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Green Internet of Things (IoT): Go Green with IoT

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Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICIOT - 2016 Conference Proceeding

Green Internet of Things (IoT): Go Green with

IoT
Prof. Monika Gadre Mr. Chinmay Gadre
Asst. Professor, BCA-MCA Department Sr. Consultant,
MIT-SOM College Barry Wehmiller International Resources,
Pune, India Pune, India

Abstract— Internet of Things helps integrating and According to the definition of IERC (IoT European
connecting the physical devices to the Internet without any Research Cluster) ‗‗A dynamic global network
human intervention and human to human or human to infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on
computer interaction. It represents the future trend and the standard and interoperable communication protocols where
next biggest revolution unfolding in the IT world. The people physical and virtual ‗‗things‘‘ have identities, physical
and things are connected with anything and anyone, anytime, attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent
anyplace, using network or service. It also aims at how IoT
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
can lead to a greener and cleaner environment through Green
information network.‘‘
IoT. This paper gives overview of IoT and Green IoT. It also
highlights various technologies and concerns regarding green
IoT and how it can reduce energy consumption. This paper
enlightens the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), its features,
security issues, technology adoption trends.

Keywords— Environment, Internet of Things (IoT), Green

IoT, network, revolution.

I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a continuously evolving entity where
everyday radical changes are brought about. With the cheap
and readily available Broadband connections and Internet
devices data is easily available. There is increase in the FIG. 1 Internet of Things
number of Internet connected devices which helps the
Internet of Things. The Internet of Things is driven by an The basic idea of IoT is that everything (e.g., from small
expansion of the Internet through the inclusion of physical rooms to large buildings, from everyday appliances to
objects combined with an ability to provide smarter services sophisticated embedded systems, from man-made artifacts
to the environment as more data becomes available. to natural objects) around us could be connected, sense and
Here the ―things‖ refer to the embedded machines with cooperatively communicate over the Internet.
sensors that can gather, store and analyze data. As they are Every device connected to IoT will be uniquely
linked to Internet, data can be uploaded for processing; identified by its IP address. The brains of these objects will
updated software can be uploaded and can even be be sensors. These sensors are micro electromechanical
controlled from a long distance. systems (MEMS) that will respond to changes in
The term "Internet of Things" describes a number of temperature, sound, humidity, pressure, motion, light, time,
technologies and research disciplines that enable global weight, etc., and take the necessary action that it is
connectivity over the world-wide physical objects. Objects programmed to. [3]
in IoT can sense the environment, transfer the data, and The Internet of Everything, it is a proposed setup in
communicate with each other. They become powerful tools which existing, common day-to-day inanimate objects like
to understand physical world and to respond to emergent machines and appliances and also people and animals will
events and irregularities promptly. Thus, the IoT is seen by be connected in a network and will be able to exchange
many as the ultimate solution for getting insights about data.
Objects and machines will be able to send and receive
real-world physical processes in real-time. [1] messages to each other, eliminating the intervention of
Technologies like RFID(radio-frequency identification), humans.
sensor networks, biometrics, QR codes (Quick Response
codes) and nanotechnologies will be the cornerstone of the II. GREEN IOT
upcoming IoT, in which information and communication
Environmental issues are acquiring more attention as
systems are invisibly embedded in the environment around us,
the general public becomes more aware of the formidable
real implementations addressing varying applications,
consequences of the Environmental Degradation causes.
including smart grid, e-health, intelligent transportation, etc.
Recent technological advances have led to an increase in
[2]
the carbon footprint. The advancement in this field is
IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all
kinds of applications, while maintaining the required paving the way for an emerging area known as Green IoT.
privacy. Within a
few years it would provide green support for varied users in
managing their tasks. The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT)

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ISSN: 2278-0181
ICIOT - 2016 Conference Proceeding

