Name : …………………….……………………………….
LIST OF DEFINITIONs AND MEANINGs IN CHEMISTRY FORM 4 Class : ………...
Terminology is/are a/the .. Description
CHAPTER 01 : INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
1. Chemistry = Study of composition, , properties and of matter
2. Matter = Substance that has (shows weight under gravitational force) and occupies (shows
volume). The three types of matter are , and .
3. Scientific method = Systematic way of on any phenomenon or situation that conducted under specific and accurate procedures of
scientific principle to obtain information and solution. It always started by making .
4. Observing = Procedure in gathering information about phenomenon that involved by any one or more of the five senses that can be
recorded scientifically – namely , hearing, smelling, tasting and .
5. Inferring = Procedure in making smart guess that / explaining the related observation scientifically
6. Hypothesising = Procedure in stating generally the relationship between the variable and the variable in
explaining the related question asked from the observation.
CHAPTER 02 : STRUCTURE OF ATOM
7. Element = Matter/ Substance that only consists of one of atom. It can be metal, semi metal or non-metal. E.g. : iron,
magnesium, carbon, silicon, oxygen & helium.
8. Compound = Matter that consists of two or more different elements that are bonded (molecules or ions). E.g. : NaCl,
CO2, CaCO3, CH3COOH & KMnO4.
9. Mixture = Matter that consists of two or more substances that are bonded (particles). E.g.: air, sea water, alloys
10. Atom = Smallest (neutral) that build an (especially in metals and noble gases). E.g. : Na, C, Fe, S, Ne
particle
11. Molecule = (neutral) Particle that consist of two or more atoms of elements that combined by covalent bonds. E.g. :
H2, NH3, H2O, Cl2 & CCl4.
12. Ion = Particle with a positive or negative . It forms when a neutral atom or molecule losing electron(s)
(forms +ve ion) or gaining electron(s) (forms –ve ion). E.g. : K+, O2-, NO3-, Cr2O72- & NH4+.
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13. Diatomic molecules = Particles in element that formed by combination of two type of atom by covalent bonds. E.g. : I2, H2, N2, Br2,
O2, Cl2 & F2
14. Diffusion = Process of of particles (of substance) in another medium from a concentration area to a .
concentration area.
15. Particles theory of = Theory said that matter is made up by and particles.
matter
16. Kinetic theory of = Theory said that particles in matter are always in in all state of matter. The temperature affects the
matter movement and of the particles.
17. Melting point = . at which solid substance changes into liquid (at a fixed pressure).
18. Boiling point = . at which liquid substance changes into gas.
19. Sublimation = Process where solid substances change into gas .as heat (energy) is applied.
20. Proton number = . of protons in (the nucleus of) an atom.
21. Nucleon number = (Total) . of protons and .(in the nucleus of) an atom.
22. Electron = Way how electrons are .in each electron shells in an atom/ion of element. E.g. : [Link]
arrangement
23. Isotopes = . of the same element with same proton number but different .numbers. E.g.: C, C& C
24. Valence electron = Electron(s) that is/are located in the outermost shell of an atom.
CHAPTER 03 : CHEMICAL FORMULAE & EQUATIONS
25. Relative atomic mass = .mass of one atom of an element over of the mass of one .atom
26. Relative molecular = Average mass of one molecule of a covalent .over of the mass of one carbon-12 atom
mass
27. One mole = Quantity of substance that contains particles that is equivalent to .atoms of carbon-12 element.
28. Cation = Ion / particle that .charged. It forms when a metal atom undergoes process of losing electron(s) E.g.: Mg2+, Al3+
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29. Anion = Ion / particle that .charged. It forms when a non-metal atom gains electron(s). E.g.: O2-, Br- & CH3COO-
30. Chemical formula = Set of . of elements at a certain .that consists in the substance. E.g.: C2H5OH, NH3 & Na2SO4
31. Empirical formula = . that shows the simplest .number ratio of .of each element in a compound. E.g.: CH2, H2O, MgO
32. Molecular formula = . that shows the .number of atoms of each element that are present in a .of the
compound. E.g.: C6H12O6, C2H6 & C3H7COOC2H5
33. Reactivity of element = Tendency of element to .with other element such as oxygen gas.
34. Chemical equation = . of a chemical reaction that shows the .in total numbers of atoms of each element
involved in the reaction (reactant and product).
