Stoichiometry -2 Stoichiometry - 1 BASIC IDEAS Section -1 In this chapter, we are going to build the basics of solving the numerical problems in chemistry. The concepts here involve, understanding of mole concept, gram equivalents and their applications in various chemical processes. Concept of Gram Atom : One gram-atom of an clement means collection of 6.023 x 10® atoms. This concept applies only to the elements, which exist in poly-atomic states (¢.g, O as O,, Cl as Cl,, $ as Sy, P as P, ete.) Mass of 1 atom of an element 1/12 the weight of C™ (in amu, where 1 am.u. = Atomic Mass Unit = 1.66 x 10° kg) ‘Atomic mass (0) The number of gm-atoms in ‘g' gm of an clement whose atomic mass is A is z m-atoms = £ iY A Mustrating the Concept : > gm-atoms in 142 grams of chlor: > gmatoms in 16 grams of Oxygen = (b) The number of atoms in ‘g” gms of an element is given by No, of atoms = ax No Wogadro number = 6.023 x 108) Note + The concept of gm-atom is useful in Radioactivity as it gives us number of nuclei Le. No. of nuclei = Number of atoms = gm-atoms x N, Mlustrating the Concept : 56 Number of atoms in 56 grams of Nitrogen = 7X 6.025 x 10" = 2.4002 x 10% {Note + Atomic masses of some common elements are given at the end of this chapter. Concept of Gram Mole : ‘The collection of 6.023 x 10°" molecules of an element or ions or a compound constitute 1 mole of that element or of ions ot of compound, This magical number 6,023 x 10 is known as Avogadro Number (N,). Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 1Stoichiometry - 1 Ri uC > The number of moles (n) in ‘g’ grams of a substance, whose molecular weight is M, is given by > The number of molecules in n moles zg jumber of molecules = 1Np = 2-N, ‘Number of moleculk nag x No > The number of millimoles ‘Millimoles (m.moles} Mustrating the Concept : > Number of moles in 46 grams of sodium (Na) (Atomic Mass of Na = 23 = molecular mass as Na is monoatomic) ie > Number of moles in 54 grams of phosphorus (P,) motes = £ = 54. M, 24 4355 (Mol. Mass of P, = 4 x Atomic weight = 4 x 31 = 124) > Number of moles in 49 grams of sulphuric acid (H,S0,) moles = 2-1 -05 (Mol. Mass =2.x 1 +324 164-98) 1 oe > Number of moles in 25 gm of CaCO, (calcium carbonate) moles = 25 = 0.25 (Mol, Mass = 40 + 12 + 16 x 3 = 100) 100 Concept of Gram Equivalents : We can define gram-equivalent (gm eq) in ‘g’ gms of a substance whose equivalent weight is E as follows grams =% Equivalent weight E ‘gram equivalents (gmeq) = To understand the concept of gram equivalent, one must know the meaning of equivalent weight (E) of an clement or a compound, 2) NEERIEIEUNN cose or rice win omne SporeNic Eee! Stoichiometry - 1 ‘Theoretically, Equivalent weight (E) of an element or a compound is defined as the weight of an element or a compound which would combine with or displace (by weight) I part of hydrogen or 8 parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts of chlorine Analytically, Equivalent weight (E) is defined for elements/ions/compounds as Molecular Weight E where x is known as Valence factor or ‘n’ factor and its value varies depending upon the compound being considered. (i) Equivalent Weight (E) of an Element : Atomic weight of an element ‘Valency of element E, Atami) = x 3 16 z g, ‘oneea) Equivalent Weight (E) of an Aci Molecular weight of acid Basicity Acid: A species capable of giving 1° ions (protons) in its aqueous solution is an acid It is generally represented as HA. The number of H* ions furnished by an acid determines the basicity of acid Basicity of HCl (Hydrochloric acid) = 1 (As it furnishes only 1 Ht ion) Basicity of H,SO, (Sulphuric acid) = 2 > Basicity of H,PO, (Phosphoric acid > Basicity of H,C,0, (Oxalic acid) = 2 Note : It is not necessary that basicity of an acid is equal to the number of H* ions contained in its formula, It is the number of furnishable I ions which determines the basicity of an acid. Basicity of CH,COOH (Acetic acid) Basiity of HPO, (Phosphorus acid) = 2 f This can be deduced from its structure shown (>) an H Ait ean be sen that nomber of OH groups re 2, the numberof bao furnishable H* ions will also be 2. Note that bond between P and -OH will not break as it is a stronger bond compared to the bond strength between H and O in -OH group. So, H,PO, is not a base although it contains 2 ~OH groups. The H attached directly to P ‘atom will not be able to furnish in the solution as this bond is quite strong. Set Study Cours for IEE wih Ontne Support 3Stoichiometry -1 NC EU aoe On the similar grounds, try (o calculate the basicity of H,PO, (Hypophosphorus acid), ° Its structure is shown on right. ! o ans: Basi of HP, =1) oN Also, note the structure of H,PO, (Phosphoric acid) and its basicity (= 3) ° Gua =2S365 00 50 : na 28 ss, cu wos one on s bi Bpos 282526 Bayo, —SE=A1.0— Hcon Equivalent Weight (E) of a Base: Molecular weight of base ‘Acidity Base: A species capable of giving OH" ions (hydroxyl) in its aqueous solution. Itis generally represented as BOH. ‘The number of OH" ions furnished by a base determines the acidity of base. > Acidity of NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) = 1 Acidity of Mg(OH), (Magnesium hydroxide) > Acidity of AKOH), (Aluminium hydroxide) v 4 Bexou, = =370 Exit = : Equivalent Weight (E) of an lon : E of an ion is determined by the charge on an ion irrespective of anion and cation, Molecular weight of ion, E of an jon = Molecular weightof fon _ Magnitude of charge on ion 35.5 16 Eye > Eye Ea oe Boge Engi ‘e303 ‘Coy POg (oxalate) (v) Equivalent Weight (E) of a Compound : Equivalent of a compound (E) depends upon how a given compound reacts in a particular reaction, 1 means that equivalent weight can be variable, However, there are certain compounds for which equivalent weight remains constant, The equivalent weight of alkali metal salts (Na, K etc) and alkaline-earth metals salts (Mg, Ca ete) is constant. It depends upon the magnitude of total charge on cation or anion. Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportPic Een Stoichiometry - 1 Molecular weight ‘Magnitude of total charge on cation or anion Suge =H06e53 pnt of tl hs neon ain = 2) Egy E39 lage of tl cage o aon eran 6 (vi) Equivalent weight (E) of an O» ising and Reducing Agent : For the compounds taking part in redox reactions, the calculation of E becomes rather complex and one has to be very cautious. First, one should make sure which compound is acting as oxidising agent (O.A) and which is acting as reducing agent (R.A). Then find the number of electrons transferred by one mole of 0.A. or RA. in the reaction Molecular weight E of compound = Fron wansfer per mole of Aor RA © We will discuss this concept in the study of Redox Reactions in more detail in upcoming modules. Mlustrating the Concept : > gm. eq. in 71 gms of Chlorine atoms (Eq =35.) > gm. eq in 16 gms. of Oxygenatoms > gm. eq in 500 gms of H,PO, > gm. eq in 150 gms of MgiOl In practical cases, a smaller unit of moles and gram equivalent is used and is given by > The number of milli moles (mmoles) in g grams = = x1000 > The number of mili equivalents (meg) ing grams = £1000 Relationship between Moles and Gram Equivalents : g =xx = = yx moles Gram equivalent: we Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportStoichiometry -1 Nea IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-A Note : Fill in the blanks (©) gmatoms in 24 gm of Magnesium are (0) gmatoms in 62 gm of P, are (0) moles and gm equivalents in 196 gms of H,PO, are and. (moles and gm equivalents in 196 gms of CafOM), are and (0) The weight of one mole of Sodium carbonate (Na,CO,) is The number of molecules in 16 grams of Sulphur dioxide (SO,) are () The mass of I molecule of water (H,0) is. From 200 mg of CO, . 