is predicted to introduce significant changes in our daily life

and would help realizing the vision of ―green ambient
intelligence‖ which interconnects our physical world
through green networks. Green networks in IoT will
contribute to reduce emissions and pollutions, make the
most of environmental conservation and surveillance, and
minimize operational costs and power consumption. [4]
Considering the energy efficiency as the key during the
design and development of IoT, green IoT can be defined as
follows. ‗‗The energy efficient procedures (hardware or
software) adopted by IoT either to facilitate reducing the
greenhouse effect of existing applications and services or to
reduce the impact of greenhouse effect of IoT itself. In the
earlier case, the use of IoT will help reduce the greenhouse
effect, whereas in the later case further optimization of IoT FIG. 3 Elements of IoT
greenhouse footprint will be taken care. The entire life
cycle of green IoT would focus on green design, green 1. Identification is naming and matching services
production, green utilization and finally green with their demand i.e. gathering information at a ―point of
disposal/recycling to have no or very small impact on the activity.‖ This can be information captured by an appliance,
environment.‘‘ a wearable device, a wall mounted control or any number of
According to global consultants Gartner, Inc. (world's commonly found devices.
leading information technology research and advisory
company), ICT (Information and communications
technology) presently account for approximately 0.86 2. Sensing is for collecting various data from related
metric gigatons of carbon emissions annually (about 2 objects and sending it to a database, data warehouse, data
percent of global carbon emissions).And with the same ICT center, etc. The gathered data is further analyzed to perform
including IoT technologies, have a direct effect on lowering specific actions based on required services. The sensors can be
CO2 emissions.[5] humidity sensors, temperature sensors, wearable sensing
devices, mobile phones, etc. The sensing can be biometric,
biological, environmental, visual or audible (or all the above).
Sensing technology is purpose specific.

3. Communication technologies connect

heterogeneous objects together to offer specific services.
This requires either Wi-Fi (wireless LAN based
communications) or WAN (wide area network)
communications. The communication protocols available
for the IoT are: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave,
LTE-Advanced, Near Field Communication (NFC), ultra-
wide bandwidth (UWB), etc.

FIG. 2 Green Internet of Things

4. Computation, the hardware processing units (e.g.,
Green IoT not only indicates green environment but also microcontrollers, microprocessors, system on chips (SoCs),
saves time and energy. It provides a systematic solution that field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)) and software
enables green and sustainable growth of the society. It supports applications perform this task. Many hardware platforms
innovations and applications for addressing societal (e.g., Arduino, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel
challenges, such as smart transport, sustainable city, and Galileo,Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer) are developed and various
efficient utilization of energy to make a green IoT software platforms (e.g., TinyOS, LiteOS, Riot OS) are
environment. utilized. Cloud platform is a particular important
IoT solutions have the capability to be monitored computational part of IoT, since it is very powerful in
online. These devices send out data to an online dashboard
and then users are able to see that data online. processing various data in realtime and extracting all kinds
of valuable information from the gathered data. Gathered
III. TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING THE GREEN data is transmitted to a cloud based service where the
IOT information coming in from the IoT device is aggregated
with other cloud based data to provide useful information
There are six elements in IoT, i.e., identification, for the end user. The data being consolidated can be
sensing, communication technologies, computation, information from other internet sources as well as from
services and semantic.
others subscribing with similar IoT devices. Data
processing is required to provide useful information.

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Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICIOT - 2016 Conference Proceeding

