UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CEE 104 – Differential Equations

Name of Author: Bernard V. Camacho

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
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Tel no. (082)300-5456 local 133

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 3

Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 7

Topic/ Activity

Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 11

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-a…………………………………………………………………..……. 11

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 11

Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 11

Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15

In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 16

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-b…………………………………………………………………..……. 17

Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 17

Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 28

Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
 College Of Engineering Education
2nd Floor Business and Engineering Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Tel no. (082)300-5456 local 133

Course Outline: CEE 104 – Differential Equations

Course Coordinator: Elena G. Matillan0

Email: ematillano@[Link]
Student Consultation: By online (LMS) or thru text, emails or calls
Mobile: 09956105089
Phone: (082) 296-1084 local 133
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual
sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements:
.

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 54 including the face
to face or virtual sessions. The face to face sessions
shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams)
since this course is crucial in the licensure examination
for teachers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall
be attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission and
name of the student. The document should be emailed
to the course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before the
submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.
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2nd Floor Business and Engineering Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Tel no. (082)300-5456 local 133

Policies and Guidelines • Virtual Sessions shall be done once a week with
an announcement 1 before the schedule.
• These meetings are for lectures, discussions,
reportings, etc.
• The official online platform is the Blackboard LMS
and BB Colab.
• Attendance is counted from the first day of class.
• Cheating is strictly prohibited. Any form of
dishonesty shall be dealt with accordingly. Honesty
is called for at all times.
• Valid examination permit will be checked in taking
the examinations as scheduled.
Since this course is included in the licensure examination
for engineers, you will be required to take the Multiple-
Choice Question exam inside the University. This should
be scheduled ahead of time by your course coordinator.
This is non-negotiable for all licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
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Tel no. (082)300-5456 local 133

Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.

Re-marking of Assessment Papers You should request in writing addressed to the program
and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the students
Grading System on culled
All the approval and disapproval
from BlackBoard of the
sessions andrequest.
traditional
contact
If disapproved
Course discussions/exercises – 30% 1st formative
by the course coordinator, you can elevate
your case to –the
assessment 10%program
2nd head or the
formative – 10%
dean with the
assessment
original
3rd letter of
formative assessment – 10%
request. The final decision will come
Referencing Style from
IEEEthe dean of the college.
Referencing.

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%

Student Communication Submission of thetofinal

You are required grades
create shall follow
a umindanao the usual
email account
University system and procedures.
which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
Contact Details of the Dean submission
Dr. Charlito of
L. assessment
Canesares tasks, requests etc. shall be
throughclcanesares@[Link]
Email: the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
Phone:

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

Contact Details of the Program through the scheduled
Engr. Rolieven face to face sessions to raise your
P. Canizares
Head issues and concerns.
Email: rolieven_canizares@[Link]
Phone: 09286383164
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program head.
 College Of Engineering Education
2nd Floor Business and Engineering Building
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Tel no. (082)300-5456 local 133

Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program coordinator
may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension
Online Tutorial Registration of theare
You deadline
required of to
submission
enroll in a of assessment
specific tutorialtasks.
time for
However,
this coursetheviaalternative assessment
the [Link] tasksPlease
portal. shouldnote
still be
in the
that service
there is a of achieving
deadline for the desired to
enrollment course learning
the tutorial.
outcomes.

Help Desk Contact CEE BLACKBOARD ADMINISTRATOR

Engr. Jethron J. Adtoon
Email: jadtoon@[Link]
Phone: 09055267834

CEE
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
Email: cee@[Link]
Mobile: 09562082442
Phone: 082-2272902

LIC
Brigada E. Bacani
Email: library@[Link]
Mobile: 0951-376-6681

GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Email: ronadora_deala@[Link]
09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@[Link]
09060757721

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future engineer! Welcome to this course CEE 104: Differential
Equations. By now, I am confident that you really wanted to become
an engineer and that you have acquired enough knowledge in
Engineering Calculus to solve Differential Equations.

CO CO 1. Solve correctly different types of differential equations.

CO 2. Apply differential equations to selected engineering problems.
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Let us begin!

Big Picture

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. Define and classify the different types of Differential Equation.

b. Determine the different types of first order Differential Equation and solve
for the general and particular solution.

Big Picture in Focus

ULOa. Define and classify the different types of Differential Equation.

Metalanguage
In this section, the essential terms and symbols relevant in the study of
Differential Equations will be discussed to demonstrate ULOa. Please refer to
these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational
concepts.

1. Differential Equations. Equations containing derivatives or differentials.

2. Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). Differential equations that depend on a single
variable.
3. Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). Differential equations that depend on a single
variable.
4. Order. Refers to the highest - ordered derivative in the given differential equation.
5. Degree. The exponent of the highest - ordered derivative.
6. Dependent Variable.
7. Independent Variable.
8. Parameters.
9. First Order ODE. An ODE that contains the first derivative only of the unknown function.

Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to review the fundamental concepts in Calculus
that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
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other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g. ebrary, [Link] etc.

Differential Equation

A differential equation is any equation which contains derivatives, either ordinary

derivatives or partial derivatives.

There is one differential equation that everybody probably knows, that is Newton’s
Second Law of Motion. If an object of mass m is moving with acceleration a and being
acted on with force F then Newton’s Second Law tells us.

