Lic.
Rosario Laura Viscafe
Lingüística e Idiomas
COMPUTERS´FIELD INT-100
LESSON ONE
NUMBERS
According to a general classification, numbers are classified according to the use in
two main groups.
1. The ordinal numbers.-
They are used to indicate order or position. Some of them are:
1st. First 6th. Sixth
2nd. Second 7th. Seventh
3rd. Third 8th. Eighth
4th. Fourth 9th. Ninth
5th. Fifth 10th. Tenth
2. The cardinal numbers.-
These types of numbers are used to indicate quantity. Example:
3 Three 100 One hundred
13 Thirteen 1.000 One thousand
30 Thirty 1.000.000 One million
Note: Years are read by pairs.
VOCABULARY:
……………………………………..
………………………………….
QUESTIONS:
1. Which are the groups of numbers?
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2. Which group indicates quantity?
3. How many groups of numbers are named?
4. Which group is used to indicate position?
5. What are the cardinal numbers used for?
6. What is read by pairs?
7. What according are numbers classified?
8. Which is the first lesson?
EXERCICES
l. Write sentences using ordinal numbers.
Ex: My Second book is new.
The Eighth computer in the laboratory is modern.
1...........................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................
II. Write sentences using Cardinal numbers.
Ex: This school has Thousand computers.
Sometimes he eats Four apples.
1...........................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................
III. Write these quantities.
Ex: 508= Five hundred eight
a) 739=
b) 90.745=
c) 862.453=
d) 36. 922.517=
e) 213.547.818=
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IV. Translate
1. The seventh color of my sweater is yellow =...............................................
2. The tenth student of the class is tall =.........................................................
3. The fifth laboratory is of languages =.........................................................
4. Peter lives in the seventh building =............................................................
5. We need four libraries in the school =........................................................
6. They have two dogs and three cats =.........................................................
7. My English book has two thousand pages =...............................................
8. Necesitamos leer tres libros para el examen =...........................................
9. Mi segunda clase es difícil =....................................................................
[Link] primera lección es fácil=.......................................................................
HOMEWORK
l. Write five sentences with cardinal numbers.
II. Write five sentences with ordinal numbers.
III. Write four quantities with nine digits
IV. Write sentences with:
-According -Use -Some -Read -Quantity -Pair -Main
Lic. Rosario Laura Viscafe
Lingüística e Idiomas
LESSON TWO
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Computers are electronic machines that process information at extremely
rapid rates.
Like all machines, a computer needs to be
directed and controlled in order to perform a task
successfully.
It is programmed to work with different types of
information, not only numbers. It accepts data and
instructions as INPUT and after processing the
information it OUTPUT the results.
Computers are able to communicate with the
user, doing the arithmetic operations and sometimes taking decisions.
The main advantage is that it can store vast quantities of information in small
space, and of course, the retrieval is very fast.
The most common computer in use today is the Personal Computer (PC)
which can operate, manipulate or process the information quickly and accurately.
There are many methods to input data like disks, tapes and the keyboard but
the most common outputting device, besides the screen, is the printer
VOCABULARY
.......................................................... ............................................................
.......................................................... ............................................................
EXERCICES
I. Write sentences with:
1. Perform=
2. Task=
3. Able to=
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4. Store=
5. Retrieval=
6. Quickly=
7. Accurately=
II. Find the synonyms: Find the antonyms:
1. machine= [Link]=
2. information= [Link]=
3. perform= [Link]=
4. accept= [Link]=
III. Questions
1. What does the computer process?
2. What does it accept as input?
3. Which are the three main steps?
4. Why do computers need to be directed?
5. What does it output?
6. What is this machine able to?
7. Which is the main advantage?
8. Which is the most common computer in use today?
9. What are printers?
10. Which is the most common input device?
IV. Read these sentences and decide if they are True or False.
1. The computer is invaluable because it can make drawings. T F
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2. Output means the results of computer processing. T F
3. Input, processing and output is a procedure which belongs exclusively to
computing. T F
4. A computer can arrange lists in alphabetical order. T F
5. ROM is an internal memory. T F
6. We can store and retrieve information in the computer. T F
7. It is advisable to buy a disk smaller than 2 Gigabytes. T F
V. Complete with the following verbs:
does use are stores is reads
1. A
lmost all computers........................31/2 in floppy disk.