10% molecules are removed. How many grams of CO, are left? (05 gm (0.25 gm (0.126 gm (P) 0.063 gm A metal M of atomic weight 60 gm/ mol has a density of 10.0g/cm'. Calculate the volume occupied by one atom, (A) 1x10 em (8) 2x10 em) 3x10 em (D) 4x 10 em? Choose the correct option for each of the following (The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% of element A (atomic mass 10) and 50% of element B {atomic mass 20) is : (Hint : Assume weight of compound to be 100 gm] (a) AB ® AB © AB, 0 AB, (i) The number of water molecules present in a drop of water (volume 0.0018 ml) at room temperature is (Density of water ~ 1.0 glee) (A) 6.023x10% — (8) .osaxto"S (C) 484x107 (D) S023 x 10** (ii) Which of the following has least mass (A) 2g atom of nitrogen (3% 10 atoms of € (©) Lmole of $ ©) 20 gofag Expressing Concentration of Solutions : Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more components in which intermingling particles are of atomic or ‘molecular dimensions. A solution consists of a dissolved substance known as solute and the substance in which the solute is dissolved is known as solvent. The concentration of a solution means the quantity of solute dissolved per unit volume of solution, or per unit quantity of solvent, Amount of solute Concentration of solute = ———Amount of solute _ “Amount of solution (or solvent) While discussing various methods for expressing concentration, we have taken solute as B dissolved in solvent as A and g, as grams of solute and g, as grams of solvent, Mass fraction is the fractional part of a component that is contributed by it to the total mass of solution, mass fraction of (W,) B=—£2— mass fraction (W,) A=—24— fa t8e At EE REET, 5506 or wt ote Spon Note: Wy +W,Me ECU Sed Stoichiometry - 1 2 Mole fraction is the fractional part of the moles that is contributed by each component to the total number of moles that comprises the solution. In a solution containing n, moles of solvent and ng moles of solute ; mole fraction of B y, = —*® mole fraction of A x, = —"% Da tip tatty Note: yt to=1 Mlustrating the Concept : A given solution consists of 230 gm of C,H,OH (ethyl alcohol) and 720 gm of H,O (water). How to determine the mole fraction of each component. First, calculate moles of ethyl alcohol and water. 230 720 roles of =F=50 and — moles of HO = = =400 oles of CHOH = and moles of HO = 7 Now let x, = mole fraction of H,O and y, = mole fraction of C,H,OH 40 0.88 = De and yy =1-4,=0.12 3. Molality (m) is expressed as number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 gms (1.0 Kg) of solvent. It is denoted bby m. The unit is motikg. It can also be denoted by m. is. moles of solute kg of solvent If n, represent moles of solute and g, represent gms of solvent, then, m = gox000 As Mlustrating the Concept : How to determine the molality of solution containing 87.7 gm of NaCl (sodium chloride) dissolved in 1500 gm of water ? First, calculate moles of NaCl: moles = £ 817 M585 Now, molality ( 1000 = 5 x 1000 =1.0m me mot) Ba 1500, 4, Molarity (M) is expressed as moles of solute contained in one litre of solution or itis also taken as millimoles of Note + moles of solute = Molarity x Volume in litres => solute in Ic (mb of solution, Its unit is molt Itis also denoted by M. moles of solute __ millimoles of solute Moles (0 = ire of solution ~ miliites of solution If, represents number of moles of solute and V, be volume of solution in litres. De _ &e/Mp ML ML MY, (M: molarity). or m.moles of solute = Molarity xVolume in em? (ml) = MV,, 1 mL. =1 millilitre, 1 ce = 1 ml = 1 cubic centimetres Ce eae 7Stoichiometry - 1 Rieu Mlustrating the Concep' How to determine the molarity of a solution containing 149 gram of KCI (potassium chloride) dissolved in sufficient water to make 1500mL of a solution? Molavty = oles of KCI where mole lites of solution 149 Sag 729 9 => Molarity= 29 _ 745 "Y= 750071000 How to calculate grams of solute (solid NaOH) in a 500 cc of 0.25M solution of NaOH ? Moles=MV, M-: molarity of solution; V, : volume of solution in litres. moles of KCI =1.33molar or written as 1.33 M Motes =025% 5% 0.95 => gramof NaOH =0.125 x 40.=5 gm (ass = nM) s. Normality (N) is expressed as the number of gram equivalents (gmeq) of solute contained in one litre of solution or it can also be taken as number of mill equivalents (meq) in 1 ce (mL) of solution, is denoted by N. gmegof solute _ __meq of solute a litres of solution millilitres of solution If g, represents grams of solute, E represents Equivalent weight of solute and V, be volume of solution in lites, Normality = 2869 _ a/E VY ML Important Concepts in Stoichiometric Calculations : IA] f@) gm.eq, of solute = normality x volume in litres = NV, oor meg of solute = normality x volume in em’ (mL) = NV,, (b) moles of solute = Molarity x V, = MV, cor mmol of solute = Molarity XV, = MV. [B]_— Noxmality = 2009 _ = X moles _ | wotarity ML Mo For acidic solutions : N= x M [x : basicity of acid ; M : molarity of acid] For basic solutions xM [x : acidity of base ; M : molarity of base] For a mono acidic base (acidity =1) and mono basic acid (Basicity = 1) => Normality = Molarity [C]__ Relation between molality (m), molarity (M), density(d) of solution and molar mass of solute (M,): Molarity (M) means M moles ofthe solute in 1 L ofthe solution. If density isin g/ml and M, is molar mass in g mot, then mass of solute = MM, grams ; ‘mass of solution = 1000 x d grams => mass of solvent = 1000d-MMy => Molality (m) 1000 CSET SSE ERNIERi ae ed Stoichiometry - 1 {D] Relationship between molality (m) and mole fraction (%,) of the solute : ay =—"8 m=28 x 1000 = 8 x 1000 Dat Op A DAMA ay, = _mmaMa/1000 => mg=mngMy/l000 or B= = emagMAfio00 mM, Xp, 1000 1-%4 1000 %y = Ma _ mn = Tor, te Mam My Mlustrating the Concept : A solution was prepared by adding sufficient water to 100g of NaOH to make 0.50 L. of solution. Calculate ‘molarity and normality of solution. Normality = £64 — 100/40 VO (OS Now using N=xM; => M=S-sMsolution f= for NaOH (Mono-cic base] A solution was prepared containing 14.80 gm of Ca(OH), in 3000 ml of solution. Calculate: (a) molarity of solution @®) normality of solution (©) moles in a 2.5L of same solution (d)_gmeq contained in 1.5L of solution. @ 0.067M ©) Normality = ABER FENOW. M87 LoussN |B W 3 aeidity (© moles in 2.5 L of sample = MV, = 0.067 x25 = 0.167 moles (in 2.5 L sample) (@ ——gmeq in 15 L of sample = NV, = 0.133 x 1.5 = 0.2 gmeq (in 1.5 L). 6. Strength of a solution : Its expressed as grams of solute in 1 L of a solution Sirengih = #12m oF solute Vi We know, NV, = 5=gmeq Strength = £ = NE ML Similarly, Strength =. - =MM, Mustrating the Concep: How to calculate normality when Strength is given ? () HNO, containing 6.3 g/L of acid. (ii) KOH solution containing 11.2 g/L of base. Sa Sly cout or Ew Onine Support Oy 3Stoichiometry - 1 Wines : 63 sent) A = no S3Loun (n= See ® coun [s=Hy a = ne=ll2-oan 36 How to calculate E when Strength is given ? w@ 10-N HCI acid solution containing 3.65 g/10 ml. (ii) NIL H,SO, acid solution containing 14 g/L. Surength we = Suteneth Ba ws malty wo Strength = 3.65 g /10 ml 365 g/L i Important Concepts in Stoichiometric Calculations : If molarity of a solute A,B, in a solution is “M’, assuming the solute to have complete dissociation (100%). A,B, xan +yBe ‘Then, molarity of AY* ions =x XM 5 - Lmole A,B, gives molarity of BY ions = y x M xmaoles of A”and But, same is not applicable to normality ymoles of B If normality of solute A, B, is ‘N’, assuming the solute to have complete dissociation (100%) A,B, > xAn+y Be recone ‘Then, normality of AY* ions =N_; normality of B* ions = N = gmeq. of B (Correlate the above results, with the definitions of molarity and normality respectively) Mustrating the Concept : 0.1 MH,SO, = 0.2 MH’ =0.1 M SO” 0.1. NH,SO, = 0.1 NH" =0.1N SO} 2. When Solute is Solid (a) __x% by mass of solute (B) in the solution (A): It means x gm of solute (B) are present in 100 gm of solution (A). (b) _¥% by volume of solute (B) in the solution (A): It means x gm of solute (B) are present in 100 em’ of solution (A). 