Example 1

𝐅 = 𝐦𝐚

Rewriting this equation to prove that it a differential equation,

𝐝𝐯 𝐝𝟐 𝐬
𝐚= = (𝐝𝐭 𝟐 )
𝐝𝐭

At this point v is the velocity and s is the position of the particle at any time t. In addition,
force F may also be a function of time, velocity, and/or position. So, having this the
Newtons Second Law of Motion can now be written as a differential equation in terms
of 𝐝𝐯/𝐝𝐭 and 𝐝𝐬/𝐝𝐭

𝐝𝐯
𝐅(𝐭, 𝐯) = 𝐦
𝐝𝐭

𝐝𝐬 𝐝𝟐 𝐬
𝐅(𝐭, 𝐬 )=𝐦 𝟐
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭

This type of equation will be used in the succeeding topics.

Here are some other differential equation.

𝐚𝐲" + 𝐛𝐲′ + 𝐜𝐲 = 𝐠(𝐭)

𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐲 𝟐
= (𝟏 − 𝐲) + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐞−𝟓𝐲
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐲 (𝟒) + 𝟏𝟎𝐲 ′′′ − 𝟒𝐲 ′ + 𝟐𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐭

𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝐮
∝ =
𝛛𝟐 𝐱 𝛛𝐱
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𝐚𝟐 𝐮𝐱𝐱 = 𝐮𝐭𝐭
𝟐
𝛛𝟑 𝐮 𝛛𝐮
( 𝟐 ) =𝟏+
𝛛 𝐱𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐭

Definition of Integration.
Integration is the inverse operation to differentiation. In differentiation, we
solve for the differential of a given function whereas in integration, we solve
for the function corresponding to a given differential. The resulting function is
called the integral of the differential.

Indefinite Integral
The collection of all the possible antiderivatives of a given function is called
the indefinite integral. The indefinite integral comprises of the antiderivative
and the constant of integration (𝑪). The presence of this constant of
integration (in indefinite integration) introduces a family of functions which
have the same derivative in all points in their domain.

If 𝑭(𝒙) is a function whose derivative 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) on a certain interval of the

x axis, then 𝑭(𝒙) is called an antiderivative or indefinite integral of 𝒇(𝒙).
The indefinite integral of a given function is not unique; for example, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟐 −
𝟔, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 are all indefinite integrals of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙. All indefinite integrals of
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 are then included in 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪.

The Notation
The symbol ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 is used to indicate the indefinite integral of 𝒇(𝒙). Thus,
we write ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪. In the expression ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, the function 𝒇(𝒙) is
called the integrand and is mathematically expressed as:

The Concept of Integration

• For example, find the indefinite integral for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 .
Base on the definition if 𝑭(𝒙) is such a function we should have:
′
(𝑭(𝒙)) = 𝒙𝟓
𝒙𝟔
Obviously, the function satisfies the above equation but other functions
𝟔
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𝒙𝟔 𝒙𝟔
such as 𝟔 + 𝟏, 𝟔 − 𝟑, and etc. can be considered as an answer so we can
write the answer generally as:

𝒙𝟓
∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟓

• Using the definition of the indefinite integral, we can find the integral of a
simple functions directly:

o ∫ 𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑪

o ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
o ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪 (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏)
𝒏+𝟏

𝟏
o ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙| + 𝑪 (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)

𝒂𝒙
o ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 + 𝑪 (𝒂 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒂 > 𝟎)

o ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪

o ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪

Rules of Integration

1. The derivative of the indefinite integral is the integrand:

′
(∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)

2. The differential of the indefinite integral is equal to the element of the

integration:

𝒅 (∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

3. The indefinite integral of a differential of a function is equal to that function plus

a constant:

∫ 𝒅(𝑭(𝒙)) = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

4. If 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 and is a constant, then:

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∫ 𝒂𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

➢ A constant coefficient goes in and comes out of the integral sign

5. The indefinite integral of the sum or difference of two integrable functions is

equal to the sum or difference of their individual indefinite integral:

∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

6. If ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪, then:

𝟏
∫ 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 ) + 𝑪
𝒂

And if 𝒃 = 𝟎, then

𝟏
∫ 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 ) + 𝑪
𝒂

o Using the last rule, we can easily calculate some integrals without
applying a specific method:

Example:
𝟏
a. ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂

𝒅𝒙
b. ∫ 𝒙−𝒂 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙 − 𝒂| + 𝑪

−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂𝒙 )
c. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒂

The Substitution Method of Integration

o If the integrand is in the form of 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙, and substituting 𝒖 =
𝒈(𝒙), then we will have

∫ 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖)𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖

o And if ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑭(𝒖) + 𝑪, then:

∫ 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒈(𝒙)) + 𝑪
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Example:

𝒙
1. Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
Solution:
Let 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 , then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙, and we will have:
𝟏
∫
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐

since 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 , thus,
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 | + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
2. Find ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
Solution:
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 , then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙, and:
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒆𝒖 (𝟐 𝒅𝒖) = 𝟐
𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 = 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒅𝒙
3. Find ∫ , (𝒙 > 𝟎)
𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝒙
Solution:
𝒅𝒙
Let 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙, then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒙
, and:
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = ∫ = ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒍𝒏 (𝒙)| + 𝑪
𝒙𝒖 𝒖

Note that, having success with this method requires finding a relevant substitution,
which comes after lots of practice.