2. RAM and ROM ...........................two types of memory.
3. The processor............................the component that actually...............the
computing.
4. The computer only..........................the information in ROM.
5. The hard-disk..............................your software.
V. Write the names of the computer
components
Reviews 1-2 and group work.
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LESSON THREE
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1920 as the result of several
experiments.
The first digital computer was completed in 1944 by Howard Aiken and some
people from IBM Company.
In 1946 appeared the first digital computer
using parts called vacuum tubes, this was called
the first generation.
In the 60´, the second generation of
computers was developed which performed works
faster because of the use of transistors instead of
vacuum tubes.
The third generation computers appeared on the market in 1965, these were
controlled by tiny integrated circuits and were consequently smaller and more
dependable.
Fourth generation computers arrived using
reduced integrated circuits due to
micro-miniaturization which was called chip. A Chip
is a square or rectangular piece of silicon.
The next revolution in microchip technology
occurred in 1971 when Marcian E. Hoff combined
the basic elements of a computer on one tiny silicon chip, which he called
microprocessor.
Today computer technology is growing and changing every day.
VOCABULARY:
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………………………………… ……………………………...........
………………………………… ……………………………...........
EXERCICES
I. Say True or False
1. The abacus was faster than a calculator. T F
2. As computers evolved, their size decreased and their dependability increased.
T F
3. Today, computers have more big components than previous computers.
T F
4. Computer technology has developed to a point from which new developments
in the field will take a long time to come. T F
II. Find 4 synonyms and 4 antonyms.
1. ..................................................... 1......................................................
2....................................................... 2.....................................................
3...................................................... 3....................................................
4...................................................... 4....................................................
IV Answer the questions.
1. How many generations are named?
2. When did the first calculating machine appear?
3. How do computers appear?
4. When did the microprocessor appear?
5. Which was the first company?
6. What was used in the first generation?
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7. When were used ICs (integrated circuits)?
8. What is a chip?
9. When were used transistors?
10. What was used instead of integrated circuits?
V. Write five sentences with the vocabulary.
VI. Relate column A with column B.
A B
1. to solve ........a) to give assistance
2. to store ........b) greatly reduced in size
3. vast ........c) to find the solution
4. to help ........d) not complicated
5. simple ........e)benefit
6. miniaturized ........f) to do operations
7. advantage ........g) to give
8. to process ........h) very big
9. to provide ........i) example: 1,2,3
10. numbers ........j) to keep
VII. COMPOSITION: Talk about any computer you know in 50 words.
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LESSON FOUR
SECONDARY MEMORY DEVICES
These are useful elements which sometimes are known as peripheral devices. The
secondary memory devices are used to save and to input information or instructions.
The earliest computers used
Punched-cards, the information was stored
as holes which computer can [Link]
rectangular or circular punches record
data.
Next arrived the Magnetic tape,
where the binary code is stored as electrical charges. The quantity of information
stored depends on the length as well its density; obviously tapes were a faster
medium for accessing information.
Disks are much faster to use than tapes as the computer can read
information from anywhere on the disk, instantly. This is known as Random Access”.
It provides a large amount of storage and the quick retrieval of any stored
information.
Disks are of two types: hard and floppy or
diskettes. Floppy disks are thin and made of
plastic so they are light, flexible and
inexpensive. Whereas hard disks are made
from rigid material because it is a
permanent part of the machine. They hold
more information than floppies and work
faster too.
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Dust and dirt can cause the recording condition to deteriorate.
VOCABULARY
…………………………………….. ………………………………………
…………………………………….. ………………………………………
EXERCICES
I. Complete the following sentences:
1. Integration, integrate, integrated, integrating
a) Some computer manufactures have…………………….both input and output
devices into one terminal.
b) The success of any computer system depends on the ………………
of all its parts to form a useful whole.
c)…………………..input and output devices into one peripheral has
reduced the area needed for a computer installation.
2. Coordination, coordinate, coordinated, coordinating, coordinator.
a) The control unit of a processor …………………..the flow of information between
the arithmetic unit and the memory.
b) ……………………the many activities in a computer department is the job of a
department head.
c) The………………….of a language institute has assistants to help him with
the………………….of many programs, timetables, space and students results.
