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Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590 [Link]/proceedings

ICMPC 2017

A review of recent research on multifunctional composite materials

and structures with their applications
Jagath Narayana ka, Ramesh Gupta Burelab,*
a
PhD Student,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, U.P, India
b
Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, U.P, India

Abstract

In the last few years the research activity in multifunctional composite materials and structures (MFCMS) is
remarkably increased. This paper is a review of journal publications that are related to multifunctional composite
materials and structures. MFCMS are meant for performing a variety of functions apart from the primary structural
function which provides structural functions such as strength, stiffness, stability while non-structural functions
provides energy harvesting, self-healing capability, sensing and actuation and sometimes acts as a protective layer
etc. Many of the recent developments focused on the applications of MFCMS such as High Altitude Airship (HAA),
morphing aircraft wings, energy harvesting, nanomaterials & nanostructures, smart structures, coupled field
analysis, biomechanical etc. This paper also focused on the nonlinear mechanics of MFCMS because High Altitude
Airship type of problems comes under geometrically and materially nonlinear case, so to analyse this type of
problems one of the effective method called Variational Asymptotic Method is used. This method solves the
problem by splitting the 3-D nonlinear problem into 1-D analysis through the thickness and 2-D nonlinear shell
analysis. This paper concludes with a discussion of future scope and difficulties in design and analysis of
multifunctional composite structures.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.

Keywords:Multifunctional composite materials;Multifunctional structures;Laminated composites; Nano composites

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 0120-3819100Extn: 293

E-mail address:[Link]@[Link]

2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of 7th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590 5581

1. Introduction

Multifunctional composite structures are meant for performing a variety of functions apart from the primary
functions. Multifunctional materials (MFS), Multifunctional composites (MFC) and Multifunctional structures
(MFS) are the sub branches of Multifunctional material systems (MFMS) [1]. The need of excess components is
eliminated by combining of one or more functional capabilities of subsystems with the total structure so that the total
system mass and volume can be reduced and improves the overall efficiency of the system [2]. In the recent years
the need of multifunctional materials and structures is increased in many fields due to its multiple structural
functions or both structural and non-structural functions [3], Fig [1] represents the functional capabilities of Multi-
functional composite materials and structures as shown in below Table 1.

Table 1. Illustration of MFM, MFC and MFS [1, 2]

MFM MFC MFS
Examples PZT Epoxy/Carbon fiber Shark denticles

Sensing and Mechanical strength and Reduce the drag by providing

Functions
actuation electrical conductivity anti-biofouling

Fig 1. Structural and non-structural functions of MFCMS

2. Design and fabrication

The design of MFCMS is a challenging task because of its complex structures whereas the selection of materials for
the fabrication and the process of fabrication plays very important role to get the required functional capabilities, by
preserving the initial structural functions and adding the additional non-structural functions [3]. The design of
multifunctional materials and structures can be implemented by the integration of functional devices which exhibits
the additional functions within the structural materials [4]. Y. Xiao, W. Qiao et al. [4] demonstrated the embedded
thin film lithium energy cells which are used to store the energy. These energy cells are designed with in the
laminated composites and the difficulty in design of embedded devices which reflects the structural function of
composite also discussed (see Fig 2). Experimental and numerical results showed the effect of slipping and as well
as the frictional forces developed on the crack propagation of embedded composite laminate.
5582 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

Fig 2. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites embedded with solid-state thin-film lithium energy cells [5]

M. Akbar and J. L. Curiel-Sosa[5] presented the piezoelectric embedded aircraft wing box used to harvest the
energy for large scale structures by the dynamic bending responses. This design is implemented on jet aircraft wing
box which is having piezo electric layer stacked in the laminated composite. The difficulty for the structure is the
weight increment by the addition of piezo layer this problem is handled by the appropriate optimization method. The
result showed the improved electric power of 25.24 KW is generated for 14.5 m wing span when compared to
previous literature result. M.U. Saeed, B.B. Li et al. [6]designed the micro channels which are embedded within the
laminated composite structure (see Fig 3). These channels are used to store and transport or circulate the fluid to the
desired location. The microchannel exhibits non-structural functions such as cooling and sensing. The design of
microchannel developed by two methods one is by removal of solid wired within the structure to form the hollow
holes and the other one is non-removal of hollow tubes. The non-removable hollow tubes results showed good
fracture resistance or in simple words fracture is deviated from the hollow microchannel when compared to the other
type of design process (see Fig 4).

