THE LIBYAN ACADEMY FOR POST
GRADUATE STUDIES
A Report on:
(The difference between IEEE and Harvard citation styles)
Supervised by Dr. Kenz [Link]
Student name: Ashraf Omar
Student Number: 6882
Class of : Spring 2017
What is citation?
A quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly work.
A way you tell your readers that you used another sources in your work.
What is the information to include in the citation?
Author’s information
The source title whether it is a book or a website.
The publisher company information.
The date of publishing, in case of books.
The page’s number from the source you are using.
Why we cite sources?
Giving other researchers credits, for their ideas and work.
Citation shows that you have done a lot in researching.
To give your readers a tail to track down your sources.
To avoid plagiarism, by quoting ideas you used.
What to cite?
Facts and ideas that are not common knowledge.
Theories that someone else has used in their work.
Words from another person should be quoted.
Book, book chapters, pages, websites, and articles should be cited.
What is the information that we don’t need to cite?
Common knowledge, the information that can be found in several numbers of sources.
Our own ideas.
Historical facts.
Conclusions, if you have already cited ideas earlier, you do not need to cite them again.
Citation or referencing styles :
There are three styles of citation are can be used in our proposal:
Footnote style:
Reference information is kept in footnotes and not placed in the body of the text,
a bibliography or reference list can be add at the end. This style includes Chicago,
MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association), and OSCOLA (Oxford University
Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities).
Numbered Style:
A numerical list of all the reference is created, based on the order of their appearing
on the text. This style includes IEEE and Vancouver.
Author-date Style:
In this one, references are placed in the text, and at the end we put an alphabetical
list of references. This style includes APA (American Psychological Association),
Harvard and MLA (Modern Language Association).
Harvard citation Style Format:
Harvard is a commonly used method of citation, which uses the Author-Date system, within
the text, and a reference list or bibliography at the end.
Examples of Harvard citation style:
Within the text: We start with author’s last name then the publishing year, and the
page number if it is needed:
“The point made by an analytic philosopher” (O'Connor 1969, p. 32)
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…"
(Fitzgerald, 2004).
Reference List: Generally Harvard Reference List citations use these information:
1. Name of the author(s)
2. Year published
3. Title
4. City published
5. Publisher
6. Pages used
The sources are listed in alphabetical order using this format:
Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).
Examples:
Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown.
Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling
Kindersley, p.156.
In case of adding chapters we use this format:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title
Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed
When there are multiple sources by the same author, we place the citations in order
by year.
When citing a website, use this format:
Last name, first initial (Year published). Page title. [Online] Website name. Available
at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
Example:
[Link], (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at:
[Link] [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].
When citing eBooks and PDFs we use this format:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher,
page(s). Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
Example:
Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [ebook] New York: Knopf. Available at:
[Link] [Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].
IEEE citation style format:
As mentioned above, in this type of citation there is no within text citation. The sources get
cited at the end in the reference list in numerical order based on their appearance in the text.
Examples of IEEE citation style:
In case we need to cite a book, we use this format:
Author Initial. Author Surname, Title. City: Publisher, Year Published, p. Pages Used
Example:
L. Stein, Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70
When we need to cite a chapter from a book, we used this format:
Author Initial. Author Surname, 'Chapter Title', in Title, City: Publisher, Year
Published, p. Pages Used.
Example:
L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York:
Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70
When you cite from e-book or pdf, use this format:
Author Initial. Author Surname, Title. City: Publisher, Year Published, p. Pages
Used.
Example:
M. Trace, Recreational Drug Use - A Key EU Challenge, 1st ed. Italy: Office for
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002, pp. 1,2,3,4.
When cite from websites, this format is used:
Author Initial. Author Surname, 'Title', Year Published. [Online]. Available:
[Link] URL. [Accessed: DD-MM-YY].
Example:
[Link], 'Social Networking Reaches Nearly One in Four Around the World',
2014. [Online]. Available: [Link]
Reaches-Nearly-One-Four-Around-World/1009976. [Accessed: 23- Jun- 2014].
References list:
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