comcast
8
ISP ARCHITECTURE
A tier 3 ISP is a provider who strictly purchases Internet transit. A tier
3 provider is the last mile provider who delivers Internet access to
residential homes and businesses.
• Transnexa
• Telconet
• CNT
9
LOCAL CARRIERS - TRANSNEXA
10
LOCAL CARRIERS - TELCONET
11
LOCAL CARRIERS - CNT
12
LOCAL CARRIERS - FEATURES
CARRIER FEATURE
TRANSNEXA • 49000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH & DWDM
• Optical Transport Network
TELCONET • 25000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH (E1, DS3, STM1,
STM16, STM64)
• DWDM
CNT • 10000 Km F.O
• IP/MPLS TE
• SDH & DWDM
• 10 Gbps Interface
13
INTERNET STATISTICS
INTERNET USERS
SOCIAL MEDIA STATISTICS
WHAT IS A INTERNET OF THINGS - IOT?
“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.”
TREND – SMART EVERYTHING
WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the
Internet. These resources include tools and applications like data
storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.
• Applications through
Internet (Google Docs)
• Computing through
Internet (Amazon EC3)
• Storage and backup
through Internet (iCloud,
Google Drive)
CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS
CLOUD COMPUTING MARKET SHARE
NETWORK COMPONENTS: END
DEVICES (USERS)
• Servers provide information and services to clients
• e-mail, web pages.
• Clients request information from the server.
SERVER COMPUTERS
• Servers have software installed that enable them to provide
information (email, web pages, etc), to other hosts on the network.
• Each service requires separate server software.
• A single computer can run multiple types of server
software.
SERVER COMPUTERS SOFTWARE
CLIENT COMPUTERS
SOFTWARE
END DEVICES
• End devices or hosts:
• The source or destination of a message.
INDUSTRIAL END DEVICES
NETWORKING DEVICES
Switches
Routers
Firewalls
Access Point
NETWORK MEDIA
Communication across a network is carried through a medium which
allows a message to travel from source to destination.
Media Types Description
Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses
Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.
within cables (fiber-optic
cable)
Wireless transmission Uses modulation of specific
frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.
• Maximum Distance
• Environment
• Speed
• Cost
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
Physical topology diagrams illustrate the physical
location of intermediary devices and cable installation.
LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices, ports, and the
addressing scheme of the network, as shown in the figure. You can
see which end devices are connected to which intermediary
devices and what media is being used.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY – STAR
TOPOLOGY
It’s called a star topology because all communication has to
go through the switch, it is the central component of our
network.
33
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects
computers and devices in a limited geographical area.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
Main characteristics of LAN:
Area of coverage: LANs located within the
same building such as a home, school
computer laboratory, office building.
Distance: LANs span (cover) distance less than
a 10 km.
Ownership: LANs are owned and operated by
individual organizations.
Technologies: Ethernet, Token Ring*, FDDI*,
WLAN (*Legacy Technologies – 1970 - 1980)
W-PAN NETWORKS
Wireless Personal Area Network (W-PAN) is a
type of wireless network that works within a
very small area (10 meters).
WIRELESS PAN – Z-WAVE
Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol designed for
home automation, specifically for remote control applications
in residential and light commercial environments. Frequency
908.42 Mhz, Data rate (9.6 to 40 kpbs)
WIRELESS PAN – BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data
over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in
the ISM band from 2402 - 2480 MHz. Data rate (1 mbps
Nominal – 720 Kbps user )
WIRELESS PAN – BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth was invented in 1994 by Ericsson.
Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba, and Ericsson formed Bluetooth
SIG in May 1998
Version 1.0A of the specification came out in late 1999.
IEEE 802.15.1 approved in early 2002 is based on
Bluetooth Later versions handled by Bluetooth SIG
directly
Key Features:
Lower Power: 10 mA in standby, 50 mA while
transmitting
Cheap: $5 per device
Small: 9 mm2 single chips
WPAN- BLUETOOTH VERSIONS
Bluetooth 1.1: IEEE 802.15.1-2002
Bluetooth 1.2: IEEE 802.15.1-2005. Completed Nov 2003. Higher variable
rate retransmission.