Fig 3. Fluid passage and load support design of a multifunctional sandwich panel [6]

P. Ladpli, R. Nardari et al. [7]presented the embedded lithium ion battery materials in CERP (composite reinforced
polymers) which maximizes the utilization of material when compared to standard lithium ion pouch cells (see Fig
5). R. D. Farahani, M. Dubéet al. [8] reviewed the 3-D printing techniques for multifunctional composites which
include the methods such as micro stereo lithography, extrusion based, powder based and inject printing techniques
by using metal and carbon based nanomaterials (see Fig 6 (a) (b) ). These methods improved the printability and
functional capabilities such as electromechanical sensitivity, mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590 5583

Fig 4.a) crack tip blunting ; b) crack tip deflection [6]

Fig 5. Comparison of standard Li-ion pouch cells with MES Composites (Multifunctional Energy Storage Composites (MES) improve the shear
resistance of the battery core) [7]

C. J. C. Heath, I. P. Bond et al. [9]introduced the electronic adhesion by creating the very high potential difference
in the electrodes which generates attractive force providing good attachment and exhibits good structural functions
in the fibre reinforced polymer composite structures. M. Zhang, C. Hou et al. [10] presented the synthesis methods
of on-pot green to fabricateinterlocked graphene Prussian blue composites (PB) which are useful for biosensors and
super capacitor electrodes as high performance materials. PB composite material is used because of its low toxic
nature and low cost which are suitable for the large scale industries. Graphene oxide is reduced to control the
toxicity by using iron and glucose as co-reducing agents.M. H. Gabr and K. Uzawa [11] describedthe usage of sub-
micro titanium/alumina (TIAL) particle as reinforcement which can produce the polyamide multifunctional
composites. The properties are varies with the concentration of alumina/titanium, by incorporating TIAL the
strength and flexural modulus are improved by 22% and 75% respectively.
5584 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

Fig 6.a) Powder-bed technology through layer-by-layer fabrication of a 3D structure; b) Extrusion-based fabrication [8]

3. Structural and non-structural functions

M. H. Malakooti, B. A. Patterson et al. [12]reported the zinc oxide (Zno) nanowires growth on the surface of a
woven aramid fabric which arealigned vertically. Zno provides the significant improvement in elastic modulus and
tensile strength of the composites by 34.3% and 18.4% respectively. The large deformation of nanowires leads to
electric charge accumulation between the carbon electrodes and creates a potential difference.B. K. Deka, A.
Hazarika et al. [13]described the growing ofCuo (copper oxide) nanowires on the surface of woven carbon fiber
(WCF) to improve the capacitance (as a supercapacitor) and mechanical properties (see Fig 7). The specific
capacitance of Cuo-WCF based super capacitor is increased drastically when compared to base WCF based
supercapacitor.

Fig [Link] components of the WCF based supercapacitor(GF-glass fiber, WCF-woven carbon fiber) [13]
 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590 5585

V. S. C. Chillara, L. M. Headings[14]introduced the Multifunctional laminated composite structures having

pressurized fluid layer as one of its laminae (see Fig 8 (a) (b)). This layer is used to change the shape of structure
form curved geometry to flat by applying pressure on pre-stress fluid layer. This methodology is used in aircraft
morphing wings and automobiles by incorporating the morphing panels into the vehicle body to reduce the
additional components of total structure there by decreasing the mass and volume of the composite structure.