ORDER

It is the largest derivative present in the differential equation. As per listed above a is
a first order DE, while b, c, f, and g are second order DE, h is a third order DE, and e
is a fourth order DE.

DEGREE

It is the represented by the power of the highest order derivative in the given differential
equation and which the differential coefficients are free from radicals and fractions.
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From the examples from c to g it is considered as first degree while h is considered as

a second degree.

TYPE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

As stated earlier at the equations that exists is either an ordinary differential equation
(ODE) or a partial differential equation (PDE). ODE are those equations that contains
ordinary differential signs e.g. 𝐝𝐲/𝐝𝐱, 𝐲 ′ , 𝐮𝐱𝐲 , while in the other hand PDE has partial
𝛛𝟐 𝐮
differential signs like e.g. . From the examples c to e are ODE and f to h are PDE.
𝛛𝟐 𝐱

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A linear differential equation is any differential equation that can be written in the
following form.

𝐚𝐧 (𝐭)𝐲 𝐧 (𝐭) + 𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭)𝐲 𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭) + ⋯ + 𝐚𝟏 (𝐭)𝐲′ (𝐭) + 𝐚𝟎 (𝐭)𝐲(𝐭) = 𝐠(𝐭) (1)

The important thing to note about linear differential equations is that there are no
products of the function, 𝐲(𝐭), and its derivatives and neither the function or its
derivatives occur to any power other than the first power. Also note that neither the
function or its derivatives are “inside” another function, for example, √𝐲′ or 𝐞𝐲

The coefficients 𝐚𝟎 (𝐭), 𝐚𝐧 (𝐭) and 𝐠(𝐭) can be zero or non-zero functions, constant or
non-constant functions, linear or non-linear functions. Only the function 𝐲(𝐭), and its
derivatives are used in determining if a differential equation is linear.

If a differential equation cannot be written in the form of equation 1 then its called a
non – linear differential equation.

In the ODE group from c to e, c and e are considered as linear while d is non – linear.

SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

When we first performed integrations, we obtained a general solution (involving a

constant, C).

We obtained a particular solution by substituting known values for 𝐱 and 𝐲. These

known conditions are called boundary conditions (or initial conditions).

It is the same concept when solving differential equations - find general solution first,
then substitute given numbers to find particular solutions.
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Example 2

Solve for the a.) general solution of 𝐝𝐲 + 𝟕𝐱𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎 and b.) its particular solution if
𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟑

For the general solution, primarily we can transfer either 𝐝𝐲 or 𝟕𝐱𝐝𝐱 at the left side,
either will have the same outcome.

𝐝𝐲 = −𝟕𝐱𝐝𝐱

Then at this point we will integrate the two terms individually,

∫ 𝐝𝐲 = ∫ −𝟕𝐱𝐝𝐱

Which will give us an answer of,

𝟕
𝐲 = − 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐂
𝟐
At this point we have solved the general solution of the given differential equation, now
we can easily solve the particular solution by substituting the values of 𝐱 and 𝐲 from
the given.

The values of 𝐲 = 𝟑 , while the value of 𝐱 = 𝟎 that will give us a value for our arbitrary
constant,

𝟕
𝟑 = − (𝟎) + 𝐂
𝟐
𝐂=𝟑

The complete the solution simply plug in the value of 𝐂 to the general solution which
gives us an answer of,

𝟕
𝐲𝐩 = − 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑
𝟐
We denoted the particular solution as 𝐲𝐩 to clarity purposes.
𝟕
In summary, our general solution is 𝐲 = − 𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂 while our particular solution is 𝐲𝐩 =
𝟕
− 𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑.
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Example 3

Find the particular solution of 𝐲 ′ = 𝟓 given that when 𝐱 = 𝟎, 𝐲 = 𝟐

Here we expand 𝐲′ to 𝐝𝐲/𝐝𝐱 and multiplying both side by 𝐝𝐱 we will have,

𝐝𝐲 = 𝟓𝐝𝐱

We integrate both sides which gives us,

𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱 + 𝐂

Plugging in the values of 𝐱 and 𝐲 results

𝐲𝐩 = 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐

In summary, general solution 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱 + 𝐂 and 𝐲𝐩 = 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟐.

NOTE: You can refer to other resources below for further understanding

Cioranescu , Doina. (2012). Introduction to classical and variational partial differential

equations Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press

Zill, Dennis G.(2009). A first course in differential equations with modeling

applications. 9th Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
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LET’S CHECK! (PRACTICE PROBLEMS)

Problem 1

Solve the following

Differential Equation Order Degree ODE/PDE Linear/Non -

linear

𝐲 ′ − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 = 𝟎

𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲
𝐱𝐲 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) + 𝐱 (𝐝𝐱) − 𝐲 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎

𝐱(𝐮𝐱𝐱𝐲 )𝟐 + 𝟓(𝐮𝐱𝐲 )𝟑 = 𝟎

𝐮𝐱𝐱 = (𝐱 𝟒 + 𝐲 𝟒 )𝐮𝐲𝐲 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐱𝐲)𝐮

𝐲 ′′ = 𝐲𝐲 ′ − 𝟗

Problem 2
𝐝𝐲 𝟏
Solve for the general solution of 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐱𝟐 and the particular solution if 𝐲(𝟏) = 𝟒

