Integration & Indefinite Integrals

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

differentiate

f  x f ' x

integrate
dy
If  x , then y   x dx .
dx

1 2 dy 1
For y  x  c , where c is a constant, then   2x  0  x .
2 dx 2
1
 x dx  2 x c.
2
Hence

Note: c is known as an arbitrary constant, and we say that  x dx is an indefinite integral.

If n  1 , and a, n are constants ( a  0 ), then

ax n1
 ax dx  c
n

n 1

 ax  b 
n 1

  ax  b  dx  a  n  1 c
n

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

dy
Example 1: Find y if is given by
dx
5
2
(a) 3x 4 (b) (c) 4 (d) 3x 3
x4
x3  3
(e) (f) x 2  x  3
x

dy
Example 2: Find y if is given by
dx

5
 2 x  1
3
(a) (b) (c) 3x  5
1  3x 
4

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

dy
Example 3: A curve whose gradient function is given by  2 x 2  3 passes through
dx

the point  3, 4  . Find the equation of the curve.

Unit 19.2 Definite Integrals

d
 F  x   f  x  , then  f  x  dx  F b   F  a  .
b
If
dx  a

 f  x  dx
b
is known as a definite integral.
a

Example 4: Evaluate each of the following definite integrals.

3
3
2  2 x  1 2 dx
3

0
 1  2 x 
5
(a) x3 dx (b) (c) 2
dx
1 4

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

dy x
Example 5: Given that y  x2  2 , show that  .
dx x2  2
4 x
Hence evaluate 1
x2  2
dx .

IMPORTANT RESULTS ON DEFINITE INTEGRALS

 f  x  dx  0
a
1.
a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b a
2.
a b

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b c b
3.
a a c

f  x   g  x  dx    f  x  dx   g  x  dx , where  and  are constants.

b b b
4. a  a a

f  x  dx  7 , f  x  dx  2 and  g  x  dx  2 , evaluate
3 5 3
Example 6: Given that 
0 3 0

f  x  dx f  x  dx 3 f  x   4 g  x  dx
3 5 3
(a) 5
(b) 
0
(c)  0

 g  x   2 x 2  dx
3
(d) 0

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

Unit 19.3 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1
 cos x dx  sin x  c  cos  ax  b  dx  a sin  ax  b   c
1
 sin x dx   cos x  c  sin  ax  b  dx   a cos  ax  b   c
1
 sec x dx  tan x  c  sec  ax  b  dx  a tan  ax  b   c
2 2

where a and b are constants and a  0

Example 7: Find the following integrals.

 2sin x dx  cos  3x  2  dx  sec 1  2x  dx

2
(a) (b) (c)

 cos
2
(d) x dx

Example 8: Evaluate the following definite integrals.

 
 
0  2  3cos x  dx  tan 2  2 x   dx
4 4
(a) (b)
0
 4

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

Example 9: Show that cos5 x  cos3x  8sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x .



 sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x dx .

3
Hence find the exact value of
0

1
Unit 19.4 Integration of Exponential Functions and
x

1 axb
e dx  e x  c e
ax b
dx  e c
x

a
1 1 1
 x dx  ln x  c  ax  b dx  a ln  ax  b   c
where a and b are constants and a  0

Example 10: Find the following.

  2e  x 2  dx
4 2
e e
2 x 1 4 x 3
(a) dx (b) 3 x 2
dx (c)
0

1 4 3x  5
 3x  2 dx  1  5x dx 
4
(d) (e) (f) dx
2 2x

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Integration & Indefinite Integrals

1
Example 11: Express in partial fractions. Hence evaluate
 x  1 4  x 
1
  x  1 4  x  dx .
3

2
Example 12: Differentiate xe2x with respect to x. Hence evaluate 0
xe2 x dx .

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