Fig 8.(a) Unactuated state of a fluidic pre-stressed composite; (b) actuated shape of the composite when the fluid channels are pressurized. (EMC
- elastomeric matrix composite)

D. J. Hartl, G. J. Frank et al. [15]described the embedded microvascular networks as multifunctional structure which
exhibits additional functions such as self-healing, thermal management. The performance depends on the space
between channels, channel orientation, aspect ratio of channel cross section etc.P. B. Kaul, M. F. P. Bifanoet al. [16]
introduced the tin capped multi walled carbon nanotube array composites aligned vertically, which are used for
thermal management. Thermal conductivity is increased by the vertically aligned carbon nanotube when compared
to normal thermal interface materials as shown in below Table 2.

Table [Link] summery of investigations on multifunctional composite materials and structures to get additional functions.

Investigator name Structure or material Functional source Nonstructural function

David O. Olawale et Bio inspired in-situ triboluminescent Emission of light form the
Damage monitoring
al.[17] composites crystals
Layers of carbon plies and Kevlar fabric of Shield from electromagnetic
D. Micheli et al. [18] Shielding behavior
polymer matrix interferences
Bio inspired paper based reduced graphene Solar irradiation and Purification of water and
J. Lou et al. [19]
oxide composites decontamination technique localized heating
Yoshikazu Ito et
Multifunctional porous graphene Heat localization Steam generation
al.[20]
Heath monitoring of
Eddy current sensors and piezo
Yishou Wang et al.[21] Multi field coupled sensing network composite bolted joint
electric sensors

Carbon-carbon hot structure material Heat shield for outer surface

R. Wagner et al. [22] system Thermal protection system of planetary entry structures

4. Mechanics of multi-functional composite materials and structures

S. Agrawal and D. Harursampath et al. [23] introduced the variational asymptotic method (VAM) to solve coupled
problem of multi layered piezo composite beam. VAM is a novel tool to solve various multi physics problems it
simplifies the problem and solves the problem without considering ad-hoc assumptions. VAM provides way to get
asymptotically correct solution by taking the advantage of small parameters. VAM brakes down the problem of 3-D
5586 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

elastic beam into 2-D nonlinear cross sectional analysis and 1-D nonlinear analysis. Total energy of elastic body is
integrated over cross section to obtain 1-D behavior then 1-D generalized variables are solved by using
geometrically exact equilibrium equations of motion and 1-D kinematic equations which are obtained by
substituting of constitutive law from cross sectional analysis in to 1-D analysis.

S. Banerjee and S. Roy [24] Presented the analysis of piezoelectric cantilever sensor under static and dynamic load
by using variational asymptotic method (VAM). Electro mechanical response is captured effectively under static and
dynamic load of piezo sensor. This study is carried out on a single layer of piezo sensor and double layer of piezo
sensor. VAM results showed a good agreement with ABAQUS 3-D simulation results.

K. Chau Leet al. [25] developed a first order 2-D theory for functionally graded piezo electric shells (FGP) by using
VAM. Dimensional reduction is carried out by using small parameters. The electro static fields of FGP shells vary
through the thickness and differ essentially from homogeneous piezoelectric shells. S. Sawarkar, S. Pendhari et al.
[26]analyzed the displacement and stress for piezoelectric laminate by using new approach with the mathematical
integration through the thickness direction which is free from all assumptions and the model is mixed with first
order differential equations.

V. M. Sreehari, L. J. Georgeet al. [27] analyzed bending and buckling of smart composite plate by using inverse
hyperbolic shear deformation theory (IHSDT). Hamilton principle is used to form the governing equations of
laminated plate which is perfectly bonded with piezoelectric material on the top and bottom surface of the structure.
MATLAB program is developed based on the finite element formulation. The effectiveness of piezo patch attached
at center instead of piezo layers are presented.