Problem 3
𝐝𝐲 𝛑
Solve for the general solution of 𝐝𝐱 = −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 and the particular solution if 𝐲 (𝟐) = 𝛑

Problem 4
𝐝𝐱
Solve for the general solution of 𝐝𝐲 − 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 and the particular solution if 𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟏
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LET’S ANALYZE! (PRACTICE PROBLEMS)

Problem 1

Differential Equation Order Degree ODE/P Linear/

DE Non -
linear
𝟐
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝟒
𝐱 𝟑 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) + 𝐱 (𝐝𝐱) = 𝟎

𝟑
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝟒
𝐱 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) + 𝐱𝐞𝐱 (𝐝𝐱) = 𝟎

𝐝𝐲
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝟑 𝐲
𝐞𝐝𝐱 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐱 𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐱 𝐝𝐱𝟑 ) + 𝟕𝐱𝐲 = 𝟎

𝟑
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝟐 𝐲
𝐱 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) − 𝟓𝐞𝐱 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) + 𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐱) = 𝟎
𝐝𝐱

𝟒
𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝟕
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 (𝐝𝐱) + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱 (𝐝𝐱𝟐 ) (𝐝𝐱) + 𝐱𝐲 = 𝟎

Problem 2

Solve for the general solution of 𝛉𝟐 𝐝𝛉 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐭 + 𝟎. 𝟐)𝐝𝐭 and the particular solution if
𝛉(𝛑) = 𝟐

Problem 3
𝐝𝐲
Solve for the general solution of 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏 and the particular solution if 𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟒

Problem 4
𝐝𝐲 𝟏
Solve for the general solution of 𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱𝟐 = 𝟎 and the particular solution if 𝐲(𝟏) = 𝟒
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IN A NUTSHELL!

Activity 1

The ORDER of a differential equation depends on the derivative of the highest order
in the equation. The DEGREE of a differential equation, similarly, is determined by the
highest exponent on any variables involved. Can you explain the process of
determining the ORDER and DEGREE of a differential equation? In addition, what is
the relationship of ORDER and DEGREE?

Activity 2

Arbitrary constants are introduced in integral calculus, it represents all the constant
values. Why is it important to solve the particular solution of a differential equation?
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Big Picture Focus in ULO-b. demonstrate the solution of first order differential
equation.

Metalanguage

In the section, majority of your knowledge in integral calculus will be utilized,

understanding the different ways to solve a differential equation. From ULOa it is
discussed the on how to solve the general solution as well as the particular solution,
this topic is a key in solving the problems.

Essential Knowledge

Process of integration

Step 1: Simplify the integrand, if possible.

Step 2: See if a “simple” substitution will work

Step 3: Identify the type of integral

Step 4: Can we relate the integral to an integral we already know how to do?

Step 5: Do we need to use multiple techniques?

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A first order differential equation is an equation

𝐝𝐲
= 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) (1)
𝐝𝐱

in which ƒ(x, y) is a function of two variables defined on a region in the 𝐱𝐲-plane. The
𝐝𝐲
equation is of first order because it involves only the first derivative 𝐝𝐱 (and not

higher-order derivatives). We point out that the equations

𝐝
𝐲 ′ = 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) and 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲)
𝐝𝐱

are equivalent to Equation (1) and all three forms will be used interchangeably in the
text. A solution of Equation (1) is a differentiable function defined on an interval I of x
- values (perhaps infinite) such that

𝐝
𝐲(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲(𝐱))
𝐝𝐱
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on that interval. That is, when y(x) and its derivative are substituted into Equation (1),
the resulting equation is true for all x over the interval I. The general solution to a first
order differential equation is a solution that contains all possible solutions.

The general solution always contains an arbitrary constant, but having this property
doesn’t mean a solution is the general solution. That is, a solution may contain an
arbitrary constant without being the general solution. Establishing that a solution is the
general solution may require deeper results from the theory of differential equations
and is best studied in a more advanced course.

Variable Separable Differential Equation

if the function 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) can be factored into the product of two functions of 𝐱 and 𝐲

𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐩(𝐱)𝐡(𝐲)

Where 𝐩(𝐱) and 𝐡(𝐲) are continuous functions.

𝐝𝐲
Considering the derivative 𝐲′ as the ratio of two differentials 𝐝𝐱 , we move dx to the
right side and divide the equation by 𝐡(𝐲):

𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲
= 𝐩(𝐱)𝐡(𝐲) → = 𝐩(𝐱)𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱 𝐡(𝐲)

Of course, we need to make sure that 𝐡(𝐲) ≠ 𝟎. If there’s a number 𝐲𝐨 such

that 𝐡(𝐲𝐨 ) = 𝟎, then this number will also be a solution of the differential equation.
Division by 𝐡(𝐲) causes loss of this solution.

𝐝𝐲
∫ = ∫ 𝐩(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂
𝐡(𝐲)

Calculating the integrals, we get the expression

𝐇(𝐲) = 𝐏(𝐱) + 𝐂,

Represents the general solution of the variable separable DE.