3. Division, divide, divisible.
a) It is often difficult for computer science students to ………………..their time up
proportionally between studying and programming.
b) Are all numbers …………………by three?
c) There is always a …………………. of labor within a computer company.
II. Questions
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1…………………………………………………… ?
2……………………………………………………. ?
3……………………………………………………. ?
4…………………………………………………….. ?
5…………………………………………………….. ?
6………………………………………………………?
7………………………………………………………?
8…………………………………………………….. ?
9………………………………………………………?
10……………………………………………………..?
LESSON FIVE
COMPUTER MEMORIES
Inside the computer there are two types of memory: RAM and ROM. They are the
internal memory banks or the main storage.
Read Only Memory is a permanent
store of instructions telling the computer
how to work. The computer can only read
the information in ROM, and you can not
change or put new information there. It is
also known as a long term memory and
stays intact.
The other type of memory called Random Access Memory is where the
computer stores all data and instructions that receive from the input either through
the keyboard or by loading programs and data from disks or tapes. RAM is a
short-term memory- when the computer is switched off all the information
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disappears, so if we want to use this information later we have to save it on a disk.
Microcomputers vary in the size of their RAM.
The quantity of information a computer can store and the speed it processes
the data are the two big variables in computers. But the basic architecture is the
same.
VOCABULARY
.......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
EXERCISES
I. Questions about the text:
1. W
hich are the computer memories?
2. W
hat information is lost when the computer is turned off?
3. H
ow can we load programs into RAM?
4. W
hich is the characteristic of the ROM?
5. H
ow can the information of the RAM be saved?
6. W
hich are the two big variables in computers?
7. W
hat does ROM mean?
II. Let's practice our vocabulary making sentences with the following words:
1. A
ccess 7. To load
2. M
emory 8. To Turn off
3. L
ost 9. To receive
4. M
icroprocessor 10. To retrieve
5. S
ize 11. Random
6. v ariables 12. Speed
III. Complete the correct words finding the synonyms:
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* Remembrance......... M......................................
* To accept................. R.......................................
* To recover.............. R.......................................
* To record................ S........................................
* To keep.................. S........................................
* To switch off.......... T .......................................
* Changeable............. V .......................................
IV. Word forms
1. Instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor
a) Our math.......................explained to us the principles of binary arithmetic.
b) We were.........................to document our experiments very carefully
c) Both...........................and data have to be arranged before the computer can operate
on them.
2. Description, describe, described
a) Our text included a brief............................of the many scientific procedures.
b) It is difficult to ..........................compound without referring to chemical elements.
3. Specification, specify, specific, specified, specifically
a) Our company brought three packages with very..........................applications: payroll,
accounts receivable, and accounts payable.
V. VOCABULARY:
*Match the word with their Spanish equivalents
1. deaf .........a) encender
2. blind .........b) un punto
3. to assist .........c) lenguaje de signos
4. turn on .........d) un dispositivo
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5. turn off .........e) señal de televisión
6. sign language .........f) sordo
7. a device .........g) ciego
8. a display .........h) ayudar
9. a television signal .........i) efecto de sonido
10. a sound effect .........j) una exhibición
11. a finger .........k) silla de ruedas
12. a wheelchair .........l) un dedo
13. a dot .........m) apagar
LESSON SIX
WHAT ARE PRINTERS?
Printers are the most common output devices which specially vary in speed,
size and cost.
Each printer has its strengths and weaknesses. For most people a laser
printer is the best.
Dot-matrix printers have a capability
that neither inkjets nor lasers possess- they
can print on multi-part paper. They are noisy
because they print by firing metal pins onto an
ink ribbon. The pins then press the ribbon
against the paper to produce the image. For
this reason, they are also called impact
printers.
Inkjets work by spraying either black or colored ink onto the paper. This
makes them virtually silent, but also accounts for their high running costs: ink
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cartridges are expensive, although prices are falling. It is capable of producing
high-quality output.
Laser printers work like photocopiers. They use toner which adheres
electrostatically to the paper and is then fused at high temperatures to form the
image. This means that the copies come out quickly (at between 4 and 16 pages per
minute) and they are dry. Laser technology is now well established and, despite their
fast output, laser printers are very reliable.
