4 Specification for Bridge Design Section 12 - Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners 12.1. SCOPE. This Section provides requirements for the sélection of structural properties and dimensions of buried structures, e.g, culverts, and steel plate used to stippott tunnel excavations in soil. Buried structure systems considered herein are metal pipe, structurdl plate pipe, long-span structural plate, structural plate box, reinforced conerete pipe, reinforced concrete cast-in-place and precast arch, box and elliptical structures, and thermoplastic pipe. ‘The type of liner plate considered is cold-formed steel panels. 12.2, DEFINITIONS Abrasion - Loss of section or coating of a culvert by the mechanical action of water conveying suspended bed load of sand, gravel, and cobblé-size particles at high velocities with appreciable turbuleaice. Buried Structure - A generic term for a structure built by embankment or trench methods. Corrosion - Loss of section or coating of a buried structure by chemical and/or electrochemical processes. Culvert - A curved or rectangular buried conduit for conveyance of water, vehicles, utilities, or pedestrians, FEM - Finite Element Method Narrow Trench Width - The outside span of rigid pipe, plus 300 mm. Projection Ratio - Ratio of the vertical distance between the outside top of the pipe and the ground or bedding surface to the outside vertical height of the pipe, applicable to reinforced concrete pipe only. Soil Envelope - Zone of controlled soil backfill around culvert structure required to ensure anticipated performance based on soil-structure interaction considerations. Soil-Structure Interaction System - A buried structure whose structural behavior is influenced by interaction with the soil envelope. Tunnel - A horizontal or near horizontal opening in soil excavated to a predesigned geometry by tunneling methods exclusive of cut-and-cover methods. 12,3, NOTATION ‘A = wall area (mm?/mm); constant corresponding to the shape of the pipe ([Link]) ‘A, = sum of all axle loads in an axle group (KIP); total axle load on single axle or tandem axles (N) ([Link]) ([Link])Tiéu chudn thiét ké'cdu 4 Phan 12 - Két cau viii va 40 ham 12.1, PHAM VI Phan nay quy dinh cdc yeu edu dé Iya chon cfc dic trmg va kich cB céc két cé{u Vai nh ong va ban thép ding dé chOng khi dio hém trong dét. He thong ket célu vii duge xem xét & day Ia: Ong kim loai, Sng bing két céu ban, két cau bin 06 khéu. 46 l6n, két cal hop ban, Sng be tOng oot thép, vom bé tong cOt thép dic tai ch6 vA dic sin, két cu hop ve lip, Ong bing nha déo néng. Loai bin do ham duge xem xét Ia céc pa nen thép u6n ngudi. 12.2. CAC BINH NGHIA Bao mon - Phan mat cét hoc lép phi cia cng bi mat di do téc dong co hoc cba nuéc truyén tdi trong, ong lo ling ciia cét, sdi va cAc hat cB sdi cudi &.16e dg cao véi sy chay r6i dang ké. Két edu vii - Thuat ngtt chung chi Ket eu duge xy dimg bing phuong phép dip nén hod dio ho. Sy an mon, gi - Phan mat cét va 16p phii cia két cau vai bi:mét di do cac qué tinh hod hge vayhoae ign-hod hoe. (Cing - Mot két cau vii hinh cong hogc hinh chit nhgt dé thodt nude, xe co, trang thigt bj hoc ngubi dio. (FEM) - Phuong phap phdn tir hitu han Chiu rong cia hao hep - Khéu do bén ngodi cia Ging cting dng 300 mm. ‘Ty Je chiéu - Ty le vé cu ly thing diing git dinh phia ngoai cia Ong va mat dat hoge mat méng véi chigu cao thing diing cha mép ngodi cla Sng, chi 4p dung cho 6ng be tong cot thép. Lép boc bing dit - Ving dét duge Iép Iai mot cdch o6 kiém tra xung quanh k6t cfu c6ng dé dim bio sum vige cn thigt dua trén nltmg xem xét vé sy tuong téc dat - két cu, He tuong tac dat - két cau ~ Két cfu vai c6 thude tinh két cfu bj anh huémg bi su tuong téc vei lép boc bing dat. Ham - Khoing t6ng nim ngang hoe gén nhur nim ngang trong dat duge dio theo hinh d& thigt ké truée bing phuong phép tuy nen, khong bao gém phong phép cét-va-phi. (dao ho). 