CHAPTER 04 & 05 : PERIODIC TABLE & CHEMICAL BONDS
35. Electropositivity = Tendency of metal atoms to form .ion by releasing electron(s).
36. Electronegativity = Tendency of non-metal atoms to form .ion by receiving electron(s).
37. Ionic bond = Bond formed between metal atom and .atom by the process of .of electron(s).
38. Covalent bond = Bond formed between .atom and non-metal atom by the process of .of electron(s).
39. Universal solvent = Substance that dissolves most of chemicals especially polarized particles or molecules. It refers to ..
40. Organic solvent = Covalent compound that exists in .state that able to dissolve or dilute other covalent compounds or molecular substances.
E.g.: benzene, methyl benzene, propanone & tetrachloro methane
CHAPTER 06 : ELECTROCHEMISTRY
41. Electrochemistry = Science discipline that study the relationship between the .energy / current and the .reaction.
42. Electrolyte = ./ that can conduct electricity in .state or aqueous solution by using its free moving .and
Chemical undergoes .change.
43. Electric conductor = Substance that can conduct electricity in .or molten state by using its free moving .without
undergoes any chemical change. Common electrical conductors are metals and ..
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44. Molten electrolyte = Substance that act as an electrolyte in .state and contains pair of ions only.
E.g.: molten lead(II) bromide, molten sodium chloride.
45. Aqueous solution = Substance that act as an electrolyte in .state and contains a pair of ions from substance and H+ ions and
electrolyte OH -
ions from water. E.g.: copper(II) sulphate solution, hydrochloric acid & sodium hydroxide solution.
46. Electrolytic cell = Cell that use .energy (electric power supply) to run chemical reaction
47. Electrolysis = . whereby an electrolyte .into its .elements (at anode and cathode) as the
electricity passes through it.
48. Electrochemical = .of according to tendency of (metal) atoms to .their electrons to form positive ions (cations).
series of elements elements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au
49. Ionisation = Process whereby an atom or molecule loses or gains its .to form cation or anion.
+ -
E.g.: Na Na + e & Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
50. Discharging = Process whereby a cation or anion .or .its electron to form a neutral particle – atom of molecule.
E.g.: 2H+ + 2e H2 & 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e
51. Half equation = Equation that represent the .of losing or gaining electron(s) that occurred at anode or cathode respectively.
52. Inert electrode = Substance that can conduct electricity effectively by letting its .bring the current through it without
undergoing any .change. They are carbon and platinum.
53. Active electrode = Substance that can conduct electricity effectively by letting its .bring the current through it but the
substance itself takes part by undergoing .. E.g.: copper, tin & silver.
54. Chemical / Voltaic = Cell that use chemical energy (from chemical reaction) to generate .energy.
cell
55. Potential difference = Difference of ability between two .metals where the atoms of more electropositive metal .their
electrons to another one in order to complete the electrical circuit and read by galvanometer or voltmeter
56. Daniell cell = Chemical cell that use pair of Zn and .metals as electrodes (specific) and immersed into their own salt solution
respectively in order to generate electricity.
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CHAPTER 07 : ACIDS & BASES
57. Acid = Substance / chemical that .in water to produce .ions, H+.
E.g.: hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid & ethanoic acid.
58. Base = Substance that reacts with an .to form salt and water only. Most of them are oxides and hydroxides of metals.
E.g.: MgO, NaOH, CaO & Ba(OH)2.
59. Alkali = Substance that .in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-. Actually they are .base.
E.g.: NaOH(aq), KOH(aq) & NH3(aq).
60. Basicity of acid = Number of hydrogen .that can be dissociated in water from .molecule of the acid.
61. Monoprotic acid = Acid that dissociates into .H+ ion in water per acid molecule. E.g. HCl, HNO3 & CH3COOH
62. Diprotic acid = Acid that dissociates into two H+ ions in water per acid .. E.g. H2SO4 & H2CO3
63. pH scale = . of numbers to show the .of acidity (and alklinity) of an aquaeos solution based on the
concentration of .ions.
64. Acid-base indicator = Chemical that shows specific .in the different situation of acidic, basic or neutral solution.
65. Strong acid = . that dissociates . (has high degree of dissociation) in water to produce .concentration
of hydrogen ion.
66. Weak acid = . that dissociates .in water to produce .concentration of hydrogen ion.
67. Strong alkali = . that .completely (has high degree of ionisation) in water to produce high concentration of
hydrox…..ide. ion.