3. When Solute is also a Liqui (a) _x% by mass of solute (B) in the solution (A): It means x gm of solute (B) are present in 100 gm of solution (A). (b) _x% by volume of solute (B) in the solution (A): It means x em! of solute ate present in 100 cm’ of solution (A). FOES secionRie Ea od Stoichiometry - 1 Mlustrating the Concept The molarity and normality of solution of H,SO,, containing x% H,SO, by weight. (d, Latin = 4 lec) First, you must understand meaning of x% H,SO, by weight This means x gms of actual amount of H,SO, in 100 gms of solution or if W (in gms) be the be total mass of solution, then the mas of solute ($0, contained = x Was Now coming back to original problem ; Let us consider 1 L oF 1000 ce of solution sso ston n= 18904 (o-as) Volume ‘Mass of actual H,SO, in 1 L = Joo * (10008) =10xd 1oxd g moles of inIL= moles = omni, [mie] 1oxd loxd Molaity (M) = re Normality (N)=“255 (EEE (2) Concentrated acid H,SO, has a density of 1.8 g/ml and contains 49% acid by weight. Compute molarity of the solution. Also calculate the number of gmeq of H,SO, contained in J I. solution. (6) What is the normality of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 100 ml of conc. H,SO, in part (@) in sufficient water to make 500 ml of solution? (©) If we take 50 ml sample of above solution [in part (b)|, find number of milli moles and milli equivalents in the sample. Solution : (a) Wehave =, ‘molarity(M} = 18 gimb = 18 glee, M, = 98) To calculate gmeg, it is better to calculate normality first. NexM =2x9=18N x: Basicity of H,SO, gm.eq, = NV, = 1 x 18 = 18 gmeg are contained in 1 L of given solution, 2 8 [calculated above in part (a)] 8.0100 1000 So, 1.8 gmeg of concentrated acid are to be added in water to make 500mL. solution, yy abe 18 V, 50/1000 (b) NofH,S0, 18 ‘gmeq in 100 ce of cone. H,SO, Normality of required solutio St dy Coat oF EE Wi Onna Sippy iStoichiometry - 1 Rieuent ese ‘Normality x Volume (in ml) = NY, (©) Milli equivalent ‘co= 3.6 x 50 = 180 meg. Millimoles = Molarity x Volume (in ml) = MV. 38.50 =90 mmoles [IN =xM and x=2 for H,SO,, a dibasic acid) Note Ifa naturally occurring atom exists in the form of isotopes (say of molecular masses A, A, .... ete) wit their percentages as (x, %, x, fe), then average afomic mass, Ayyg ofthe atom is given as Aug = LxA, +72 x A, + =~ 100 100 Mustrating the Concept : The mass spectrum of carbon shows that 98,892% of carbon atom are C-12 with a mass of 12.000 amu and 1.108% are C-13 with a mass of 13.000335 amu. Calculate the atomic weight of naturally occurring carbon. 98.892 1.108 Atomic weight of carbon = °°"? x 12.000 + 495 13,00335 = 12.011 amu 100 100 If isotopic distribution of isotopes (relative abundance) C-12 and C-14 is 98% and 2% respectively then the number of C-14 atoms in 12g of carbon is : () L20x10 (8) 01x tO (C)S.55x10% —(D)—— 6.023 x10 (>) (Zo) Too io0 Total No. of C atoms in 12g of C = 6.023 x10 Average atomic mass = Total No, of C-14 atoms in 12g of C 2 3 a ye pp % 602310" = 12.046 x10 =1.20%10% (a) There are two isotopes of an element with atomic mass z. Heavier one has atomic mass z +2 and lighter one has z=, then abundance of lighter one is : (A) 66.6% B) 96.7% (C) 6.67% (D) 33.3% 00-2) e424 x e-D= Let x9 be abundance of lighter one. Then — ET DRE > MO=N)(E+24x(F-)=100z > x= 666 (A) ‘Note: Ahydrated salt isa crystalline salt that has a certain number of water molecule trapped inthe crystal. For example : CuSO,5H,0. The molecules of water contained in one such unit of hydrated salt is known as water of crystallisation. In the given example water of crystallisation in hydrated copper sulphate is 5. While calculating molecular mass of such a salt, we have to add molecular mass of water of crystallisation to overall molecularmass of salt. For example : Consider hydrated oxalic acid (H,C,0,.2H,0). Its molecular mass will be = 90 + (2 x 18)= 126, 2 Self tudy Course fr IIZEE with Online SupporME EcUCSed Stoichiometry - 1 IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B 1 Fill in the blanks (© The % age composition (by mass) and mole fraction of each component in sugar solution containing 1000 gm of sugar in 2000 gm of water is () The mass of MgCl, should be dissolved in 750 gm of water in order to prepare a 1.0Sm solution is 2.49 grams of H,SO, are dissolved in enough water to make one litre ofa solution of density .049 g/cc. Fined the molarity, normality, molality of H,SO, in the solution (A) Lm) (B)—(AMI2, NID, m2) (C) AMID, N m2) (D)—— (ML NID, m2) If x% ofa solu of molecular mass (M,) is present in a solution having density of ‘a’ gnvom’, calculate molarity, and molality, if (@) Yes by mass ©) x% is by volume 4(@) The molality of 1 M solution of sodium nitrate is 0.8 mol kg! Determine the density of the solution (6) How much BaCt, would be needed to make 250 mil ofa solution having same concentration of Clas the one containing 2.92 g of NaCl per 100 ml? [1 molar BaCl, = 2 molar CI ions] 5. The density of 3 M solution of Na,S,0, is 12g mt". (@) the % by weight of Na,S,0, is mole fraction of Na,S,0, is (©) the molatities of Na* and S, 0, ions are and __ 6 Choose the correct alternative. Only one choice is correct. However, question marked one correct option. may have more than (Hydrochloric acid solution A and B have concentration of 0.5 N and 0.1 N respectively: The volume of solution A and B required to make 2 litres of 0.2.N hydrochloric are A) OSLofA+1SLOfB BLS LofA+0SLofB (OQ LOLofA+ LOL of B PD) OFSLofA+1.25LofB (i) The density of 1 M solution of NaCl is 1.0585 g/ml. The molality ofthe solution is )— 10ses 100 1 010 0.0585 (ii) 0.2 mol of HCI and 0.1 mol of barium chloride dissolved in water to produce a S00 mL. solution. The molarity ofthe CI is 006M 000M Oo oRnM 080m () The hydrated salt Na,SO,nH,O undergoes 55.9% loss in weight on heating and becomes anhydrous. The value of n will be “ws @® 3 oO 7 10 0) Assample of H,S0, (density 1.8 mL" to make 1 Lof 02 MH,SO, ? is 90% by weight. What is the volume of the acid that has to be used A l6mL Blom OQ Rm DP emt “(0i) — Which of the following quantities are dependent on temperature ? )— Molarity (Normality (©) Molality (D) Mole fraction Set Study Cours for ITIEE wh Ontne Support 3Stoichiometry - 1 Rieu (oH) An aqueous solution of urea (NH,CONH,) is 3.0 molal. The mole fraction of urea is a) 02s 033 © 066 (D) 9.05 The atomic mass of Cu is 63.546, There are only two naturally occurring isotopes of copper: Cul* and Cut. The percentage of natural abundance of Cu" is nearly “10 B30 © so oO B Important Concepts in Stoichiometric Calculations : 1. Dilution : Whenever a given solution of known concentration ie. normality and molarity (known as standard solution) is diluted (adding solvent), the number of millimoles (or milli equivalents) of solute remain unchanged. ‘The concentration of solution however changes. In such a case if, N, = normality of original solution + V, = volume of original solution and _N, = normality of diluted solution + V, = total volume of diluted solution Since the number of milli equivalents remains same, = NV,=NY, (This also called equation of normality) Also, (This also called equation of molarity) Ilustrating the above concept : 02 MH,$O, (1 mL) is diluted 10 1000 times of its inital volume. Find normality of H,SO, M,V,=M,V; => M, 2x 2xlO = Ny =2%2%10 = 410 N (Normality factor x molarity) 1000 2. Whenever a small sample (volume) is taken from a standard solution, the concentration of sample is same as that of standard solution. However number of millimoles (or milli equivalents) in sample differs from that of standard solution From a 3.5 L of 0.5 NH,SO, solution, a sample of 500ml is taken, then normality of a 500 mL. solution is also O.SN. But meq in standard solution = 0.5 x 3500 = 1750 meq and meq in small sample = 0.5 x 500 = 250 meq (EEE What volume of water must be added to a 0.5 litre of 10 N acid solution to make it exactly 05 N solution? Solution : Let V,, of water is added to given solution of acid. Apply equation of normality (for dilution) ie. N,V, =N,V,, ‘YV; = voLof originalsolution = 0.5L =500ce ; Nj = normality of solution final volumeof solution ; N, = normality of finalsolution = 10«500= 5x(S00+V,) = V,.=9500c0= SL = 9.5L of H,0 will have t be added, sa) NEETU cy corse or ics wanna Supporee Stoichiometry - 1 (EEE 4 commercial sample of oxalic acids tabelted as 22.5% HCO, by weight (density = 1.5 g/cc). Calculate: (a) molarity (b) volume of acid having same amount of solute as in I L of 0.2 M H,C,O,. Solution : (a) Using standard formula : molarity p= LOX 225X155 a5 ny 90) () Let V,, of avi is required. mmoles of concentrated sample = mmoles of desired sample Using M,V, = MV, 315xV,=02x1000 >, (EESEEEL 4 0.25 molar aqueous solution of NaOH is found to have a density of 1.26 glec. Determine its ‘molality with respect to NaOH. Also determine its mole fraction. Solution : 0.25 M NaOH = 0.25 moles/itre of NaQH Hence molality (m) 22 x 1000 =02m = 025 moles of NAOH in 1 Tof solution For conversion of molality into mole fraction, use the following relation. ( moles of solute Use: {m= Molesof solute 1000 ‘gms of solvent —t_,, 1000 1-x%e Ma First find the mass of water. : %q = mole fraction of solute Mass of solution = Volume x density M, = molecular mass of solvent. ‘Mass of solution in 1.0 litre solution Note: TRY to derive the above relation yourself. = 1000 x 1.26 = 1260 g In given case: m=0.202, My = Myo = 18 Now mass of NaOH = (moles x M,) * = 0.25 x 40 = 10 gm ° = Mass of H,O = 1260 - 10 = 1250 g Solveto get: Ayuoy = 0.00358 [EEE An aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol (C,H,OH) is found to be 10/9 mola. If the density of the alcohol solution is 0.8 glee, find mole fraction and molarity of solution with respect to ethyl alcohol. 