123, CAC KY HIEU ign tich tudng (mm*/mm); hing s6 phy thuge vao Hinh dang cila ng ([Link]) tng ti trong tryc trong mot nhém tryc(KIP); tng tdi trong tryc trén moe truc dan hay true ddi (N) (12.9.42) ([Link]). A AL 0Specification for Bridge Design maximum flexural reinforcement area without stirrups (mim’/mm) (12.1 0.4.2.4e) area of the top portion of the structure above the springline (mm) ([Link]) stirrup reinforcement area to resist radial tension forces on cross-section width in each line of stirrups at circumferential spacing s (mm’/mm) ([Link].6) required area of stirrups for shear reinforcement (mm”/mm) ([Link].6) outside diameter or width of the structure (mm) ([Link]) out-to-out vertical rise of pipe (mm) ([Link]) horizontal width of trench at top of pipe (mm) ([Link].2) earth load bedding factor ([Link].1) live load bedding factor ([Link].1) constant corresponding to the shape of the pipe (12.10.4,3,2a) load coefficient for positive pipe projection ([Link].2a) load coefficient for trench installation ([Link].2) load coefficient for tunnel installation ([Link]) adjustment factor for shallow cover heights over metal box culverts (12.9:4.4) live load adjustment coefficient for axle loads, tandem axles, and axles with other than four wheels; C; C2 Ar ([Link]) parameter that is a function of the vertical load and vertical reaction ([Link].2a) construction stifhess for tunnel liner plate (N/mm) ([Link]) : 1.0 for single axles, 0.5 + 8/15 000-1.0 for tandem axles; adjustment coefficient for number of axles; ([Link]) (12.9.43) adjustment factor for number of wheels on a design axle as specified in Table 1; adjustment coefficient for number of wheels per axle ([Link]) ([Link]) distance from inside face to neutral axis of thermoplastic pipe (mm); distance from inside surface to neutral axis (mm) ([Link]) ([Link]) straight leg length of haunch (mm); pipe diameter (mm); required D-load capacity of Reinforced concrete pipe (N/mm) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link].1) resistance of pipe from three-edge bearing test load to produce a 0.25 mm crack (N/mm) ([Link]) ‘effective diameter of thermoplastic pipe (mm) ([Link]) inside diameter of pipe, mm ([Link].1) distance from compression face to centroid of tension reinforcement (mm) (12,10.4.2.4a) Iong-term, ic., 50-year, modulus of elasticity of the plastic (MPa) ([Link]) modulus of elasticity of metal (MPa) ([Link]) factor for the effect of curvature on diagonal tension, shear, strength in curved ‘components ([Link].5) factor for adjusting crack control relative to average maximum crack width of 0.25 mm corresponding to Fe, = 1.0 (12,[Link]) factor for crack depth effect resulting in increase in diagonal tension, shear, and strength with decreasing d ([Link].5) soil-structure interaction factor for embankment installations ([Link]) flexibility factor (mmN) ([Link]) ([Link]) coefficient for effect of thrust on shear strength ([Link].5) factor for process and local materials affecting radial tension strength of pipe (12,[Link])Tiéu chudn thiét KE cdu 2 > mae = «dig tfch o6t thép chiu u6n t6i da khong ké c6t dai (mm?/mm) ([Link].4¢) ign tch cia phéin wen ching cia ket ca nlm wen dudng chan von (mm?) ([Link]) dign tich e6t thép dai dé chju luc kéo huéng tam tren bé rong mat cét & mdi hang Ot dai trén ey ly chu vi $ (mm*/mm) ([Link].6) dign tich cét dai yeu célu cho e6t thép chju c4t (mm*/mm) ([Link].6) = dutmg kinh ngoai hoe chiéu rong ciia két cu (mm) ([Link]) = chiéu cao ding tir mép dén mép cia Sng (mm) ([Link]) chiéu rong ngang cia hao & dinh Sng (mm) (12:[Link]) he sO nén dudi tai trong dat ([Link].1) hg sO nén dudi hogt tai ([Link].1.) hang s6 tay thuge vao hinh dang ng ([Link].2a) hg s6 ti trong cho phén nho Gng dung ([Link].2a) hg 6 tai trong cho thi cong dio hao ([Link].2) 1g 86 ti trong cho thi cong him (12.13,2.1) hg 