68. Weak alkali = . that .partially in water to produce low of hydroxide ion.
69. Solution = Substance that formed from a .that dissolved in certain .such as water at a certain concentration.
70. 1 molar = 1 mole of substance that has been dissolved in 1 dm3 of .to form a homogenous solution.
71. Standard solution = . that prepared in lab where its concentration is .known.
72. Neutralisation = . between an acid and a .(where all H+ ions are completely react with all OH- ions) to produce salt and
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water only. Its half equation is . H2O
73. Titration = Method to determine the .point of neutralisation reaction between an acid with an .by using an
acid-base indicator solution.
74. End point = (exact) . of the acid (used in titration) needed to .completely certain quantity of alkali (that determined as
the acid base indicator changes its colour).
CHAPTER 08 : SALTS
75. Salt = .compound that derived from an .when the hydrogen ions from the acid is replaced by .ion or
ammonium ion. E.g.: NaCl, MgSO4, NH4NO3 & Na2S2O3.
76. Soluble salt = Salt that can be dissolved in .to form salt solution. All of ammonium, ., potassium and
nitrat e salts are soluble in water.
77. Insoluble salt = Salt that cannot be dissolved in water at any portion and forms .in water.
78. Precipitation method = Method of preparing an .salt through double decomposition reaction.
79. Double = . that occurs when the ion pairs of two .salt solution exchange their pairs to form an .salt
decomposition that precipitate into another a soluble salt solution; AB(aq) + CD(aq) AD(s) + CB(aq)
80. Quantitative analysis = Method of determining certain .of substance according to the chemical equation of the reaction and
from the given quantity of the related substance.
81. Qualitative analysis = Method of .any cation or anion that present in the sample of substance by running a few series of physical
test (use observation of measurement) and chemical test (use chemical reagent in specific experiment)
CHAPTER 09 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIES
82. Contact process = Process of manufacturing .acid in industry by using sulphur, .and oxygen as the raw materials.
83. Oleum = Transition substance in producing sulphuric acid, H2SO4 that produce from the reaction between sulphur .and water;
2SO3 + H2O H2S2O7
84. Acid rain = Rain water with pH value in range of 4 to 5 that formed when the rain dissolved certain acidic gases in environment such
as .acid and nitrous acid
85. Haber process = Process of manufacturing ., NH3 by using nitrogen and hydrogen gases at ratio of .
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86. Urea = (Nitrogenous) that containing highest .of nitrogen per molecule – 46.67%. It formula is ..
.
87. Alloy = . of two or more .that combined physically where the major element is a kind of ..
E.g.: steel, duralumin, bronze & brass.
88. Synthetic polymer = Long . that produced by combination between thousands or millions of small, .and repeating covalent
molecule molecules called as .. E.g.: polythene, polypropene, polychloroethene & Perspex.
89. Glass = Inorganic solid of metal silicate that produced from molten .or silicon dioxide. It has the properties of transparent,
amorphous (not crystalline) and hard but .
90. Fused silica glass = Glass that made up by .silica (in sand) and heated at 1700oC and then cooled drastically (super-cooled liquid).
Uses: clear laboratory glassware & lenses
91. Soda lime glass = Glass that made up of silica, sodium carbonate and .(CaCO3), heated at 1500oC and then cooled quickly.
Uses: bottles, windowpanes , mirrors, light bulbs. It does not withstand heat.
92. Borosilicate glass = Glass that made up by silica and .trioxide and has very high melting point with very .thermal
expansion coefficient. Uses : Cookware, heated apparatus of lab glassware, automobile headlights.
93. Lead crystal glass = Glass that made up by silica and .oxide and has high .index which suitable to its decorative
properties. Uses : Tableware, art objects, prism, chandelier lamps.
94. Composite material = Structural material that formed by combining two or more different .with a new and ./ superior
properties compare to those of their original components.
95. Photochromic glass = Advance glass that changes from transparent to .when it is exposed to ultraviolet light and vice versa. The glass or
polymer is embedding photochromic substance such as fine silver .crystals in it.
96. Fibreglass = Advance glass that though, strong and yet very .which made up from glass fibre and ..
97. Reinforced concrete = Advance concrete that reinforced by .wire, netting or bar which resulting very tough and higher .strength
of structural material but relatively cheap and easily moulded.
98. Superconductors = Advance conductor that capable of conducting electricity without any electrical .when cooled. They are .or
compounds of metals or ceramic of metal oxides. E.g.: perovskite.
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