Example 1

Solve the differential equation of 𝐲 ′ = −𝐱𝐞𝐲

We transform and rearrange the equation into

𝐝𝐲
= −𝐱𝐞𝐲 → 𝐞−𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = −𝐱𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱
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Integrating them separately

∫ 𝐞−𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = ∫ −𝐱𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂

−𝐲
𝐱𝟐 −𝐲
𝐱𝟐
−𝐞 =− +𝐂 → 𝐞 = +𝐂
𝟐 𝟐

−𝐲
𝐱𝟐 𝐱𝟐
𝐥𝐧 𝐞 = 𝐥𝐧 ( + 𝐂) → −𝐲 = 𝐥𝐧 ( + 𝐂)
𝟐 𝟐

After simplification using rules in logarithm, we have the general solution

𝐱𝟐
𝐲 = −𝐥𝐧 ( + 𝐂)
𝟐

Example 2

Solve the particular solution of the equation (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 )𝐲 ′ = 𝐞𝐱 satisfying the initial

condition 𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟎

We write this equation in the following way

𝐝𝐲
(𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 ) = 𝐞𝐱 → (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 )𝐝𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱
Dividing both sides by 𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 .

𝐞𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐲 =
(𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 )

Since 𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 > 𝟎, then we did not miss solutions of the original equation. Integrating
this equation yields:

𝐞𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐞𝐱 𝐝𝐱
∫ 𝐝𝐲 = ∫ +𝐂 → 𝐲= ∫ +𝐂
(𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 ) (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 )

Obtaining the general solution of the equation,

𝐲 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱 ) + 𝐂

Now we will substitute the initial values 𝐲 = 𝟎 and 𝐱 = 𝟎.

𝟎 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝐞𝟎 ) + 𝐂
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𝐂 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

Homogeneous Differential Equation

A function 𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲) and 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲) is called a homogeneous function of the degree n and
m are equal

𝐏(𝐭 𝐧𝐱 , 𝐭 𝐦 𝐧 𝐦
𝐲 ) = 𝐐(𝐭 𝐱 , 𝐭 𝐲 )

*Solving process of Homogeneous Equation

In solving a homogeneous equation, its either let 𝐱 = 𝐲𝐯 and 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐯𝐝𝐲 + 𝐲𝐝𝐯 or 𝐲 =

𝐱𝐯 and 𝐝𝐲 = 𝐯𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱𝐝𝐯. After plugging in the values, expand the equation and
eliminate/combine terms to reduce the equation, then as a result you can integrate
them separately.

Example 3:

Solve the differential equation (𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Let 𝐲 = 𝐱𝐯 and 𝐝𝐲 = 𝐱𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯𝐝𝐱 and substitute to the given equation, we will get

(𝟐𝐱 + 𝐱𝐯)𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱(𝐱𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯𝐝𝐱) = 𝟎 → 𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱𝐯𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐯 − 𝐱𝐯𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎

Now we will eliminate/combine terms to reduce the equation

𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐯 = 𝟎 → 𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐯

If we evaluate the resulting equation it is noticed that it can be solved by variable

separable by grouping 𝐱 and 𝐯

𝐝𝐱
𝟐∫ = ∫ 𝐝𝐯 + 𝐂
𝐱

Which gives us an answer of

𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐯 + 𝐂 → 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 = 𝐯 + 𝐂

At this point we observed that the equation contains 𝐱 and 𝐯 variable, were it supposed
to be 𝐱 and 𝐲. But we know that earlier we let 𝐲 = 𝐱𝐯, rearranging this we will have 𝐯 =
𝐲
, so we simply substitute it to our current equation to generate the general solution
𝐱
which is
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𝐲
𝐥𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 = +𝐂 → 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂
𝐱

Example 4

Solve the differential equation (𝐱𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 )𝐲 ′ = 𝐲 𝟐

Let 𝐲 = 𝐱𝐯 and 𝐝𝐲 = 𝐱𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯𝐝𝐱 and expand

(𝐱𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯𝐝𝐱)
(𝐱(𝐱𝐯) + (𝐱𝐯)𝟐 ) = (𝐱𝐯)𝟐
𝐝𝐱
(𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 𝟐 )(𝐱𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯𝐝𝐱) = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱

𝐱 𝟑 𝐯𝐝𝐯 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟑 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱

Now we can observe that each term 𝐱 𝟐 is common, we can divide all the equation by
𝐱 𝟐 , resulting.

𝐱𝐯𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱

At this point we combine/eliminate like terms and group 𝐱 and 𝐯.

𝐱𝐯𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱𝐯 𝟐 𝐝𝐱+= 𝟎 → 𝐱𝐯𝐝𝐯 + 𝐯 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝐱)𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐯 𝟏 + 𝐱 𝐝𝐯 𝟏
= 𝐝𝐱 → = 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐝𝐱
𝐯 𝐱 𝐯 𝐱
𝐲
𝐥𝐧 𝐯 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐱 + 𝐂 → 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 + 𝐱 + 𝐂
𝐱
To simplify it we can multiply 𝐞 to the whole equation, having the final equation
𝐲
= 𝐱 + 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐂 → 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐂
𝐱
Exact Differential Equation

Is a type of a differential equation

𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

when two variables (𝐱, 𝐲) with continuous partial derivative.

*Solving process of Exact Differential Equation

Primarily, we will test the exactness of the equation by partially differentiating the terms
with, the key factor is the differential signs 𝐝𝐲 and 𝐝𝐱.
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𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Here, we will partially differentiate 𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐱 to 𝛛𝐲 while 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲)𝐝𝐲 to 𝛛𝐱, in other words
we will differentiate the two terms with their opposite differential signs. Then the
outcome should be equal.

𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐐
=
𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱

The exactness test is not limited into two terms, it depends on how many are there.
As long as you proved correctly that they are exact it can be solved by this type of
differential equation.

As soon as we proved their exactness, we will make two equations 𝐅𝐱 and 𝐅𝐲

separating the two terms which it will be like this.

𝐅𝐱 = ∫ 𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲)𝛛𝐱 + 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐅𝐲 = ∫ 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲)𝛛𝐲 + 𝐡𝐱

From here, we will operate partial integration for each equation.

𝐅𝐱 = 𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲) + 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐅𝐲 = 𝐐(𝐱, 𝐲) + 𝐡𝐱

Our goal here is to identify the values of 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐡𝐱 by comparing the unlike terms of
the two partially integrated equations. For 𝐠 𝐲 , it is the unlike 𝐲 variable term at 𝐅𝐲 , while
𝐡𝐱 , is the unlike 𝐱 variable at 𝐅𝐱 .

For the general solution, simply plug in either the values of 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐡𝐱 to 𝐅𝐲 and 𝐅𝐱
respectively. You can also observe if you plug in the other value the answer will be the
same.

Example 5

Solve the differential equation 𝟐𝐱𝐲𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 ) 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎.

We perform the exactness test each term.

𝐏 = 𝟐𝐱𝐲 (partially differentiating by 𝐲)

𝛛𝐏
= 𝟐𝐱
𝛛𝐲

𝐐 = (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 ) (partially differentiating by 𝐱)

𝛛𝐐
= 𝟐𝐱
𝛛𝐱
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Now that we proved their exactness, we can proceed. We will let 𝐅𝐱 and 𝐅𝐲 be equal
to the respective terms of 𝐏 and 𝐐.

𝐅𝐱 = ∫ 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐅𝐲 = ∫(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 )𝛛𝐲 + 𝐡𝐱

At this point we will operate partial integration for 𝐅𝐱 and 𝐅𝐲 .

𝐅𝐱 = ∫ 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐠 𝐲 → 𝐅𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐠 𝐲

𝐅𝐲 = ∫ 𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐲 + ∫ 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 𝛛𝐲 + 𝐡𝐱 → 𝐅𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟑

So, as we now evaluate the current equation, comparing 𝐅𝐱 and 𝐅𝐱 they have a
common term which is 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 while the difference is 𝐲 𝟑 from 𝐅𝐲 which will be the value
for 𝐠 𝐲 . For 𝐡𝐱 , since there are no other terms found at 𝐅𝐱 it will be equal to 𝟎.

𝐠 𝐲 = 𝐲 𝟑 and 𝐡𝐱 = 𝟎

Finally, the general solution will be either from 𝐅𝐱 or 𝐅𝐱

𝐅𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐠 𝐲 → 𝐅𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐂

𝐅𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐂

𝐱𝟐𝐲 + 𝐲𝟑 + 𝐂 = 𝟎

Example 6

Solve the equation 𝐞𝐲 𝐝𝐱 + (𝟐𝐲 + 𝐱𝐞𝐲 )𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎.

Partially differentiate the first terms, and prove the exactness

𝛛𝐏 𝛛𝐐
=𝐞𝐲 and =𝐞𝐲
𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱

Now, we partially integrate the terms,

𝐅𝐱 = ∫ 𝐞𝐲 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐅𝐲 = ∫(𝟐𝐱 + 𝐱𝐞𝐲 )𝛛𝐲

The results will be

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𝐅𝐱 = 𝐱𝐞𝐲 + 𝐠 𝐲 and 𝐅𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + 𝐱𝐞𝐲 + 𝐡𝐱

𝐠 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱𝐲 and 𝐡𝐱 = 𝟎

The general solution will be

𝟐𝐱𝐲 + 𝐱𝐞𝐲 + 𝐂 = 𝟎

Linear Differential Equation

A differential equation of type

𝐲 ′ + 𝐲𝐠(𝐱) = 𝐟(𝐱) (1)

where 𝐠(𝐱) and 𝐟(𝐱) are continuous functions of 𝐱, is called a linear differential
equation of first order. An indication that it can be solved by this method is the
arrangement of the equations. We have the 𝐲 ′ , the term 𝐠(𝐱, 𝐲) where found at the left
𝐝𝐱
side and 𝐟(𝐱) at the right side. This can be altered if your arrangement is 𝐝𝐲 which will
𝐝𝐲
be a lot different to 𝐝𝐱, you will have another arrangement of

𝐱 ′ + 𝐱𝐠(𝐲) = 𝐟(𝐲)

*Solving Linear Differential Equation

After arranging the desired equation, we will introduce two variable which are 𝐏(𝐱) and
𝐐(𝐱). Using equation (1), for 𝐏(𝐱) = 𝐠(𝐱) only, variable y is not included, while 𝐐(𝐱) =
𝐟(𝐱).

In solving the general solution of a linear differential equation, it requires 𝐏(𝐱), 𝐐(𝐱)
and ∅.