5 Sy Coat oF EW Onine Sippy 35Stoichiometry -1 Vidyamandir Classes Solution : “Mass of solution = mass of solute (C,H,OH) + mass of water, Use m = | 42} 000 = (1019 x 46) + 1000 1-H} Ma (= mole fraction of alcohol) = 51.1 +1000 = 1051.1 mass _ 1051.1 1000 Volume (in ee) = = 313.89 ce = 1314 L = 10 Lf % 100 ye goi96, density 0.8 9 \i-y) 18 Jo Jo moles _ 1019 __10 = Molarity = 1-10 Lo sasm motal solution = 22 mol of C108 > folarity iaed > a5 in 1000 gms of H,0. For molarity, find volume of solution and for volume of solution, first calculate mass of solution. ‘One litre solution of O.5N is heated. The volume of the solution is reduced to 750cc and 2.675 gm of HCLis lost. Caleulate: ©) normality of the resultant solution. i) number of meq of HCL in 100 ce of the original solution Solution : (i) First caleulate grams of HCL in original solution = wLof HCI in resultant solution Use: £ = = 1825-2675 = 15.575 gm ‘Now normality of new solution, N g osxi= > Gesn) waBlB _ 18575365 _ 9 sony 7750/1000 => g=1825 em ‘meq in 100 ce of original sample meq = NV,, = 0.5%100=50 meq Now wt, of HCl lost due to heating = 2.675 gm 16) NEETU cy course or ses wath ont supporMe ECU Sed Stoichiometry - 1 STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS. Section - 2 In this section, we will discuss the problems based on balanced chemical equations and application of mole concept. ‘The analysis of a chemical reaction is generally catried out in the form of mass of reacting species taking part in a given reaction (gravimetric analysis) or in terms of concentrations of reacting species taking part in a given reaction (volumetric analysis). In Gravimetric Analysis, we generally analyse reactions such as : decomposition of compounds under heat to produce a residue and a gas, or displacement reactions, action of acids on metals, or simple balanced chemical ‘equations involving Weight (solid) ~ Volume (gas) relationships. In Volumetric Analysis, we generally analyse Neutralisation and Redox Titrations involving aqueous solutions in ‘general, Neutralisation : ‘A reaction in which an acid (or a base) completely reacts with a base (or an acid) to form salt and water is called as ‘Neutralisation, If HA be the acid, BOH be the base and BA be the salt, then neutralisation reaction can be represented as follows HA+BOH —> BA+H,0 Redox Reactions : ‘A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is called as Redox reaction. A redox reaction always involves a pair of oxidising agent and a reducing agent. Note: We will deal with Redox Reactions in the next chapter Before we move on to study the balanced chemical equations, let us first analyse meaning of some terms. Moles of NaCl : NaCl —> Nat + Cr I mole I mole 1 mole => 1 mole of NaCI contains | mole of Nat (ion) and 1 mole of Cl- ion > moles of NaCl contains 2 moles of Na‘ ion and 2 moles of Clr ion Moles of CaCl, : CaCl, —> Ca + 2Cr 1 mole I mole 2 mole => 4moles 4 moles. moles xemoles of H,S0,: SO, —> 2H + SO, I mole 2moles 1 mole xmoles 2x moles_x moles Ce eae 7Stoichiometry -1 Vidyamandir Classes Application of Mole Concept on Balanced Chemical Equations : Consider a general balanced chemical teaction or equation mA+nB—> pC +qD where A and B are reactants; C and D are products; m, n, p, q ate the stoichiometric coefficients ‘The above balanced reaction is analysed as ‘m moles of A react with moles of B to produce p moles of C plus q moles of D. This can be represented (written) as m moles of A = n moles of B = p moles of C = q moles of D Mlustrating the mole concept What weight of KCI (Potassium Chloride) will be formed on heating 12.25 gm of KCIO, ? Also calculate weight of O, will be liberated. First write a balanced chemical equation for decomposition of KCIO, 2KCIO,—92KCl_ + 30) (2 mos) Omoes) (3 mos) From Stoichiometry, we have 2 moles of KCIO, = 2 moles of KCl = 3 moles of O, Mp(KCI0, 12.25 £ moles o sod moles =—£ les of KIO, = => we Mogxen = 74-5 Now, 2 moles of KCIO, = 2 moles of KCL = 0.1 moles of KCIO, = 0.1 moles of KCL = 0.1x745 gmof KCL [z=moles x My} = 7.45 gms of KCI are formed. Similarly, 2 moles of KCIO, 3 moles of O, + otnmisetke10,«3xoamotsot0, = 2x01xa2emsf0, 8 gmof O,, co WEEE cours orice with onine supportNCES ered Stoichiometry - 1 1. Some Important Anions used in Stoichiometry : X (halides) | Cl: Chloride, | Br-:Bromide, | T°: lodide oO Oxide se Sulphide Ne Nitride Pe Phosphide coy Carbonate HCO; Bicarbonate Noy Nitrate NO; Nitvite soy Sulphate HSOZ Bisulphate soe Sulphite Por Phosphate C0 | Oxalate HCO; Bioxalate $307 ‘Thiosulphate | $03" Tetrathionate C10; : Chlorate; BrO; > Bromate ; 10; : Iodate Mn0z Permanganate c,07 Dichromate 2. Action of Heat on Some Important Compounds : Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Carbonates | Stable Unstable NayCO, —9> NoResction cco, 44 x0 + C0, Bicarbonates, Unstable Unstable 2NatiCO > Ng C05 +603 +1130 calico), —2->c10 4113042005 Sulphates | Stable Stable NayS0q A> No Resction 3. Some Basic Chemical Equations : ©) 2K, 2 2KEI+30, Gi) 2NaHCO, 44 Na,Co, + C0, +1,0 1 (iii) NaNo, 4-4 NaNO, + 5 0, (iy) 2 Pe(NO,), > 2 Pao +4.NO, +0, (v) 2Na,$,0,+1, —+> NaS,0,+2Nal (vi) Na,C,0, —45 Na,co, + Co (vi) 2 FeSO, —4+ Fe,0, +80, +80, (vil) 2AgNo, —45 2Ag +2NO, +0, iy [2ME+O2 —2Me0 cy [SHNO, 280 +2810 3Mg +N, —> Mg,N, (Calcium behaves similarly) Sel Study Course for THEE with One Support TI 15 NH.NO, —24N, «24,0Stoichiometry - 1 nea PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUE (Using Mole Concept) Follow the given sequence 1. First write a balanced chemical equation. 2, Analyse the reactants and products according to their respective stoichiometric coefficients ic. ie. mmole of A=n moles of B = p moles of C= q moles of D 3. According to data given, proceed as explained in the above illustration 4. Instoichiometric problems involving gases, we will assume all the gases to be ideal and apply Gas Equation : PV = RT. @ : Pressure of gas in atm units, V : Volume of gas in L and T : Temperature in Kelvin and R : Universal gas constants = 0.0821 atm L mol“! K~) (2) ALS-TP, the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gaseous compound is equal to 224 L (or 22400 mL). This is also called as Molar volume. () Atroom temperature, T = 298 K, P = 0 atm., volume of 1 mole of gas is 24.48 L. (©) _N.TB. (Normal temperature and pressure) condition is same as S.1.P. condition, A flash bulb used for taking photograph in poor light contains 30 mL of O, at 780 mm pressure at 27°C. Suppose that metal wire flashed in the bulb is pure Aluminium (Al) and itis oxidised to Al,O, in the process of flashing, calculate the minimum weight of Al-wire that is to be used for maximum efficiency. Solution : Alis oxidised to Al,0, as follows. From stoichiometry of the reaction, 4Al+30, > 2A1L0, 3 mole of 0, = 4 mole of Al Fist, caleulate the moles (n) of ©, 4 1.25 x 10° mole of O, = 5 (1.25 x 10-) mole of Al Use PV = aRT PV _ (780/760) (30/1000) _ RT 0.081 x 300 4 asx 10% sramof AL= 5 (1.25 x 10") x 27 = 0.045 gm > ‘A mixture of NaCl and Na,CO, is given. On heating 12 gm of the mixture with dilute HCl, 2.24 gm of CO, is evolved at normal temperature. Calculate the amounts of two components in the mixture, Solution : From stoichiometry, we have Consider the effect of heat on the mixture. 1 mole of Na,CO, = 1 mole of CO, NaCl + HCl —> nothing happens x x Jpg Moles of Na,CO, = 73g mol of CO, Na,CO, +2 HCl —+ 2 NaCl + CO, +1,0 x _ 224 Let x grams of Na,CO, are there in the mixture. 