5. Services in IoT can be categorized into four classes: materials tracking to prevent any instrument from being
  Identity-related services  inadvertently left behind in a patient's body in the course of
  Information aggregation services  surgery. [43]
  Collaborative-aware services  b. Identification: Energy efficiency can be achieved by
 Ubiquitous services  having efficient tracking methods, efficient RFID-based
tracking, prediction techniques, etc. It is valuable for
Identity-related services provide the base for other types quickly retrieving patient information and monitoring
of services, since every application mapping real world patient locations in the hospital. These technologies can
objects into the virtual world needs to identify the objects support patient identification to reduce dangerous patient
first. incidents (such as wrong drug, dose, etc.), electronic health
Information aggregation services gather and summarize records (in and out patient), and infant identification (to
the raw information which needs to be processed and prevent mismatching).
reported. The obtained data are further utilized by the c. Smart Data Collection helps to reduce processing
collaborative aware services to make decisions and react time, automated hospital admission processing, and
accordingly.Ubiquitous services are for services to anyone on automated care and procedure auditing, and reduces costs.
demand, anytime and anywhere. d. Smart Sensing: Sensor devices provide patient
6. Semantic means the ability to extract knowledge conditions for diagnosis and real-time health indicators.
intelligently so as to provide the required services. This
process usually includes: discovering resources, utilizing 3. Environment Monitoring
resources, modeling information, recognizing and analyzing
It is used to identify spatial and temporal changes,
data.
physical changes in the environment, organism changes,
The commonly used semantic technologies are: resource and changes caused by human actions or natural events.
description framework (RDF), web ontology language
a. Agriculture: it can sense the water levels and
(OWL), efficient XML interchange (EXI), etc.
accordingly the suitable crop can be grown. Aiding
IV. APPLICATIONS agriculture and helping prevent forest fires as well.
b. Pollution control: The Internet of Things Academy
(IOTA) is leading the charge for improving air quality in
London. The IOTA has been experimenting with sensors
and other technology to try to improve the air quality in
London. One solution that was proposed by the IOTA is
the BuggyAir project. The IOTA wants to have sensors in
buggies (strollers) that measure pollution at street levels
and record the data. The GPS in the stroller would give the
exact location of the pollution levels.
c. The use of IoT technology can make air pollution
monitoring less complex and help in better
understanding the environment
d. Waste management: Rapid increase in volume and
FIG. 4 Applications of IoT types of solid and hazardous waste makes waste management
a significant problem. Waste management is a vital issue,
1. Industrial Automation[11] particularly in relation to the environment. The costs
a. Machine to machine communications: with the use of associated with waste disposal can also be significant,
RFID tags automation is possible and RFID reader particularly in densely populated countries. Waste can be
directly communicates with the robot without any municipal waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste and
human intervention. industrial waste. To reduce the environmental impact of waste
dumping, many municipal and corporate bodies are involved
b. Plant Monitoring: Emerging technologies can
in the development of efficient waste management systems.
efficiently monitor various parameters, such as
Embedding RFID reader, antenna and scale on garbage truck
temperature, air pollution, machine faults, etc., of an
can make them intelligent. When trash (with an RFID tag) is
industrial plant to improve energy efficiency.
deposited into the bin, the reader and antenna communicates
with the RFID tags, the bin can identify the type of trash to
2. Healthcare facilitate the recycling process. Furthermore, the waste bins
a. Real-Time Tracking: tracks and monitors patients can communicate with each other (by routing information
and medical equipment. In relation to assets, tracking across them) to better manipulate the waste. Such smart
assists with maintenance, availability, monitoring of use, practices help promote a healthy environment.
and
e. Smart water: potable water monitoring tools to
monitor the quality of tap water.

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ISSN: 2278-0181
ICIOT - 2016 Conference Proceeding

f. Smart environment: alarm and control of CO2 it is possible to avoid traffic congestion allowing vehicles
emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic to communicate with each other and to share road
gases generated. information to better understand road conditions. This will
reduce carbon emissions and help to build a green
4. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR environment.

a. Intelligent Buildings: Home owners can track all of 6. RETAIL, LOGISTICS, SUPPLY CHAIN
their systems to see which are not performing properly. If MANAGEMENT
given which devices waste the most energy, users can act a. Smart Logistics/Shipment: Information collected
accordingly to save both money and energy. The Internet of through RFID, NFC, and sensors can enable real-time
Things into technology such as solar panels. Many IoT monitoring of the supply chain system. These technologies
solutions give feedback on energy usage and guide the user can also gather product-related information in real time to
in the right direction to properly allocate energy without help enterprises to respond to changing markets in the
wasting money. There is a direct correlation with the time shortest possible time. Enterprises using advanced
spent on analyzing the data an IoT solution provides and technologies (such as Walmart and Metro) only need few
how much energy can be saved. With the proper IoT days to fulfill customer demands in contrast to the
solution, entire cities can be run more efficiently and in a traditional approaches.
greener manner. With motion sensors, the lights would turn b. Quality monitoring: perishable products such as fruits,
off when no one is in the room. This is only one small meat, and dairy products travel thousands of miles from
example of IoT and building automation. the production site to consumption sites and require
constant monitoring to ensure quality standards. IoT
b. Garbage collection: some cities are starting to
implement smart trash cans that can send out notifications enabled technologies offer great potential for improving
on when they need to be emptied. This can save a lot of the efficiency of the food supply chain and for helping to
time for garbage collectors and can also be helpful for the limit the carbon footprint.
environment.
7. RECYCLING
c. Water sensors: With these sensors, officials were able to
gather information on which restaurants were illegally
dumping waste into sewers or if any taps are left open Public awareness about the changing paradigm of energy
without being used. supplies, consumption, and infrastructure is increasing.
d. Smart Metering: A smart meter periodically records the Rather than being based on fossil resources or nuclear
consumption of electric energy and transmits that energy, the future energy supply needs to be based largely
information to the utility company for monitoring and on various renewable resources. The future electrical grid
billing purposes. Smart meters enable two-way must be flexible enough to react to power fluctuations by
controlling energy sources and the consumption by the
communication between the smart meter and the utility
consumers. Such grid will be based on networked smart
company. In contrast, traditional meters only measure total
devices (appliances, generation equipment, infrastructure,
consumption, and provide no information regarding how
and consumer products) based on IoT concepts.
the energy was consumed. On the other hand, smart meters
Overall, IoT can dramatically increase the quality of life
provide site-specific information that can offer a number of for citizens. There are countless examples of companies like
potential benefits to householders. These include a) an end this trying to make the world more green using IoT. IoT is
to estimated bills; and b) a tool to better manage their something that everyone can get behind as it not only saves
energy use that can help to reduce their energy bills and money, but it is good for the environment and the
carbon emissions. sustainability of the planet for future generations.[8]