𝐲∅ = ∫ ∅𝐐(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂

Where:

∅ = 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝐞∫ 𝐏(𝐱)𝐝𝐱

Example 7

Solve the equation 𝐲′ − 𝐲 − 𝐱𝐞𝐱 = 𝟎

Primarily we need to rearrange the equation

𝐲 ′ − 𝐲(𝟏) = 𝐱𝐞𝐱
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Now, we let 𝐏(𝐱) = −𝟏 and 𝐐(𝐱) = 𝐱𝐞𝐱 and solve for the integrating factor which will
be 𝐞−𝐱.

∅ = 𝐞∫(−𝟏)𝐝𝐱 = 𝐞−𝐱

At this point we will just need to substitute it to our general solution formula and
integrate, then we will have an answer.

𝐲(𝐞−𝐱 ) = ∫ 𝐱𝐞𝐱 (𝐞−𝐱 )𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂 → 𝐲(𝐞−𝐱 ) = ∫ 𝐱𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂

𝐱𝟐
𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱 ( + 𝐂)
𝟐

Example 8
𝟑𝐲 𝟐
Solve the differential equation (IVP) 𝐲 ′ + = 𝐱𝟐 with the initial condition 𝐲(𝟏) = 𝟐.
𝐱

Rearrange the equation and identify 𝐏(𝐱), 𝐐(𝐱), and ∅

𝐝𝐲 𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝐲( ) = 𝟐
𝐝𝐱 𝐱 𝐱
𝟑
𝐏(𝐱) =
𝐱
𝟐
𝐐(𝐱) =
𝐱𝟐
For the integrating factor,
𝟑 𝐝𝐱
∅ = 𝐞∫𝐱𝐝𝐱 → ∅ = 𝐞𝟑 ∫ 𝐱

∅ = 𝐱𝟑

Substitute to our general solution formula,

𝟐
𝐲𝐱 𝟑 = ∫ 𝐱 𝟑 ( 𝟐 ) 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂 → 𝐲𝐱 𝟑 = ∫ 𝟐𝐱𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂
𝐱

𝐲𝐱 𝟑 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂

Bernoulli’s Equation

Bernoulli equation is one of the well-known nonlinear differential equations of the first
order. It is written as
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𝐲 ′ + 𝐲𝐠(𝐱) = 𝐡(𝐱)𝐲 𝐧

where 𝐠(𝐱) and 𝐡(𝐱) are continuous functions.

If 𝐧 = 𝟎. It is considered as linear differential equation like what we learned last time.

In case of 𝐧 = 𝟏, it will be solved by variable separable.

Generally, Bernoulli’s Equation is like Linear Differential Equation in majority of ways

in solving, the different part is just from Bernoulli we will convert it into Linear utilizing
change of variable

𝐳 = 𝐲 𝟏−𝐧

𝐏(𝐱), 𝐐(𝐱), ∅ will be transformed by using the formula

𝐝𝐳
= 𝐳 ′ + 𝐳𝐏(𝐱)𝐑 = 𝐐(𝐱)𝐑
𝐝𝐱
Where:

𝐏(𝐱)𝐑 = (𝟏 − 𝐧)𝐏(𝐱)

𝐐(𝐱)𝐑 = (𝟏 − 𝐧)𝐐(𝐱)

∅ = 𝐞∫ 𝐏(𝐱)𝐑𝐝𝐱

As we can observe, the 𝐲 variable from the linear DE is just replaced by 𝐳. Which gives
us, a new general solution formula,

𝐳∅ = ∫ ∅𝐐(𝐱)𝐑 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂

Example 9

Solve the general solution of the equation 𝐲′ − 𝐲 = 𝐲 𝟐 𝐞𝐱 .

Same as the process of linear DE, first we identify (𝐱) ,𝐐(𝐱), and 𝐧.

𝐏(𝐱) = −𝟏

𝐐(𝐱) = 𝐞𝐱

𝐧=𝟐

Take note that 𝐧 is just the power of our variable y at the left-hand side, where 𝐳 =
𝟏
𝐲 𝟏−𝐧 = 𝐲 −𝟏 . Where its derivative is 𝐳’ = (− 𝐲𝟐 ) 𝐲’

Divide the whole equation by −𝐲 𝟐

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𝐲′ 𝟏
𝐲 ′ − 𝐲 = 𝐲 𝟐 𝐞𝐱 → − + = −𝐞𝐱
𝐲𝟐 𝐲
𝟏 −𝐲’
Now, we substitute 𝐳 = 𝐲 and 𝐳’ = .
𝐲𝟐

𝐳 ′ + 𝐳(𝟏) = −𝐞𝐱

Next will be solving for the integrating factor,

∅ = 𝐞∫ 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐞𝐱

Then, substitute to our general solution formula 𝐐(𝐱)𝐑 = −𝐞𝐱 and ∅ = 𝐞𝐱

𝐱 𝐱 (𝐞 𝐱 )𝐝𝐱 𝐱
𝐞𝟐𝐱
𝐳𝐞 = ∫ −𝐞 +𝐂 → 𝐳𝐞 = − +𝐂
𝟐

At this point what we need is to turn it back to its original variables 𝐱 and 𝐲. A while
𝟏
ago we learned that 𝐳 = 𝐲 𝟏−𝐧 or 𝐳 = 𝐲, plugging in it to our current equation, we will
have a final answer of.

