MID Term Exam
Principles of Operation Management
Miss Sehar Iqbal
Question No.1:
(A)Purchasing:
strategies
Track and report key functional metrics to reduce expenses and improve
effectiveness
Craft negotiation strategies and close deals with optimal terms
Partner with stakeholders to ensure clear requirements documentation
Forecast price and market trends to identify changes of balance in buyer-supplier
power
Perform cost and scenario analysis, and benchmarking
Assess, manage and mitigate risks
Seek and partner with reliable vendors and suppliers
(B)Process design:
Operations management involves managing the operations and processes of an
organization.
Some of the functions performed by an operations manager include supply chain
management, product design, forecasting, quality control, and delivery
management.
An operations manager must have excellent organizational, coordination, and
people skills and must be tech-savvy.
Consumers are more interested in the quality of the product more than the quantity,
and the organization should create systems that ensure the products produced meet
the needs of the consumer.
(C) Scheduling:
Scheduling deals with both time allocations as well resource allocation for
production of required quantity. Operations’ planning is done as part of short-term
planning.
High level objective of operation’s planning is to decide the best way of allocation
of labor and equipment as to find balance between time and use of limited
resources within the organization.
In modern age of competition and global market importance is given to Just in
Time and the lean production concepts. This has led to importance of operation’s
scheduling. There are three important tasks performed by operations scheduling:
Allocation of resources
Workforce scheduling
Production equipment scheduling
Operations’ planning ensures that proper workflow is established by ensuring
allocation of job on appropriate machines before the advent of production
activities. Scheduling is production timetable highlighting sequence of job, timing
and quantity for allocation of resources as to help an organization in cash flow
planning. Therefore, there are Some main objectives of production scheduling:
Due importance to delivery date and avoiding delays in completion
Reducing time of job on machines
Proper utilization of work centers
Operation scheduling is arrived at base on the following principles.
Ensure continuous job schedule
End to end completion of job
Remove the bottleneck
Ensure feedback as to make adjustment
Skill set of workforces
Enhancement of product and process
Scheduling helps in capacity planning as to reduce bottlenecks.
Scheduling helps in streamlining order production based on due date.
Scheduling helps in sequencing of various job works.
(d) Capacity:
Capacity can be defined as the maximum output rate that can be achieved by
a facility. The facility may be an entire organization, a division, or only one
machine operations manager can do capacity planning in the following ways
Service organizations must address the following:
Allocating resources for specific activities.
Pricing service contracts correctly.
Acquiring, training, and terminating staff.
Accurately forecasting demand to produce services.
(e) Quality Control:
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
Selects, develops and evaluates personnel to ensure efficient operation of the
QA function.
Provides guidance, training, coaching and work assignments for QA
operational staff.
Review and approve Master Batch Records, Packaging Records and SOP’s
in support of operations.
Approve change request and post approval change request on periodic basis
and other documents.
Ensures staff is trained in the appropriate SOP’s and are up to date.
Monitors Packaging, Manufacturing, R&D, third party distribution and Raw
Material sampling System processes to improve QA function.
Provide expertise knowledge to operations to resolve floor issues or
implement corrections.
Responsible for movement of controlled substance within their designated
facility. Involves the transport of product from Receiving, Production,
Packaging, QC or R&D to and from secured location.
Monitor manufacturing and packaging processes to assure compliance and
adherence to company SOP’s
Question No.2:
1. Appeasing a Niche Market
If your area is populated with a lot of people from a particular country or region, it
stands to reason that the products in your grocery store will be in high demand. In
many cases, large grocery stores will not have the ethnic items that your customers
need to prepare traditional foods. By offering such ingredients as well as an
environment that reminds some shoppers of home. Also, by providing traditional
products in which one sees his/her culture may affect a lot.
2. Greater Variety of Items
Most major grocery stores have an “international” section, but the selection in most
cases is limited to a few popular items. As a foreign grocery store, you will be able
to carry the items that larger grocery stores would not even think of purchasing. In
fact, it is likely that many of the grocery items, ready-to-eat meals and food
ingredients you stock will be known intimately only to your target market. Despite
this, variety will create greater appeal among those who shop with you.
Moreover to that adding the large variety of each and every product so that the
customer doesn’t have to rush to another place in case of unavailability. Stores like
Carrefour are of great significance.
3. Eggs and Dairy Products
These products are of daily use and no matter a person is rich or poor one goes for
them on daily basis as they are basic necessity. there should be wide range of them
in all price ranges
(farms produced eggs which are packed and wrapped are sold in high price than
locally sold eggs)
Many convenience stores stock basic dairy items, such as milk, butter. cottage
cheese, sour cream and other cheese products. There will not typically be a wide
range of brands on hand.
4. Dry and Canned Goods
Most convenience stores carry a range of bread products, including loaves of
bread, hot dog and hamburger buns, and dinner rolls. There will typically be one or
two brands on hand at most. Limited canned goods, such as soup, common
vegetables, canned meat, chili and stew may also be found on convenience store
shelves.
Dry good items include limited bagged pasta and beans. Pickles, relish, catsup,
mustard and mayonnaise are also stocked on convenience store shelves.
Milk sizes will likely include pint, half-gallon and gallon sizes. Cheese products
are often shredded. Eggs are also found in many convenience stores. Some
convenience stores will also carry half and half or heavy cream.
5. In-store grocery shopping apps
Every consumer wants to have personalized experiences when they go for grocery
shopping. If you wish to ensure that, creating personalized physical store
experience will be the right thing to do. In-store grocery apps offer personalized
services where shoppers can get an idea of the products, their availability, and
location.
Online apps like of carrefour Pakistan where they tell about their sale items,
promotions and available points for discount of customer helps to a greater extent.
Question No. 3:
Forecasting:
Def:
“The process of making prediction of the future based on the past
experiences, present data and most commonly by the analysis of the
trend.”
It is also good and bad for a business.
(a) Buying New Equipment’s:
Buying of new equipment’s depends upon their usage that how
much they are used (worn off, out of order), other than that if
there are less equipment and more are required for further
usage.
Today the head sector in addition having a large share of the
economy has become an important service industry modern
health system are force to cope with increasing demand it is the
fact that number of enterprises in our country in health sector do
not meet rapid population growth.
Hospital which are one of the comerstones of the health sector
all important units in which hundreds of patients are treated in a
day. Availability of materials using these units for treatment of
patients should be handled carefully.
(b) Hiring New Doctors:
Hiring of doctors is directly based on availability of patients. Large
number of patients require more doctors to deal with.
Human resource (HR) demand forecasting is the process of estimating
the future quantity and quality of people required. The basis of the
forecast must be the annual budget and long-term corporate plan,
translated into activity levels for each function and department.
(c) Treating a Pandemic:
As in the current era of pandemic (Covid-19) which was not happened
before so the forecast (previous comparing with the current) would not
be applicable other than Diffusion Model as it is first time.
Pandemic requires:
Availability of doctors
Appropriate medicine in controlled rate (as in start there was rise
and blackout of necessary products)
Ventilators (if affordable as they are too much expensive to be
bought by a middle-classed hospital)
Isolation areas
Forecast:
There is not enough data from around the world on covid-19 infection
rates and their impact on care providers to make perhaps sufficiently
useful short-term forecast considering popular density, social distancing
policies also, daily test dates that can be achieved the time it takes to
process the test and so on.
As with discuss good forecasting also becomes critical for managing
supply shortage and bottlenecks.