Li, Eric, Zhongpu Zhanget al. [28] demonstrated the SFEM (smoothed finite element method) to analyze
multifunctional structural composite by asymptotic homogenization technique. SFEM computational efficiency is
high compared to conventional FEM.M. N. Rao, S. Tarun et al. [29] presented a shell element for nonlinear analysis
of piezo electric laminated composite plates and shells. Second order nonlinear constitutive equations are used in the
variational approach for finite element model. The analysis showed the difference between linear and nonlinear
constitutive models when the applied electric field is large. Shell four-node piezo linear element (SH4PL) and shell
four-node piezo nonlinear element (SH4NPL) are used to analyze the structure and compared results showed that
transverse bending and twisting deflections are better predicted by the present nonlinear theory.M. C. Ray [30]
developed the governing equations and boundary conditions for the smart nano beams which are integrated with
flexo-electric nano actuator layer

5. Characteristics

H. Kim and M. Gonzalezet al. [31] demonstrated the use of mimic printed circuit board which carries both structural
load and electric current within the system. The failure modes and fatigue life are measured experimentally to
investigate the capability of these embedded systems within the composite structures. Dog bone model with copper
traces specimens are used to measure the fatigue life which is a function of loading level. S. Yoo, E. Kandare et al.
[32]reviewed the thermo-physical properties of polymer based composite materials (PCM). Thermal conductivity
and thermal expansion coefficients are determined. The inter-laminar properties of these laminated composites
which are fabricated with micro-PCM and epoxy showed very good physical and thermal properties. Thermal
conductivity varies with loading values of PCM. Crystallization properties are determined by using differential
scanning calorimeter (DSC).

L. de Castro Folgueraset al. [33] investigated the electromagnetic properties of multilayered multi-functional
composites which are used as conductors or radiation absorbing materials. The electromagnetic properties are
evaluated by using waveguide technique in the X-band (8.2 to 12.4 HZ) which measures the reflection of microwave
radiation and 90 to 99% energy of the incident radiation is being absorbed in the multi-functional material made up
of nonwoven glass fiber pre-impregnated with formulation based carbon block.
 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590 5587

Fig 9. (a) The composite device with PZT nanowire interphase (b) The device with nanowires for actuation (c) The nanowire interface cross
sectionusing an optical microscopy [42]

Table [Link] summery of investigations on multifunctional composite materials and structural Characteristics.
Investigator name Structure or material Additional function Characteristics
Electrical resistivity and
D. H. Sung, G. H. Carbon nanotube glass fiber epoxy thermal conductivity are
Kang et al. [34] composites Thermal energy harvesting investigated
Strain and electrical
F. J. Baeza et al. [35] Carbon Nano fiber and fiber composites Damage monitoring properties
Tensile strength and electrical
S. H. Jang et al. [36] Spherical nickel powder (SNP) composites Electrical energy conductivity
Cucinotta et al. [37] Sandwich composite materials Damage monitoring Optical measurement
W. Su et al. [38] Multi-functional aero elastic wings Electrical energy harvesting Strain and frequency
Laminar flow of air through
larger areas of wing (gapless
S. Geier et al. [39] Composite morphing wing surfaces) Stiffness, erosion shielding
Flexural strength and
L. Valentini et al. [40] Graphene based bionic composites Crack surface repairing modulus of elasticity
B. Zhang et al. [41] Z-pinned composite laminates Health monitoring of structure Delamination growth
M. H. Malakooti et al. Zno Nano wires and carbon nanotube fiber Reduction of stress
[42] (see Fig. 9) reinforced polymers concentration at interfaces Displacement and strain
Electrical resistance and
Seifert et al.[43] Carbon nanocomposite beam Strain energy minimization Strain

6. Applications

Y. Ding, J. Zhu et al. [44] demonstrated the use of multifunctional materials in nanocomposites. Graphene
nanoribbons are introduced into polyurethane sponges which are used in supercapacitor applications. X. W. Yin, L.
F. Cheng et al. [45] presented the ceramic matrix composites which are useful in the apllication of hot engine
structures,electronic devices and exibits multifunctionalities such as crack healing, electromagnetic shielding, self
lubrication and energy absoption. Perez-Rosado, Ariel et al. [46] introduced the robotic birds or flapping wing aerial
vehicles. The wings deforms while flapping and generate necessary aerodynamic forces which are required to flight.
The solar cells used to increase the payload capacity by harvesting the electrical energy. This type of mechanism is
one of the advanced technology used in aerospace application as shown in above Table 3.
J. Wilson et al. [47] devoloped the concept of multifunctional foot in athletic moment. The structure design
helpful to bear impact load and provides felxible movements. S. Seyedin, J. M. Razal et al. [48] introduced the
elastometric fibers which are electrically conductive. This type of structures or materials are used in intelligent
textiles which is a strain sensing component of the structure.
Q. Wei, F. Xu et al. [49] devoloped core shell coaxial structure by dissolving two different materials drawn through
coaxial capillary action. This type of core shell structures are usefull in healing, anti-bactorial drugs and bio-
5588 Jagath Narayana k et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5580–5590