224 _ ae > koa 54 em, moles of Na,CO,= V4 = TG Hence grams of NaCl in the mixture = 12—x= 6.60 gm zo WRENN corse or cz with one supportAUC EU Stoichiometry -1 CEE 4 mixture of Fe0 and Fe,0, when heated in air o a constant weight, gains 5% of ts weight. Find the composition of the initial mixture. Solution : In such type of problems, in order to simplify the calculations, Jetus assume that the initial weight of the mixture is 100 gm, Then the final weight of the mixture after heating in air wll bbe 105 gm. Lot x be the weight of FeO in the initial mixture, then the weight of Fe,O, = 100 —x ‘When the mixture is heated in air (0) 4Fe0+0, > 2Fe,0, 4Fe,0, + 0, + 6 Fe,0, = 4moles FeO = 2 moles of Fe,0, Smokes = 2 Tq oles of Fe,0, 4 moles of Fe,0, = 6 moles of Fe,0, 100-x 6 (100-x ‘Total moles of Fe,0, = + 5/ 200=* wo 144 4 232 Weight of Fe,0, =| ais) 160 = 108 ight of Fe,0, =| 75 +5| 5 = Solving for x, we get : x= 20.25 gm= weight of FeO (00 —x = 79.75 gm. => weight of Fe,0, % FeO = 20.25 and % Fe,0, = 79.75 (IEEE Brass is an alloy of Cu-Zn. A sample of brass weighing 6.0 g, when treated with excess of dil. H,SO, gives 328 mL of dry H, at 27°C and 760 mm pressure. alloy? (Atomic mass of Zn = 65.4 gm) Solution : Only Zn reacts with dil. H,S0, and produces H,, whereas Cu does not Zn(s) +H,S0, + ZnSO, +H, (e) 1 mol of Zn = 1 mol of H, Pv RT = moles of H, evolves What is the percentage of Cu by weight in the 7601760%0.328 (0.082300 = 0.0133, ‘The amount of Zn in the alloy = 0.0133 x 65.4 = 0.87 g 5.13 or Cu= “3 cto0=85.5% * 6.0 Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18g of steam. Solution : Remember that iron reacts with steam, it forms Fe,O, 3Fe + 4H,0 —> Fe,0, + 4H, From stoichiometry of the reaction : 3 moles of F 18 foles sel Moles H,0 = 75 3 3 Moles Fe = 3x1 a Weight of Fe =2% 56= 42g Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 4 moles H,0 2Stoichiometry -1 Rieu Important Concepts in Stoichiometric Calculations : 1. (a) Finding the Equivalent Weight of Basic Compounds : ( Oxides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates of alkali metals and alkaline carth metal are basic in nature e.g. MgO, Na,CO, and NaHCO, are basic. ‘The n-factor (acidity of carbonates, bicarbonates & oxides) is equal to the magnitude of total charge on cations or ‘anions. It can also be confirmed by visualizing the neutralisation reaction as follows Na,CO, +2 HCl —>2NaCl+H,0 +CO, ‘The above reaction shows that 1 mole of Na,CO, requires two moles of H* ions. Thus, its equivalent weight is 2% i.e, 53 gm/mol, (Note: Acidity also refers to the number of H* ions required to react with the base,] ° b) Finding the Equivalent Weight of Acidic Compounds : ‘The oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature, such as SO, & SO, are popular acidic oxides used in neutralisation. ‘The n-factor (basicity) can be determined as follows : $0, + 2.NaOH —> Na,S0, + 1,0 The above reaction shows that 1 mole of SO, requires two moles of ions. Thus, its equivalent weight is 80/2 = 40 gm/mol. Note » Basicity also refers to the number of OH ions required to react with the acid 2 Concept of Limiting Reagent : Whenever, the amount of two reacting species (reagents) is given, very rarely they react completely (unless calculated beforehand). In such cases, one of reagent reacts completely (as per Stoichiometry ofthe reaction) leaving behind the other in excess. The reagent which reacts completely is known as Limiting Reagent. Determine the limiting reagent is rather easy and works well with this shot formula ; MOVs oF reagent aken_ Stoichiometric coeficient Whichever reactant has the lowest value of this ratio isthe liming reagent. Mlustrating the Concept : A closed vessel is found to contain 192 gm of Mg and 96 gm of O,. This mixture is burnt. (a) Which is the limiting reagent? (6) Find the weight of reagent in excess (the other one)? 2Mg+0, + 2Mg0 > Mzis in excess 2moles of Mg = 1 mole of O, = 2 moles of MgO ion Hence 0, isthe limiting reagent asi is consumed filly Initial motes of Me = “= 8 3 Excess of Mg = 8 —6= 2 moles Inia moles of 0, «25 Grams of excess Me = 2 24= 48 gm 2 ‘moles of MgO formed = moles of Mg consumed = 6 1 mole of ©, = 2 moles oe = Grams of MgO formed = 6 x 40 = 240 gm. = 243-6 moles of Mg Read the following Illustrations carefully to understand the concept of limiting reagent. FEDS secon? EeVidyamandir Classes Stoichiometry - 1 [DEINE Constr che eacon A039 ac ve In the above reaction A and B are reactants and C and D are products. If one mole each of A and B are reacted. Then: 1-225 mole of of D is formed I L6 mole of Dis formed UL. 0.33 mole of Aare left after complete reaction IV, 133 mole of Cis formed The correct choice is : wn © hmv © LV) Ln Solution : (8) 2A+3B — 4C+5D 2moles of A=3 moles of B=4 moles ofC=S moles ofD —__[Fr0m Stoichiometry] Initially ng = ny = 1 [For 1 mole of A, 1.5 moles of B are needed. But only 1 mole of Bis given. Hence, Bis the limiting reagent:] 5 © ap =3=166 (LEED) tm the fottowing reaction : MnO, + 4HCI —> MnCl, + 2H,0 + Cl,. When 2 moles of MnO, reacted with 4 moles of HCI, 11.2 L Cl, was collected at STP. Find the percent yield of Cl, (A) 28% B) 50% 100% () 15% Solution : (B) MnO, + 4HCL —> MnCl, + 2H,0 + Cl; From Stoichiometry 1 mole 4molee Tmole 2 moles I mole Initially (Given) moles 4 moles [For 2 moles of Mino, 8 moles of HC are needed, but only 4 moles of HC ae given. Hence, HCI isthe limiting reagent] Finally Ymole Ome mole moles I mole = 224 at STP (Theoretical yet Actual yield 2 jeld = At 100 = eld of Cl, = 2% x10 =s0% Yet ~ Theoretical yield we m4 (UE ess oe See a oe eel et oe (A) Amol (B) ‘1.84 mol («c) ‘1.34 mol (D) 1.29 mol Solution : (C) aieghy + 840 + 30, —s aRe(OH, +68 From Sticionety mike awit Sms Sake Initially 1 mole 2imolee 3 mele [For 1 mole of Fe,5,, 3 moles of HO are needed & 1.5 mole of O,. But only 2 moles of H,0 are given and 3 moles of O, are given, Hence, H,O is the limiting reagent.) Finally Us mole Omoles 2 mole is wolee motes Set Study Course for ITIEE wth One Support iT 75Stoichiometry - 1 Nei ae IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-C Fill in the blanks (a) The residue obtained on strongly heating 2.76 g Ag,CO,..is [Ag,CO, *Ag+CO, +0,) [ Atomic mass of Ag = 108 ] (6) $ gm of K $0, were dissolved in 250 mi of solution. The volume of this solution that should be used so that 1.2 gm of BaSO, may be precipitated from BaCl, is (Mol. Mass of K,SO, = 174 and BaSO, = 233) (©) 2moles of CalHCO,), on heating forms 1 mole of CO,, The % yield of CO, is (@) The equivalent weight of NaHCO, is and of SO, is Choose the correct option foreach of the following question. Only One choiceis Correct. (©) Areaction occurs between 3moles of Hand 1 moles0fO, give some amount of HO. The limiting reagent in this a. ® 9, (©) Mando, both (D)_Neitherfthem ii) AE +g? 5 14g + 1 mole each of He and 1 will form (A) Imote of He (B) Sole of Hgl> (C) 0.25 mole of HgL}- (D) 2 mole of High (ii) Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution decomposeson warming fo pive oxygen according tothe equation 2H 0) (aq) —> 2H20(£) + Op (g) Under conditions where I mole of gas occupies 24 dm}, 100 cm! of XM solution of H,O, produces 3 dm? of O Thus Xis @) 25 @t (os (D) 025 (0) Acertain compound has the molecular formula X,0,. If 10 g of X,0, has 5.72 8X. atomic mass ofX is (A) 32 amu (B) 37 amu (©) 42amw (D) 98 amu (») How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg,(PO,), will contain 0.25 moles of oxygen atoms ? ww) 0.02 (B) 3125x10% ©) 125x107 ) 258x107 (i) On heating 1.763 g of hydrated BaCl, gave 1.505 g of anhydrous salt remained. What is the formula of iydrate? (A) Bacl,2H,0 — (B) BaCl, H,O (©): Ba, 3H,0 () Bact, Alt,0 (it) Equal weights of Zn metal and iodine are mixed together and I, is completely converted to Znl,. What fraction by weight of original Zn remains unreacted? Zn = 65, 1= 127) ) 034 (B) 0.74 © 084 (©) Unable to predict (ili) How many moles of P, can be produced by reaction of 0.10 moles Ca(PO,),F. 0.36 moles SiO, and 0.90 moles C according to the following reaction 4Cas(PO,), F +18Si0, +30C —+ 3P, +2CaF, + 18CaSiO, +30CO (4) 0.060 (B) 0.030 (©) 0.045 ) 0.075 (és) Inaan experiment, 6.67 g of AICI, was produced and 0.54g Al remained unreacted. How many moles of Al were taken originally ? (a) 0.07 (B) 0.06 (©) 0.05 () 0.02 (©) One mole of potassium chlorate is thermally decomposed and excess of aluminium is burnt in the gaseous product. How many mole(s) of aluminium oxide are formed? wd @) 15 o2 o 3 za ESTEEM i st course ors with one supportVidyamandir Classes Stoichiometry - 1 NEUTRALISATION Section - 3 ‘As we know that an acid may be monobasic (HCl, HINO, etc.), dibasic (H,SO,, I1,C,O, ete.) or tribasic (H1,PO, tc.) and similarly a base may be monoacidic (NaOH, NaHCO, ete.) diacidic (Ca(OH),, Na,CO, ete.) or triacidic [AICOM), ete.),s0 it is better to define the neutralisation reaction in the following manner: ‘A reaction in which J gram equivalent (or J meg) of an acid (or a base) completely reacts with / gram equivalent (or J meg) of a base (or an acid) to form J gram equivalent (or J meg) of corresponding salt. ‘A stage at which the process of neutralisation is complete is known as end point or