COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY
(LAB FINAL EXAM)
Name: Deanne Marie S. Derecho Date: October 23, 2020
Topic: Reproductive system
1. Compare and contrast the reproductive strategies in fishes and amphibians. (10 points)
FISHES SIMILARITIES AMPHIBIANS
Most marine R- strategists Some species
fishes have Lay their eggs in water have terrestrial
pelagic eggs Either external or internal eggs
Retain eggs after fertilization depending on Parental care is
they are laid species not common.
(parental care).
Fishes and amphibians are R-strategists. R-strategist means that they reproduce rapidly
or produce many eggs at once because of low competition in resources and the
presence of abundant resources. Reproducing rapidly is also related to the high mortality
rate of their eggs and young. Both fishes and amphibians, in majority, lay their eggs in
water which is one of their major similarities in their reproductive strategies. Also, both
amphibians and fishes internally or externally reproduce based on different groups.
Parental care in fishes and amphibians differ. Many freshwater and marine fishes
practice parental care. Many forms of parental care are practiced by different groups of
fishes. For instance, male parental care in catfishes. Some fishes guard their eggs and
young through nest making like the anemones in clown fishes. There are also fishes that
bear their eggs and young like pouches of seahorses, and the mouth of some cichlids.
On the other hand, parental care is not common in amphibians after they lay eggs.
However, some species travel through distance to ensure that their offspring have the
most desirable environment to start life. Amphibians also differ from fishes because
some have terrestrial eggs.
2. What is estrus cycle? Explain the four phases that occur in mammals that have an
estrus cycle. (10 points)
Estrus cycle is a reproductive cycle of female mammals, excluding higher primates, in
which females are mature enough to mate. This occurs during the breeding season of
different non-primate species. The four phases include: pro-estrus, estrus, metestrus,
and diestrus.
Proestrus is the first phase in which the endometrium thickens, and the ovarian follicles
develop to prepare for the fertilized ova. The second phase is the estrus. During estrus,
there is high receptivity to males, referred to as “in heat”, as the uterine tissue
proliferation peaks. Some species secrete pheromones. The third phase is metestrus
which is the formation of corpus luteum influenced by the luteinizing hormones. The last
phase is the diestrus which involves a functional corpus luteum and an increasing
progesterone.
3. Draw or collect pictures to compare the female reproductive system. Identify the parts
and site its function. (Bony fishes, Amphibians, Turtles, Aves, and Mammals) 25 points
Bony fish
Turtle
Amphibian, Aves, Mammals
Parts Functions
Ovary It produces eggs
Oviduct It serves the ovaries, carries eggs
Archinephri It serves the kidneys, carries urine
c duct
Uterus Holds the shelled eggs. In placental mammals, this is where placenta
forms.
4. Draw or collect pictures to compare the male reproductive system. Identify parts and
site its function. (Bony fishes, Amphibians, Turtles, Aves, and Mammals) 25 points
Bony fish (Bowfin fish)
Turtle
Amphibian, Aves, Mammals
Parts Functions
Testis Produce sperm.
Archinephric ducts (Vas In fishes and amphibians, it connects the testes to the anterior end
deferens) of kidneys.
In bony fishes, it drains the kidney and may receive sperm from
testis.
In amphibians, it may have both urinary and reproductive functions,
or exclusively in sperm transport.
Epididymis Store sperm.
In mammals, it secretes substances that prolong the life of sperm
and increase its motility.
Cloaca (Also present in The vent. The opening that serves as the passage of sperm and
females) eggs. It is also where urine and feces are excreted.
REFERENCES
Amphibian Reproduction. (2015, August 25). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/amphibian-reproduction.html.
Class Amphibia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2020 from Sam Houston State University Site:
https://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html
Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. (n.d.). Reproduction. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/animal/fish/Reproduction
Estrous Cycle. (2020, October 22). Retrieved October 23, 2020, from
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Estrous_Cycle#Introduction
Estrous Cycle. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://www.groupe-
esa.com/ladmec/bricks_modules/brick03/co/ZBO_Brick03_4.html
Gbadebo, O., Olugbenga, O. & Olusiji, O. (2014). Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of
the African sideneck turtle (pelusios castaneus). Retrieved October 21, 2020, from Anatomy
Journal of Africa
Kent, G. (2018, June 1). Animal reproductive system. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/animal-reproductive-system
Kumar, M.(2015, May 7). Reproductive strategies in fishes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
October 23, 2020 from: https://www.slideshare.net/40024/reproductive-strategies-in-fishes
Lesson 32.(n.d.) Retrieved October 23, 2020, from
https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~milsom/PDFs/Lecture%2032_OLD.pdf
Sullivan, R. (2015, July 1). Amphibian reproductive strategies. Retrieved October 21, 2020 from
https://thehsi.org/2015/07/01/amphibian-reproductive-strategies/