𝟏 −𝐞𝐱 𝐂
= + 𝐱 → 𝟐𝐲 = 𝐂𝐞−𝐱 − 𝐞𝐱
𝐲 𝟐 𝐞

Example 10

Find the solution of the DE 𝟒𝐱𝐲𝐲′ = 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 , satisfying the initial condition 𝐲(𝟏) = 𝟏.

Here in first glance, its not obvious that it is under Bernoulli, but with a bit of equation
rearranging it can be Bernoulli.

Dividing the while term by 𝟒𝐱𝐲, we will have

𝐲 𝐱
𝐲 ′ − 𝟒𝐱 = 𝟒𝐲 (1)

𝟏 𝐱 𝟏
Next will be, we identified that 𝐏(𝐱) = − 𝟒𝐱 , 𝐐(𝐱) = 𝟒, and 𝐧 = −𝟏. So 𝐏(𝐱)𝐑 = 𝟒𝐱 and
𝐱
𝐐(𝐱)𝐑 = − 𝟒

But as we can observe the value of 𝐧 = −𝟏, which results 𝐳 = 𝐲 𝟏−𝐧 = 𝐲 𝟐 , and the
resulting derivative of this is 𝐳’ = 𝟐𝐲𝐲’. In this case we will multiply the equation (1) by
𝟐𝐲

′
𝟐𝐲 𝟐 𝟐𝐲𝐱 ′
𝐲𝟐 𝐱
𝟐𝐲𝐲 − = → 𝟐𝐲𝐲 − =
𝟒𝐱 𝟒𝐲 𝟐𝐱 𝟐

Then, replace 𝐳 = 𝐲 𝟐 and 𝐳’ = 𝟐𝐲𝐲’

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𝟏 𝐱
𝐳 + 𝐳( )=
𝟐𝐱 𝟐
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐧 𝟏
At this point the integrating factor will be ∅ = 𝐞− ∫𝟐𝐱 = 𝐞−𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 = 𝐞 √𝐱 = , then
√𝐱
𝐱
substitute it to our general solution formula with 𝐐(𝐱)𝐑 = 𝟐.

𝟏 𝟏 𝐱
𝐳( ) = ∫ ( ) 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂
√𝐱 √𝐱 𝟐
We integrate the equation and we will have,
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝐱𝟐
𝐳 ( ) = ∫ √𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂 → 𝐳( ) = ( ) + 𝐂
√𝐱 𝟐 √𝐱 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝐱𝟐
𝐳 ( ) = (𝐱 𝟐 ) + 𝐂 → 𝐳 = + 𝐂√ 𝐱
√𝐱 𝟑 𝟑

Substitute back the value of 𝐳 = 𝐲 𝟐 , and we will have the general solution

𝐱𝟐
𝐲= √ + 𝐂√ 𝐱
𝟑

Finally, for the particular solution. Simply solve for the value of 𝐂 if 𝐲 = 𝟏 and 𝐱 = 𝟏
𝟐
where 𝐂 = 𝟑 that results into our final answer

𝐱 𝟐 𝟐√ 𝐱
𝐲= √ +
𝟐 𝟑

NOTE: You can refer to other resources below for further understanding

Cioranescu , Doina. (2012). Introduction to classical and variational partial differential

equations Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press

Zill, Dennis G.(2009). A first course in differential equations with modeling applications.
9th Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
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LET’S CHECK! (PRACTICE PROBLEMS)

Problem 1

Identify the differential equation type that will the given equation, and explain how.

𝐲′ + 𝐲𝐱 = 𝐲 𝟐

𝐱𝐲′ = 𝐲 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟑

(𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐱𝐲 𝟐 )𝐲′ = 𝐲 𝟑
(𝟔𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 + 𝟑)𝐝𝐱 + (𝟑𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐱 − 𝟐)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟒)𝐲 ′ = 𝟐𝐱𝐲

Problem 2

Solve the particular solution of the DE (𝟏 + 𝐞𝐱)𝐲 ′ = 𝐞𝐱 if 𝐲(𝟎) = 𝟎.

Problem 3
𝐱−𝐲+𝟑
Solve the differential equation 𝐲 ′ = 𝐱−𝐲

Problem 4

Solve the DE (𝟐𝐱𝐲 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱)𝐝𝐱 + (𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲)𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎.

Problem 5

Solve the DE 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲′ + 𝐱𝐲 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.

Problem 6
𝟐𝐲
Determine the solution of 𝐲 ′ + = 𝟐𝐱√𝐲.
𝐱
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LET’S ANALYZE! (PRACTICE PROBLEMS)

Problem 1
𝐲
For 𝐲 ′ 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 − 𝐱 = 𝟎 what will be its solution?

Problem 2
𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Problem 3

Solve the equation 𝑥 2 𝑦’ + 𝑥𝑦 = 1 if 𝑦(1) = 2

Problem 4

Solve 𝑦’ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1

Problem 5
y
Solve y ′ + x − √y = 0 if y(1) = 0

Problem 6

Solve the equation 6y ′ − 2y = xy 4 if y(0) = −2

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IN A NUTSHELL!

Activity 1

From our previous lesson, we learned about what is order and degree. Now how does
the topic related at the types of differential equations?

Activity 2

We learned all about the different types of differential equation and their different
approaches to an equation. Now can you share your knowledge on how to a differential
equation? Explain what are the indications for each types of differential equation.

Then for the next question, what will be the time needed to attain 30,000 units?