VOCABULARY
.......................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
EXERCICES
I. True or False
1. Ink-jet printers are cheaper than laser printers. ....................
2. The fastest type of printer is a dot-matrix. ....................
3. Laser printers produce the best letters. ....................
4. If you want to print in colour you need an inkjet printer. ....................
5. Laser printers can break down easily. ....................
[Link] the text quickly and answer these questions. Tick the correct answer.
1. Where is the text from?
a) An advertisementb)A magazine article c)An instruction manual
2. What is the best title?
a)How to connect a printer to your PC b)How to use a printer
c)How do printers work d)Where to buy a printer
3. What kind of information can you find in this text?
a) The best place to buy a printer
b) Advantage of different types of printers
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c) Different makes and models (Epson, Star, etc)
d) Description and comparison of different types of printer.
e) Relative costs of printers (which is cheaper to buy)
f) Information about how printers work
g) Instructions for using printers
III. Find in the text: Synonyms and Antonyms
IV. Match the English words with the Spanish translation.
Dirty_____________ Boring___________ Welding ____________
Painting___________ Heavy____________ Purpose_____________
Assembly__________ Touch____________ See_________________
Discard____________ Chess_____________ Smell_______________
Aburrido/ sucio/ propósito/ pesado/ pintar/ ver/ ensamblaje/ oler/ ajedrez/ soldadura/
descartar/ tacto.
LESSON SEVEN
FLOWCHARTINGS
Flowcharting indicates how a program is written. It indicates the logical path
the computer will follow in executing a program.
It is a draw like a map, which is not restricted to a particular program or
language.
If the finished program does not run as it should, the errors are more easily
detected in the flowchart than in a maze of words, characters and numbers.
To develop a flowchart successfully, a programmer should be aware of the
sequence of steps needed to obtain a correct solution to a problem.
The following symbols should be used for the purpose of uniformity:
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a) The first and last symbol (oval)
b) The input/output symbol (parallelogram)
c) The processing Symbol (rectangular)
d) The taking decision symbol (diamond)
e) The arrows for direction
VOCABULARY.
…………………………........... ………………………………..
………………………………... ………………………………….........
EXERCICES
l. Match column A with column B to complete the steps.
A B
1. Before plugging in the computer, -------a) on the hard disk or on a floppy
disk
2. If the computer is 110V, -------b) to turn off the computer and
transformer.
3. Turn on -------c) plug it into the wall.
4. Start -------d) check if its voltage is 110V or220V.
5. If the computer is 220V. -------e) from your program.
6. Save your work -------f) the CPU and peripherals.
7. Exit -------g) plug it into a transformer.
8. Don’t forget -------h) your program and begin to work .
II. Listen and write the questions and the answers.
1.........................................................?......................................................
2......................................................... ?......................................................
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3......................................................... ?......................................................
4......................................................... ?......................................................
5......................................................... ?......................................................
6.........................................................?......................................................
7.........................................................?......................................................
III. Write sentences with:
1. Path=
2. Check=
3. Run=
4. Maze=
5. Develop=
6. Successfully=
7. Arrows=
IV. Develop a flowcharting related with a common activity.
LESSON EIGHT
INTERNET
The internet, or Net, is an international network of computers that links
millions of computers around the world. The Net is used for sending and receiving
e-mail, swapping pictures and even programs between computers, shopping and
getting access to a vast amount of information on almost any topic.
To access the Internet, it is necessary to have a PC, a
modem, a telephone line and a subscription to an Internet
Service Provider (ISP). This server is a powerful computer
which is connected to the Internet. It also offers in line
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services such as e-mail accounts and information services. E-mail accounts can be
accessed from anywhere in the world, from any computer that is connected to the
Internet
The most popular part of the Internet is the World
Wide Web, also known as WWW or the Web.
These pages can even include sound, animation
and video as well as a text.
EXERCISES
I. Reading comprehension questions
1. What does WWW stand for?
2. Name five things you can use the internet for.
3. What is the internet?
4. What equipment is necessary to connect the internet?
5. What does ISP stand for?
6. What are short names used for the Internet, Electronic mail and World Wide Web?
7. What do these pages include?
II. Write:
Two advantages of the Internet:
*……………………………………………………………………………..
*……………………………………………………………………………..
Two disadvantages of the Internet
*……………………………………………………………………………..
I. Find 10 technical words
II. Find the verbs and their tense