neutral point and the process cartied out to study neutralisation of acids and base is called as Titration, Atequivalence point ‘gm eq. (or meg) of acid = gm eq. (or meq) of base N,V,=N,V,_ (NV: nommality, V: volume in mL or L, a: acid, b : base) ‘This relation can be used in two ways (modified form) fg, grams of avid are neutralised by a base whose normality is N, and volume requited for neutralisation of given acid is V, (in cc), then £551000=N,¥, E, = —Mo E, basicity IL g, grams of a base are neutralised by an acid of normality N, and volume V, (in cc), then £5x1000-N,V, By = ER acidity Mlustrating the Concept : > How many grams of borax (Na,B,0,10H,0) are required to neutralize 25 ml of 0.2 M of HCI and H8O, separately Borax in waler gives: ByO;? +7HyO ——> 4H,BO; +20H™ (Remember it as fact) 2molOH- > acidity =2 > I mol of bor: (i) meq of borax = meq of HCI g 382/2 => g= 0.955 gm = mass of Borax 1000 = (0.2x1)x25 HCl is monobasic acid) (i) meq of borax = meq of H,S0, £ 382/2 %1000= (0.2x2)x25 [+7 H,S0, is diabasic acid] > = 191 gm = mass of Borax Seif Shy Come foriRiEE wih Gna app Ty 75Stoichiometry - 1 NICU Uae > How many mL. of 0.5 N HCI acid will be required to completely neutralise 500 ml of a 0.1 N NaOH solution? Let Vy of acid is required for neutralisation, Using equation of neutralisation we have: N,V, =,V, = 05xXV,=01x500 => — V,.=100ce = 100 mL > 05 gm of fuming H,SO, (oleum) is dilute with water. This solution is completely neutralised by 30.0 mL of 0.4 N NaOH. Find the % age of free SO, in the sample. Oleum is (H,S, + SO, = H,S,0,) Note that SO, is acidic oxide and hence reacts with NaOH. 2. NaOH + SO, + Na,SO, + 11,0 ; ive, it acts as a dibasic acid, Let gms. of $O, in 0.5 gm=.x ; Then, gms of H,SO, = 0.5 — x Atneutralisation stage; meq of sample = meq of NaOH les; = r= 04 gm=mass of $0, > % age of SO, $4 x 100 ~s0% | «1000 =04 «30 0/2 * “9872 Important Concepts in Stoichiometric Calculations : 1. Salts formed by the reactions between a strong acid (like HCl, H,SO,, HNO, H,PO, ete...) and a strong base like NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH),, Ca(OH),) when dissolved in water does not effect the acidity or basicity of the solution. For example : A solution having Na,SO, (formed by the reaction between NaOH and H,SO,) as its solute is neutral as Na,SO, is a salt of strong acid and strong base. 2, Back Titration : This concept comes into picture while analyzing the Neutralization in case any of the acid or base is found to be in excess (Over stepping of the end point). Both of the above concepts can be clearly understood on careful examination of the following illustrations : carbonate ? (A) 600.mz, (8) 900 mz. (©) 1200 mE, (D) 1800 mz, Solutio () Applying equation of neutralisation : meq. of H,PO, (acid) = meq of Al,(CO,), (base) nefactor of Al, (CO,), as base = 6 {Total charge on all cations or on al anions = 3x{ Lavan }=6x{42e200} nies =n soetx a(moles) =0.01 2. Mass of NaOH = 0.01 x 40= 0.4 g 10g of the carbonate of a metal was dissolved in 25 mL of 1.0.N HCl. The resulting liquid required 5 mL. of 1.0N NaOH for neutralization. The equivalent weight of the metal carbonate is : 50 ©) 30 © 2» (D) None of these Solution : (A) Since the resulting solution required NaOH, it means itis acidic in nature Meq, of excess acid (HCI) = Meg. of NaOH = 1 x Moq. of HCI taken initially = 1x25 = 25 [Back titration] Hence, Meq, of acid used for metal carbonate = 25 ~ 5 = 20 = Meg, of carbonate 8 => Meqof carbonate = 20-1000 =» E=50 [mea Esavw9| E 5.3g of M,CO, is dissolved in 150 ml of 1 N HCI. Unused acid required 100 ml of 0.5 N NaOH. Hence equivalent weight of M is a) 33 B46 © 2 o 2 Solution :(0) Use: B (M,CO,) = E (Metal ion) + E (Carbonate ion) Meq, of unused acid = meq, of NaOH = 0.5 « 100 = 50 Meg, of HCI taken initially Hence meg. of HCL used = 150 $0 sco 53 20005 1990-100 > —E2— 1000-100 = Eyyco,=58 100 = meq. of M,CO;, E (M,CO,) = E (Metal ion) + E (Carbonate ion) => 53 = E (M) + 60/2 => E(M) [DEINE 100 vi sotron of 0.1N HCI was trated with 02 M NaOH solution. The tration was discontinued her adding 30 ml of NAOH solution. The remaining stration was completed by adding 05 M KOH solion, The volume of KOH required form completing the traton i (A) 8m (B) 16m (c) 32ml @) 64m Solution : (A) neg of HCI 0.4 «100 = 10 neg of N3OH = 30026 For excess of HCl, now KOH is used. => meg of KOH eq of HCI remaining 05% Vy =4 ‘meq of HCI remaining = 10-6 = 4 after neutralisation sections Ae = Vy (KOH) =8 mL.Stoichiometry - 1 Niu aod (ESE 5 mt. of 8 N HNO, , 48 mb. of 5 N HCI and a certain volume of 17 M H,SO, are mixed together and made upto 2 L. 30 mL. of the acid mixture exactly neutralises 42.9 mL of Na,CO, solution containing 0.1 gm of Na,CO,.10H,0 in 10 mL of water. Calculate : (a) the volume of H,SO, added to the ‘mixture, (b) the amount (in gm) of the sulphate ions in the solution. Solution : meq of acid mixture = meq of HNO, + meq of HCI + meq of H,SO, Let N be the normality of the acid mixture and Vi. be the volume of H,SO, added, Nx 2000 =8X5+5X48 4207) X Vee eeu) Now find N of carbonate as follows: N =n Strength = 0.1 g/10 mi 10 g/L ; E=M,2=286/2 = 143 ; (M, = 106 + 180; adding the mass of 10 H,0) 10 143 Now meq of acid mixture = meq of Na,CO, solution Nx30= 429 x 10 = 0.1 = normality of acid mixture 18 Substituting in equation (D, we get: 0.1 x 2000=40+24+34(Vq) or guns of sulphate ions : meq of H,$0, = 2 17 Vee = 136 (Vee = 4) Now, meq of $0.2 = meq of H,S0, = Li x1000-136 = Ex 1000 136 p= grams of SO, ions = 653 em sof 96/2 (EEE 4 sample of chalk (CaCO,) is contaminated with calcium sulphate (CaSO); 1 gm of the solid mixture is dissolved in 230 mL of N/I1O HCI ; 40 mL of N/LO NaOH is required to neutralise the excess of acid. Find the percentage of chalk in the mixture. E, Solution : Here, note that CaSO, does not react with HCI as it gives a neutral solution in aqueous medium (a salt of strong acid and strong base) whereas, CaCO, being basic reacts with HCl, So now it is a simple problem of neutralisation, Note that volume of HCl used against CaCO, is not given. __meq of excess of HCl = 4 (def. of neutralisation) Tocaleulate the volume of HCI for CaCO, proceed as follows: Now find the inital meg of HCL taken, Excess of HCl is neutralised by NaOH Initial meg of HCl = (1/10) x 23 3-4 3 meq of HCI used for 19 meq, of excess of HC = meg. of NaOHT neutralisation of carbonate First find the meq of NaOH used for excess of HCl, > meq of CaCO, = 19 => < x 1000 =19 ‘meq of NaOH = (1/10) x 40 = 4 => g095 gm=95% Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Supportee Stoichiometry - 1 1 gm of impure Na,CO, is dissolved in water and the solution is made upto 250 mL. To 50 ‘mL of this solution, 5OmL of 0.IN HCI is added and the mixture after shaking well, required 10 mL of 0.16N NaOH solution for complete neutralization. Calculate % purity of the sample of Na,CO, Solution : 1.0 gm of (impure) Na,CO, +H,0 > 250 mL So meq of Na,CO, (pure) in $0 mL = 3.4 (50 mL of Na,CO, +50 mL of 0.1 N HCI, => meq of pure Na,CO, is 250 mL = 10 mL of 0.16 N NaOH =34x 22 17 o£ x 1000-17 In this question, HCI is in excess. 30 E > excess meq of HCI ~ meq of NaOH go tTXA106/2) 9501 gm = 0.16 x 10=16 1000 meq of HCI added to Na,CO, = 0.1 x50 = 5 Na,CO, is a diacidic base => — E = 106/2 0.901 => meq of HCI used to neutralise Na,CO, So mass of pure Na,CO, = —>—x100 = 90.1 % =5-16 =34 > Yield of a Chemical Reaction: In general in any chemical reaction, the amount of product formed is always less than the calculated amount due to reversbilites in the chemical reaction, Therefore, yield of a chemical reaction (Y) comes into picture and is Actual yield of the product ‘Theoretical yield of the product given by: Y= 100 => Actual yield = % yield x (Theoretical value) ESTEE’ ver, is formed in the following steps : L Ca+20 —> Cac, 50 % yield IL Ca, +N, —> CaCN, + € 100 % yield LIL, CaCN,+3H,0 —> 2NH, + CaCO, 50% yield Find the moles of calcium needed to produce 2 moles of ammonia. Solution : ‘Actual yield = % yield x (Theoretical value) Letx mole of Ca are needed. From: Yield of CaC,= 50% xx=x/2 [1 mole Ca= male of CaC,] From II : Yield of CaCN, = 100 % 4x (w2)=x12 [1 mole CaC, = 1 mole of CaCN] From IL: Yield of NH,= 50% x2. (2)=x/2 [1 mole CaCN, = Given : Moles ofammonia=2 => x2=2 => x=4moles ‘mole of NH} eT FeStoichiometry -1 NC EU aoe USE OF DOUBLE INDICATORS IN NEUTRALISATION Section - 4 For studying the titrations of alkali mixtures