compatable applications. M. B. Quadrelli et al. [50] demonstrated theidentification of effective materials, structures
and the enrgy management system for the micro environment in the space system. Multifunctional systems in the
space exploration enables the micro environment control. T. Stern and K. Steele [51]devoloped a multifunctional
deployable structure for space power generation. The structure of composite beam roll-out array provides sheilding
surface and effective thermal control surface there which reduces the mass and volume of the total stucture by
avoiding of additional subsystems. C. Hu, J. Xue et al. [52] introduced the unconventional flame-retardant materials
which exhibits not only compressible and ultralight charecterstics but also exhibits excellent flame-retardant
properties, these materials are considered as multifunctional materials and used in flame-retardant applications.

A. D. Alessandro et al. [53] presented nano-modified materials that cover a wide range of applications such as
radiant systems, structural members, floors, geothermal plies etc.C. Wang, Y. Ding et al. [54] introduced
polypyrrole foam materials which has excellent thermal, electrical and optical properties and used in various
applications such as sensors, supercapcitors.S. Torquato et al. [55] Stated biological materials are unique nature’s
multifunctional materials. The different optimization techniques are used to maximize the transport of heat and
electricity and it is useful in electrical and thermal applications. Baum, Thomas C. et al.[56] developed Egyptian axe
dipole (EAD) antenna using sandwich structure which improved the performance in the structural applications.
Iannone, Michele et al. [57] described the multifunctional materials by using Fin-mechancia ,the improved
functionalities such as self-diagnostic capability, process ability and environment effects are useful in aircraft
applications.S. Kumar et al. [58] presented the polymer nano composites as multifunctional materials by improving
the electrical conductivity and modulus of elasticity. These materials are used in bio medical applications.

G. Bai et al. [59] investigated the luminescent ions-based composite materials. The additional functions are achieved
by incorporating luminescent ions into different materials such as porous materials , flexible polymer materials etc.
This type of doped materials are used in the applications such as biomedicine, sensors, and clean energy etc.S.
Trigwell et al.[60] presented the carbon nanotube coating on carbon fiber composites used as health monitoring
sensor applications. These materials are highly sensitive and useful in strain sensor applications.A. Solaet et al. [61]
presented functionally graded materials (FGM) in orthopaedic applications. Bone is considered as natural FGM
material so the FGM is the suitable material for bone implants.

7. Conclusion
This paper reviewed the multifunctional composite materials and structures which includes different structural
designs, new fabrication processes, multi structural functions, nonstructural functions, characteristics and mechanics
of laminated structures by using different methods (Example VAM, SFEM). This paper also presented the different
type of multifunctional materials such as Nano materials, polymer based composites, carbon/epoxy fiber
composites. Addition of functional and non-structural functions improves the efficiency of the system and reduces
the mass and volume of the total structure. The characteristics allow us to analyze the output results of the system.
The future research on multifunctional structures and multifunctional composite materials is not limited to particular
application such as automobile, aircraft structures because the requirement of multifunctional components are also
more in the bio-mechanical, bio-medical, and space applications. In the space applications solar energy utilization,
electromagnetic shielding and reduction of mass and volume of the system are the major additional functions which
take the research further in this field. The journals published for experimental work and design work of
multifunctional area are less compared to the analytical work. So there is a need to work on the mechanics of
multifunctional composite materials and structures because based on the analytical results we can interpret the
experimental work as well as the numerical simulation work and also useful in the optimization of the
multifunctional system based on the required application.

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