Bluetooth 2.0 + Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) (Nov 2004): 3 Mbps using
DPSK. For video applications. Reduced power due to reduced duty cycle
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (July 2007): Secure Simple Pairing to speed up
pairing
Bluetooth 3.0+ High Speed (HS) (April 2009): 24 Mbps using WiFi PHY +
Bluetooth PHY for lower rates
Bluetooth 4.0 (June 2010): Low energy. Smaller devices requiring longer
battery life (several years). New incompatible PHY. Bluetooth Smart or
BLE
Bluetooth 4.1: 4.0 + Core Specification
Bluetooth 4.2 (Dec 2014): Larger packets, security/privacy, IPv6
Profile
WIRELESS PAN – RFID
RFID - RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification”.
A system consisting a tag, antenna and a processor capable of
wirelessly communication data over radio waves. Data rate
(150 kbps)
WIRELESS PAN – NFC
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication
protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually
a portable device such as a smartphone, to
establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of
each other. (Data Rate 424 kbit/s)
WIRELESS PAN – ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area
networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee
is based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard
ZIGBEE - DETAILS
WIRELESS PAN –
BODY AREA NETWORK - BAN
A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless
body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN), is
a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
EJERCICIO
Una red VAN que implementa la tecnología 802.15.4, está compuesta por 40
automóviles cada uno de los cuales posee un sistema de adquisición de datos
(motas) mediantes sensores, cada uno de las motas está compuesto por 25 sensores:
7 de Temperatura, 6 tacómetro, 6 sensores de flujo de aire y 6 sensores de
proximidad, además de un módulo de comunicación en 2.4 Ghz., las características
de los sensores se muestran a continuación:
Sensor Rango de Medida Observaciones
Temperatura PT100 -50º C a 100º C Considere 1 bit para representar el signo del
valor
Tacómetro 0 – 10000 RPM
Flujo de Aire 0 – 220000 m/s
Sensor de Proximidad 0 – 50 m Este valor por precisión se mide en
centímetros
Determine:
• El % de uso de la red si todos las 40 automóviles están transmitiendo datos, y si se
considera un uso real del 80% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4.
• El tiempo de servicio de la red cuando 10, 20 y 40 autos transmiten datos,
considere un uso real del 50, 80 y 100% del bit rate nominal del estándar 802.15.4
para cada número de autos.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
A metropolitan area
network (MAN) is a
high-speed network that
connects local area
networks (LANs) in a
metropolitan area.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
Main characteristics of MAN:
Areas of coverage: MANs connect various
locations such as campuses, offices, and
government, that are frequently used as links
between buildings.
Distance: MANs span (cover) distance up to 100
miles (161 km).
Ownership: MANs are owned by a group of users
who jointly own and operate the network.
Technologies: Metro Ethernet, SMDS, WIMAX
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A wide area network (WAN) is a network that
covers a large geographical area.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Main characteristics of WAN:
Areas of coverage: WANs located within a
countryside and worldwide networks, (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of media such as
telephone lines, cables and radio waves. The Internet
is the world’s largest WAN.
Distance: WANs span (cover) distance greater than
160 Km.
Ownership: Service Providers (AT&T, Telconet, CNT)
Technologies: Frame Relay, ATM, MPLS, LTE
CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHING
Circuit switching is when a dedicated channel or circuit
needs to be established before users can speak to each
other on a call. A channel used in circuit switching is kept
reserved at all times and is used once the two users
communicate. (PSTN)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING VS PACKET SWITCHING
Packet switching is different from circuit switching because
there is no requirement to establish a channel. The channel
is available to users throughout the data network. Long
messages are broken down into packets and sent
individually to the network. (Internet)
DATA LOSS AND DELAY
packets queue in router buffers, waiting for turn for transmission
queue length grows when arrival rate to link (temporarily)
exceeds output link capacity
packet loss occurs when memory to hold queued packets fills up
SOURCES OF PACKET DELAY
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay
check bit errors time waiting at output link for
transmission
determine output link depends on congestion level
typically < msec of router
SOURCES OF PACKET DELAY
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
L: packet length (bits) d: length of physical link
R: link bandwidth (bps) s: propagation speed (~2x108
dtrans = L/R m/sec)
dprop = d/s
“REAL” INTERNET DELAYS, ROUTES
PACKET LOSS
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
THROUGHPUT
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server with bits
sends link capacity
pipe that can carry link capacity
pipe that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
THROUGHPUT
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