such as NaOH and Na,CO, ; Na,CO, and NaHCO,, two indicators phenolphthalein and methyl orange arc used. > > Phenolphthalein is a weak organic acid and gives end point between pH range of 8 - 10, while methyl orange, a weak base gives end point between pH range of 3-44 ‘When methyl orange is used as an indicator for studying the neutralisation titrations for above mixtures, it indicates complete neutralisation for these, ie. at the end point (colour change for indicator) the above mixtures are fully neutralised, ‘When phenolphthalein is used as an indicator for the above mixtures (a) __itindicates complete neutralisation of NaOH (or KOH, ie. strong alkali. (b) it indicates half neutralisation of Na,CO, (at the end point NaHCO, is formed). ‘So, in an analysis of such alkali mixtures, both the indicators are used > one after the other in the same volumetric mixture > two indicators are used separately in two different titrations. FOR EXAMPLE : 1. _In the Neutralisation mixture of NaOH and Na,CO, : (2) Use of methyl orange : NaOH and Na,CO,, both are fully neutralised. ic. rilliequivalent (meq or gmeq) of acid used = meq of NaOH + meq of Na,CO, {b) Use of Phenolphthalein : NaOH is fully neutralised and Na,CO, is half neutralised 1 nilliequivatent (meq, or gm.cq) of acid used = meq of NaOH + meq of Na,CO, 2. In the Neutralisation mixture of NaHCO, and Na,CO, {a)__Use of Methyl Orange : NaHCO, and Na,CO,, both ate fully neutralised. ie milliequivalent (meq or gmeq) of acid used = meq of NaHCO, + meq of Na,CO, (b) Use of Phenolphthalein Na,CO, is half neutralised and NaHCO, is not neutralised at all. 1 nilliguivalent (meq or gmeg) of acid used = > meq of Na,CO, 30 Self Study Course for IEE with Onin SupportRenu Stoichiometry - 1 (SEED 4 solution of NaOH and Na,CO, is prepared. 25 mL of this solution required for neutralisation: (@) 25.0 mL. of 0.10 N HCI when phenolphthalein is used as indicator. ©) 35.0 mL of 0.10 N HCI when methyl orange is used as indicator. Find the strength of NaOH and Na,CO, . Solution : 25m, 0.1 NHICL Nao | (Phenolphthaleiny —— PxPeniment -1 + Na,CO, in | SSmb OINHCL pe speriment =I (Methyl Orange) (@5mL) Let mmoles of NaOH be x and that of Na,CO, be y in 25m = 3S=x+2y +i Experiment — Meg, of Acid = Meq, of Base (For complete neutralisation) Solving ....) and .....G), we get = y= 1 and) ssxotstart dyad [meg = n-factor x mmoles] [Note: Na,CO, is half neutralised with phenolphthalein as indicator] @ Thus, stength of NaOH = 0.065 24 g/L. Experiment — Meg, of Acids = Meg, of Base (For complete neutralization) 1000 and strength of Na,CO, = 0.106 x “°° 4.94 gf. 35x01=1xx+2xy (LEE 5 em of a mixture of anhydrous Na,CO, and NaHCO, was dissolved in water and made upto 1000 mL. 25 mL. of this solution required for neutralisation: (@) 32.0 mL of N/1O HCL using methyl orange and ()) 12.0 mL of N/1O HCL using phenolphthalein. Find the strength of NaHCO, and Na,CO, . Solution : NajCOs 12mL, NiO HCL * [25m nthalcin” EXP¢riment - NaHCO, sample phenolphthalein — P*PeT™eM' -T Sem 32 mL, N/10 HCL 8 gm, (1000 mL.) Experiment - Il Methyl Orange Let mmoles of Na,CO ,be x and that of NaHCO , be y in 25ml sample. Experiment — Meq. of Acid = Meg, of Base (For complete Neutralisation) 1 1 waxta2xxxleixyxo0 3 12x40 3 2H12 o io gtlxy @ EC Sections MeNStoichiometry -1 NC EU aoe Experiment — II: Meg, of Acids = Meq of Base (For complete neutralization) sx hareetitbeyxl 3 322249 Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x= 1.2 and y=08 Thus, x= 282621 1000 = syysco, =22%18 = 0.1272m INayCOy {in 25mi) 1000 and ESHEO 51000 > gpatco, = 2~S = 0.0672 em Mysiicoy (in 25ml.) 1000 ‘Thus, stength of N3,CO, inthe sample = 012710? «28m lt 1000 and strength of NaHCO, inthe sample = 0.0672 x 40° = 2.69 pm/L IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-D 1. Fillin the Blanks (@) Gastric Juice contains about 3.0 gm of HCI per litre. Ifa person produces about 2.5 litres of gastric juice per day, number of antacid tablets each containing 400 mg of Al (OH), are needed to neutralise all the HCI produced in one day are (b) The density of 1.85 mass per cent calcium hydroxide solution is 1.025 ¢ em. The volume of 0.1 M HCI solutions would be required to neutralise 25 mL of this solution is (©) Imb of H, PO, was diluted to 250 mL. 25 mL this solution required 40.0 ce of0.10.N -NaOH for neutralisation using phenolphthalein as indicator The specific gravity of acid is (1575 g, of hydrated oxalic acid (COOH), n#l,0 are dissolved in water and the solution is made to 250 ml. On titration 16.68 ml of this solution are required for neutralisation of 25 ml of N/IS NaOH. The value of water enystallisation ie. nis (©) The equivalent weight of a metal carbonate 0.84 gm of which reacts exactly with 40 ml of N72 HSO, is () 2.24 L of ammonia at STP is neutralised 100 ml. of a solution of H,S0., The molarity of acid is 2 $00 ml of 2M HCI 100 ml of 2 M 11,50, and one gm equivalent of a monoacidie alkali are mixed together: 30 ml of this solution required 20 ml of 143 gm Na,CO, xi1,0 in one litre solution. Calculate water of crystallisation of Na,CO,,xH1,0. 40g of amixture of a NaCl and Na,CO, were dissolved in water and volume made up to 250 mi. 25 ml ofthis solution required 50 ml of NO HCl for complete neutralisation. Calculate the percentage composition of the original mixture. 4. Choose the correct option: (100 ml solution of 0.1N HCI was titrated with 0.2 N NaOH solutions. The titration was discontinued after adding 30 ml of NaOH solution. The remaining titration was completed by adding 0.25 N KOH solution The volume of KOH required form completing the titration is (4) 70m (B) 32m (35 mt D) 16m (i) The normality of a misture obtained by mixing 100 ml of 0.2 M H,SO, with 100 ml of 0.2 M NaOH is 00s ® 01N © o1sN 0 02N (i) 20 mL of xM HCI neutralises completely 10 mL. of 0.1 M NaHCO, and a further $ mL. of 0.2 M Na,CO, solution 10 methyl orange end point, The value of xis ) 0167M @ 013M © 01s0M O) — 0200M ea aeRic EMEC Stoichiometry - 1 TSE 4 mixture containing 1.0 ¢ CaCO,, 0.84 g NaHCO, and 1.06 g Na,CO, is heated and the products are cooled to 27°C. (i) What is the volume of gases produced at 0°C and 1 atm pressure ? (A) 224 mL (B) 336 mL (©) 112 mb (D) 448 mE (i) The residue (after heating) is dissolved in water and titrated with | MH,SO, solution for complete neutralization. What isthe volume of H,SO, consumed? (Smt (8) 2S mb © som (2) 100 me Solution + (8) Caco,s) V+ CaoQs) + CO,(e) mmoles of CaCO, = + 1000 =10 00 2NaHCO,(s) —+> Na,CO,(s) + CO,(g) +H,0(6), 034 mmoles of = 284 1000-10 tes of Natico, = 9S = iol of Na,CO,=mmol of CO, =5 (2 mmol NaHCO, = 1 mmol each of CO, and Na,CO,) Na,CO,—*-+ does not decompose 1.06 ‘mmoles of Na,CO, (Present initially inthe mixture)= —>*1000 = 10 es of Na,CO, (Present initially inthe mixture) = <> ‘Total mmoles of CO, = (From CaCO, + from NaHCO) Total mmoles of CO, 0+5=15 = Veo, at STP=15x22.4=336mL (ii}(@) Residue contains 10 mmoles of CaO, 5 mmoles of Na,CO, (Produced from NsHCO,) and 10 mmoles of Na,CO, (Present initially) = Total motes of Na,CO,= 15 meq of CaO = 2x 10=20 ; meq of Na,CO, = 2x15 =30 (Meg, = meqofH,$0,=meg of base mixture =50 factor x mmoles) = 1K2XVinsoq =50 > Vagsog consumed =25 mL. A solution containing 200 ml of 0.5 M BaCl, and 400 mL. of 0.5 M H,SO, is diluted t0 1000 mL. The volume of 0.1 M Ba(OH), required to neutralized 100 mL of above (diluted) solution is: (200 mz (8) 2000 m£ (©) 1000 mL (D) 100. mE. Solution : (A) BaCl, + H,S0, —> BaSO, + 2HCI 200 ml of 0.5 M BaCl = 100mmole BaCl; and 400 ml of 0.5 M H,SO, ‘mmol after the reaction BaCl, + H,S0, —> BaSO, + 2HCL 100 200-100-100 100 200 00mmole HySO, SSTStoichiometry -1 NC EU aoe 11° ions in the solution = from (H,S0, + HC) = (2 x 100) + (1 x200) = 400 mmol ‘Now 400 mmol of H” ions are diluted to 1000 ml 100 mmole of H" ions in 100 mL sample= 72° 400 = 40 7000 mmoles of H* ions ego HT ions [Note that magnitude of charge over H = 1 ; meq=1 xmmol] ‘meq of Ba( OU), for complete neutralisation XO1xV = V=200mL, = megofl” = 4 (ESE 4 sampte of clay contains 12% water which is partially dried and then found to contain (after drying) 40% @ ica and 7% water. What is the percentage of silica in the original sample ? 