5. PEOPLE AND GOODS TRANSPORTATION

V. GREEN IOT -RELATED PROJECTS AND
Recently, cars, trains, buses, bicycles, and roads have
STANDARDIZATION
been equipped with tags, sensors, actuators, and the
necessary processing power to send important information Government and various organizations are taking
to traffic control sites. Such advanced transportation initiatives and are playing a laudable role in up- liftment of
systems help to route traffic better, provide tourists with the society with the inclusion of Governments across the
appropriate transportation information, and monitor the world have put forth initiatives to force corporations to
reduce carbon emissions, become more energy efficient, and
status of transported goods.
use greener techniques.
a. Smart Parking: helps finding vacant places to park the The TREND project collects power consumption data,
vehicles, particularly in major cities. assesses the energy-saving potential of technologies, protocols,
b. Smart Traffic Congestion Detection: With architectures, and experiments with new approaches. It also
thegrowing worldwide population, traffic problems, such includes training programs to spread green network
as traffic congestion, etc., are increasing daily. By using awareness, i.e., GreenNet.
the technology of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), Project EARTH investigates the energy efficiency of
wireless communication systems. It focuses on the theoretical

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Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICIOT - 2016 Conference Proceeding

and practical energy efficiency limitations of current outside world, the IoT has brought about digital revolution. It
networks to develop a new generation of energy efficient has helped a lot in decision making with the use of analytics
equipment, deployment strategies, and network management and thereby improving transparency. This has led to huge
solutions to ensure quality of service (QoS). investments in sensors and which is likely to increase in the
The IEEE Communication Society has also established a years to come.
Technical Subcommittee on Green Communications and It is expected that the Internet of things will be
Computing (TSCGCC). TSCGCC works to develop and omnipresent in the coming years; improving the quality of
standardize energy-efficient communications and computing. our lives, the way we live and work. In the years to come we
It also provides opportunities to interact and exchange foresee to have smart cars, smoke detectors, door locks,
technical ideas, to identify R&D challenges, and to industrial robots, streetlights, heart monitors, trains and wind
collaborate on solutions for the development of energy- turbines connected to sensors.
sustainable, resource-saving, and environmentally friendly
green communications and computing technologies. VIII. CONCLUSION

VI. CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES FOR GREEN Environmental issues are acquiring more attention as the
IOT general public becomes more aware of the consequences that
the environment degradation causes. There are many things
Green technologies will play an important role in enabling which need a great focus in the areas of standardization,
the energy-efficient IoT. There are many challenging issues security, and governance for the smooth functioning of
that need to be addressed. Here, key issues have been Internet of Things that can benefit the society on the whole.
summarized that need further consideration.[9] This paper also emphasizes on various associated
technologies and concerns regarding green IoT for a smarter
A. Green IoT Architectures world. IoT represents an important paradigm shift in ICT that
For IoT, a standard architecture, such as the ISO OSI will smooth the progress of smart cities around the world.
model or the TCP/IP model, is needed to enable The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) is expected to bring
communication across various applications and in noteworthy revolutions in our day to day life and would
heterogeneous networks that have a wide variety of facilitate comprehend the vision of ―green ambient
intelligence‖. Within a few years we will be surrounded by a
devices. Moreover, it is important to understand how to
massive amount of sensors, devices and ―things‖, which will
integrate energy efficiency across the whole architecture be able to communicate via IP, act ―intelligently‖, and
to make it energy efficient. provide green support for users in managing their tasks.
Finally, future research directions and open problems
B. Green Infrastructure regarding green IoT have been presented. In this paper, green
Providing energy efficient infrastructure for IoT can be viewpoint of the IoT have been reviewed. Recent developments
achieved through a redesign approach. in green IoT area have been identified and discussed along with
the future scope for green IoT. A great deal of interesting
research is expected to come out in this area.
C. Green Spectrum Management
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ISSN: 2278-0181
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