418 @) 38 © 40 (0) Cannot be said SOLUTION : (8) Let the % of silica be x % in original sample. Let the % of water after drying ‘mass of clay be 100 g in the original sample. y %100=7 So mass of silica = x gms. Bry Silica Water Impurity 616 1ooy=616+7y => y= = 6.02, Mass before drying x 12 8-3 ¥ Y 3 & (ingms) of silica ater drying Mass after drying x y 88x X__.199=40 (ingms) Be 662 100x= 3520+ 264.8 > x=37.84=38 IS which of the foltowing statements is(are) correct ? A mixture containing 64.0g H, and 64.0g 0, (a) 8) © (Dy ignited so that water is formed as follows: 2H, + 0, —*-> 2H,0 1H is the limiting reagent 0, is the limiting reagent After the completion of reaction, the reaction mixture contains 72.0g of H,0 and 56.0g of unreacted H, After the completion of reaction, the reaction mixture contains 56.0 of HO and 72.0g of unreacted H, SOLUTION : (BC) 64g Hy =32mole; 64g 0;=2 mole 2H, +0, 2 211,0 2molH,=lmolofO, = 2moles of O, require 4 mol of 1, (as per stoichiometry of reaction) Hence O, isthe limiting reagent as itis consumed completely: 6 gm of Hy Also 2 moles of O, produce 4 mol of H,0 = 72 gm of HO Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportRic EMEC Stoichiometry - 1 LSS A mixture of 8.85 gm of NaCl and 12.25 gm of KCIO, is heated strongly to produce KCIO, and KCI. The residue is dissolved in excess of AgNO,. The mass of white precipitate formed is : [Molecular mass of AgCl = 143.5 and KCIO, = 122.5] (A) 28.7 gm (B) 1.793 gm (C) 17.93. gm (D) ATS gm SOLUTION :(C) 5.85g NaCl = 0.1 mol NaCl 12.25g KCIO; = 0.1 mol KCIOs NaC] —2-» nothing happens 4KCIO; —> 3KCIO, + KC] > Residue is NaCl, KCIOg and KCI 4mol KCIO; mol KCI O.tmol KCIOs = F011 mol KCI > AgNO, will precipitate out CF ions from KCland NaCl. [Cl-+AgNO, -» AgCLL+-NOY] ol ol mol KCL = 2+ mol AgCl and 0.1 mol NaCl 1 mol AgCl ou 125%143,5=17.93, Mager =EHOL=O12S > Bage 1.25 gm of a mixture containing CaCO, and CaCl, dissolved in 100 ml of H,S0, sol. To this 400 ml of 11,0 is added. 50 ml of this solution required 20 ml of 0.05 M solution of a diacidic base. If mixture contained 80% CaCO, by mass, the molarity of H,SO, solution is : 1s (09 04 () 02 SOLUTION : (0) ‘The resulting solution is acidie and CaCl, II not react with I1,S0,, (being neutral salt). Let molarity of 1,S0,, be x. 50 mL of solution required 20 ml. of 0.05 M di-acidie base = meq of excess acid in resulting solution (50 mL) = meq of di-acidie base = (2x 0.08) x20=2 Observe that original solution is $00 mL. 500 = meq of excess acid in original solution = x2 =20 [Now initially meq of H,SO, taken =2 xxx 1000=200r > meqofH,S0, used against CaCO, (only) = 200-20 gx1000 = =megof CaCO, = 100 2 SST 3Stoichiometry -1 AE ECU Seed MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE Choose the correct options for each of the following questions. 1 ‘What volume of 0.1 M H,SO, will be required to produce 17.0 g of H,S by the following reaction ? SH,S0, +10Nal —> 4Na,$0, +51; +H,S +4H,0 (TOOL, 1B) SOL, (© 301, () SOL, 4.10.0 gm sample of a mixture of calcium and sodium chloride is treated with Na,CO, to precipitate the calcium as caleium carbonate, This CaCO, is heated to convert all the caleium © CaO and the final mass of CaO is 1.62 gms. The % by amass of CaCl, inthe original mixture is A) 152% (B) 321% (218% (D) 117% 11.4 gmof a mixture of butene, C,H, and butane CH,,, was bummed in excess oxygen. 35.2 gm of CO, and 16.2 gmofH,0 were obtained. Calculate the percentage by mass of butane inoriginal mixture, (A) 5087% B) 493% © 50% (D) None of these Paand Q are two elements which forms P,Q, and PQ, 10.15 role of P,Q, weights 15.9g and 0.15 mole of PQ, weights 9.3g, the atomic weight of P and Qs (respectively) (a) 18,26 B) 26.18 © Be (D) None of these Equal volumes of 0.200 MHCI and 0.400M KOH are mixed ‘The concentrations of the ions in the resulting solution (\) [K']=0.40M, [CF] =0.20M, [H']=0.20M (8) [K']=0.20M,[Cr]=0.10M, [O1-]=0.10M (©) (K*]=0.10M, (Cr]=0.10M, [OH"]=0.10M (D) _ (K*]=0.20M, [CH]=0.10M, [OH-]=0.20M 1.0 gm of a mixture of CaCO, and NaCl reacts completely with 120 ml of 0.1 N HCl. The percentage of NaClis: 40% B) 50% O 60%. D) 66% 1 10. un. 2 ‘A metal oxide has the formula 2,0, It can be reduced by hydrogen to give free metal and water. 0.16 gm of the metal oxide requires 6 mg of hydrogen for complete reduction ‘The atomic weight ofthe metal is w 79 1596 © m8 ©) 558 A.0.13 g sample of a purified carbonate was dissolved in 50.0 mL of 0.1M HCI and boiled to eliminate CO,, Back titration of the excess HCl required 24.0 ml of 0.1 MINaOH. Identify the carbonate (a) Cac, (© Meco, ®) o Ina pathology laboratory, a sample of urine containing 0.120 of urea, NH, CONH,,(M, = 60) was treated with an excess of 0.5 Molar nitrous acid. The urea reacted according to the equation NI,CONI, + 2HNO, —> CO, + 2N) +310 ‘The gases produced were passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide and the final volume measured ‘What was this volume at room temperature and pressure ? [Molar volume ofa gas at rtp. is 24000 cm mol!) (\) 96cm" B) dem* (©) 480m () 96.06m* Na,Co, Insufficient Data “The volume of a solution of 1.5 M NH, required to produce 100 ml of NH, containing 1.7 g perlite of NH, is (a) 667L, @B) 667mL (© 669m, ©) 04671, Calculate the number Cl- and Ca ions in 222g anhydrous CaCl, (A) Ng 3Nq (©) 3N.3Nq (B) AN, 2Ny (D) IN. 3Nq ‘Two elements X (at, wt. 76) and ¥ (at. wt. 16) combine to give a compound having 76% of X. The formula of ‘compound will be (x (OXY, B) XY ©) X&Y, 36 WE scue ecu ‘Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online SupportRic EMEC 13. The molecular mass of a oxide of an clement is 44 ‘The equivalent weight of element is 14, The atomic weight of the element is (a) 14 (B) 8 wo 2 iD) 56 14, The mass of N,F, produced by the reaction of 2.0g of NIH, and 8.0 g of F, is 3.56 g. What is the per cent yield ? 2NHy + SR —> NaF, +6HF (a) 19.0 (O46 @) 12 (D) None of these 15. 100mL of mixture of NaOH & Na,SO, is neutralized Stoichiometry - 1 w B) © ) What volume of 90% alcohol by weight (d = 0.8 g mi!) must be used to prepare 80 mL. of 10% alcohol by weight (d= 0.9g mL-)? ~® 10 (8) 20 (©) 30 ) 40 150 10 120 8 . The volume of a solution of 15M NH, required to produce 100 ml of NI, containing 1.7 g per litre of NH, is (a) 067L (©) 67 mL (B) ©) 67k. 0.67 mL. by 10 ml of 05 MHSO,. Hence, NaOH in 100 mL. 20. A 2.0 g mixture of Na,CO, and NaHCO, loses solution is 0.248 g when heated to 300°C, the temperature at () 028 @) 048 which NaHCO, decomposes to Na,CO,, CO, and (C) 06g (D) None of these H,O. The % Na,CO, in mixture is 16. Two samples oF HCL LOM ant 0.2894 ae mies, (8) 38338) Final volumes of these samples taken in order to © ©) prepare 0.75 M-HCI solution, Assume no water is 2), mixture containing NaCO,, NaOH and inert mater weighs added 0.5. When the aqueous solution is trated with 050 N i 20mL,10mL Ti, 100 mL, 50 mL [HCL the colour of the phenolphthalein disappears when 21.00 HL 40mL,20mL IV. 50 mL, 25mL mL of the acid has been added. Methyl orange is then added ‘The correct choice is and 7.00 mL. more of the acid is required to give a red colour () Lav @ 1m to the solution. The % of Na,CO, is (© 1mLIV () LiLmniv ia) 495 ms 17. 125 mL of a solution containing 60g of a dibasic (©) 37 D) None of these acid in 1 L was found to be neutralized by 10 mL of a decinormal solution of NaOH. The molecular weight ofthe acid is ANSWERS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES 1a) 1 {b) 2 (9 2.6 {d) 265,53 (e) 106g A} (15x10 (e) 30x10 2c 3A 4B (iA Gi) 8 ‘1.(a) 33.3%, 66.7%, 0.026, 0.96 {b) 74.8 gm 2c 0xd 1000 tox 1000 B 3{a) ——; ——_ (b) —— 5 — Mp (100=%)M Me / (l00d=*)Me 4a) 1.33 g/cc (b) 12.75 gm 5. 39.5%, 0.069, 8.26, 4.13 SSE ES AStoichiometry -1 RC ECU UMS 6) A aye ity © tw) 0 wc (wi as 5 eno (wit) © (a) 2.16 em (b)4agme —(e) 25% (a) 84,32 © | 249 0 ae uy A twa we Ww A (wil) 8 (wi) & toy A wa pb teas {b) 275ml (@) 132e/ce (a) 2 te) 42 tos 2.10 3. 66.25 %, 33.75 % 440 we nc ‘ANSWERS TO MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE we 28 3A 48 5.8 Cay BA aD 10.8 12.0 BA 45.8 16.0 7A 18.8 1. 20.8 2A ‘Atomic Weights of Most Commonly used Elements : ELEMENT |SYMBOL| ATOMIC WEIGHT | ELEMENT | SYMBOL | ATOMIC WEIGHT Hydrogen | 10 Helium He 40 Carbon c 12.0 Nitrogen N 140 Oxygen ° 160 Fluorine F 190 Sodium Na 23.0 Magnesium Mg 24.0 Aluminium | Al 270 Phosphorus | P 310 Sulphur s 320 Chlorine a 355 Potassium | K 39.0 Calcium ca 40.0 Chromium | Cr 52.0 Manganese Mo 55.0 Tron Fe 56.0 Copper ca 65 Zine Zn 65.4 Arsenic As 75.0 Bromine Br 80.0 Silver Ag 108.0 Tin Sn 119.7 Todine 1 1270 Barium Ba 1374 Gola Au 1970 Mereury Hg 200.0 Lead Pb 207.0 36 EET. ser sty course for ste with ontine Support