86 diéu chinh cho chigu cao I6p phi mang trén cng hop kim logi ([Link]) he s6 diéu chinh hoat tai cho céc tai trong truc, tai trong cila cae tryc doi va cée truc khong phai 4 banh = C,C,A, ([Link]) = thong s6/1a hm s6 ciia tai trong thing dig va phan Iyc thing diing ([Link].2a) = dgecng thi cong cila bin 40 ham (N/mm) ([Link]) = 1,0 d6i voi tryc don 0,5 + $/15000 s 1,0 A6i véi céc tryc doi; he sO didu chinh theo 86 truc; ([Link]) ([Link]) he s6 diéu chinh theo s6 banh xe tren mot truc thiet KE quy djnh trong Bang 1, hg 86 diéu chinh theo s6 banh xe tren mot tryc ( [Link]) ([Link]) cu ly ti mat trong dén tryc trung hod cia Sng nhya (mm); cu ly tit mat trong dén trye trung hoa (mm) ([Link]) ([Link]) D = chigu dai ciia doan chan thing ca nanh chéng (mm); duéng kinh ng (mm); st chiu ti D yeu cfiu d6i véi Gg betOng o6t thép (N/mm) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link].1) PP wo PD OP OP PERE pP " ano 9 u i a " D-Load = site chiu tdi cla dng tty thf nghiem chiu tii theo 3 canh dé gay ra vét nif 0.25mm N/mm) ([Link]) D, = dung kin hitu higu ca Gng nhya (mm) ([Link]) D = dudng kinh trong ciia Ong (mm) ([Link].1) = catly tirmat chju ép dén trong tam ciia c6t thép chiu kéo (mm) ([Link].4a) E = modun dan héi dai han (50 nim ) cia chét déo (MPa) ([Link]) EB, = médun dan héi cita kim logi (MPa) ([Link]) F, = _h€-s6-do hieu ting cong len luc kéo chéo, eft va cudmg dé trong cfc calu kign oting ([Link].5) F, = _h@s6 dé diéu chinh khong ché mit lien quan t6i chiéu rong vét nét trung binh 6i da 0,25mm phi hgp véi F,, = 1,0 ([Link].4d) F, = sO v6 hi¢u tng cfia chiéu sAu vét nit din dén tang lye kéo chéo, luc eft va cutmg, 6 véi vige gid d ([Link].5) = hé s6tuong téc dat - ket cfu cho thi cong nén dép ([Link]) = hés6 uén (nm/N) ([Link]) ([Link]) = hg sO xét higu ting tye dy dn cudng d9 eft ([Link].5) = h¢ sO ché tao va vat ligu tai chd anh hutng dén cubng do chju kéo huéng tam cba Ong ([Link].3) pmgm \ aSpecification for Bridge Design Max Ma Mua ZEEE No Pe Py factor for pipe size effect on radial tension strength (12.1 0.4.2.4c) soil-structure interaction factor for trench installations ([Link]) specified minimum tensile strength (MPa), (12:7.2.4) factor for process and local materials that affect the shear strength of the pipe ([Link]) yield strénjgth of metal (MPa) ([Link]) compressive strength of concrete (MPa) ([Link]) critical buckling stress (MPa) ([Link]) specified minimum yield point for reinforcing steel (MPa) ([Link].4a) height of cover from the box culvert rise to top of pavement (mm); height of cover over crown (mm); height of fill above top of pipe or box (mm ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) horizontal arching factor ([Link]) height of cover above the footing to traffic surface (mm) ([Link]) height of cover from the structures springline to traffic surface (mm) ([Link]) ‘wall thickness of pipe (eam); height Of ground surface above top of pipe (mam) ([Link].4a) height of water surface above top of pipe (mm) ([Link]) moment of inertia (mm'/mm) ([Link]) inside diameter (mm) ([Link]) ratio‘of the unit lateral effective soil pressure to unit vertical effective soil pressure, i.e., Rankine coefficient of active carth pressure (12.10.42) soil stiffness factor ([Link]) ([Link]) length of stiffening rib on leg (mm) ([Link]) Jane width (mm) ([Link]) dead oad moment (Namm/mm); sum of the nominal crown and haunch dead load moments ([Link]/mm) ([Link]) factored dead load moment as specified in Article 12.9.4,2 ([Link]) ([Link]) tive load moment ([Link]/mm); sum of the nominal crown and haunch live load moments (Nmm/mm) ([Link]) live load moment as specified in Article [Link] ([Link]) ([Link]) as modified for effects of compressive factored moment acting on cross-section width or fensile thrust ([Link]/mm) ([Link].5) crown plastic moment capacity (Namm/mmm) ([Link]) haunch plastic moment capacity ([Link]) ([Link]) soil modulus (MPa); bending moment at service limit state (N-mm/mm) (12.123.6) (1210.42.44) ultimate moment aeting on cross-section width ([Link]/mm) ([Link].4a) axial thrust acting on cross-section of width at service limit state (N/mm) ([Link].44) axial thrust acting on cross-section width at strength limit state (N/mm) ([Link].4a) number of adjoining traffic lanes ([Link]) proportion of total moment carried by crown of metal box culvert ([Link]) factored design crown pressure (MPa) ([Link])Tieu chudin thiét ké' cau 3 Ros R= he s6 xét higu ting kich 03 Ong dén cutmg a9 chju kéo huéng tam ([Link].4¢) hé 86 tutong tic dat - két clu d6i véi thi cong ddo ho ([Link]) cutmg 40 chju kéo 16i thiéu theo quy dink (MPa) ([Link]) ‘he s6“ChE tao VA vat ligu tai chd anh hudng dén cutng do chiu cft cha ong ([Link].3) cutng do chay déo cia kim logi (MPa) ([Link]) cutng dé chiu nén cia betong (MPa) ([Link].) img suat on téi han (MPa) ([Link]) dim giéi han chay t6i thiéu quy dinh cho c6t thép(MPa) ([Link].4a) chiéu cao cia 1ép phi tinh ti dinh eng hop dén dinh mgt dudng (mm); chiéu cao cia 16p phii wen dinh; chiéu cao cla 16p dat dap tren dinh Ong hay Hop (mm) ([Link]) ([Link]) ([Link]) he s6 vom theo hung ngang ([Link]) cchiéu cao Jép phil trén bg méng t{nh dén bé mat xe chay (min) ([Link]) cchiéu cao lép ph tir dutng chan vom két cau dén bé mat xe chay (mm) ([Link]) chiéu day véch 6ng (mm); chiéu cao mat dat tren dinh 6ng (mm) ([Link].4a) ‘chiéu cao mat nuée & pha tren dinh 6ng (mm) ([Link]) momem quén tinh (mm*/mm) ([Link]) dudng kinh trong (mm) ([Link]) 1 1e gitfa don vj 4p luc dat nim ngang hou higu trén don vj 4p lyc dat thing ding itu higu tac 1a he s6 Rankine cla 4p lye dat chi dong ([Link]) he 86 do cting cia dat ([Link]) ([Link]) chiéu dai cia sutm tang cudng & chan (mm)([Link]) chidu rong lan xe (mm) ([Link]) ‘momen tinh ti, (Nanm/mm); téng momen danh [Link] dink vA néch do tinh ti ([Link]/mm) ([Link]) momen tfnh toén do tinh tai theo quy dinh cia Digu [Link] ([Link]) ([Link]) momen hoat ti ([Link]/mm); téng momen danh dinh tai dinh va néch do hoat ti (Namm/mm) ([Link]) ‘momen hoat tai theo quy dinh cia Diéu [Link] ([Link]) ([Link]) momen tinh todn téc dung lén bé rong mat cét “b” da bin diéu chinh cb xét dén higu airig cla Ic dy nén hay. kéo (Namm/mm) ([Link].5) khd nang chju mdmen d80 cha dinh vos (Nmm/mm) ([Link]) kha nang chju momen déo cia néch ([Link]/mm) ([Link]) médun cia dé (MPa); Momen un & trang thi gidi han sir dung ([Link]/mm) ([Link]) ([Link].4d) momen cyc han téc dong trén bé rong mat eft ngang ([Link]/mm) ([Link].4a) Juc déy huéng tam téc dong trén chiéu rong mat cit & trang thai gidi han sit dung (N/mm) ([Link].44) yc diy huéng tam tée dong wen chiéu rong mat cét & trang théi gidi han cu’mg do (N/mm) ([Link].4a) 86 céc lin xe lién ké nhau ([Link]) phan nomen trong téng momen do vorn céing hop kim logi chu ([Link]) 4p lye tinh togn & dinh (MP&) ([Link].)Specification for Bridge Design 0 mie nou nw hdtizontal pressure from the stnicture at a distance dy (MPa) ([Link]) « positive projection ratio (12.1 0.4.3:2a) negative projection ratio (12.1,0.4,3.2a) ratio of the total Jateral pressure to the total vertical pressure (12.1 0.43.23) rise of structure (mm); rise of box culvert or long-span structural plate structures (mn); radius of pipe (mm) ([Link]) (12.9.4,1) ([Link]) axle load correction factor ([Link]) concrete strength correction factor ([Link]) ratio of resistance factors specified in Aiticle §.5.4.2for shear and moment ([Link].4e) factor felated to requitédireli¢¥ing slab thickness, applicable for box structures where the span is less than 8000 mm ([Link]), horizontal reaction component (N/mm) (12.8.4,2) ‘haunch moment reduction factor ([Link]) nominal resistance (N/mm) (12.5.1), , factored resistance (N/mm) (12.5.1) top are radius oflong-span structural plate structures (tam) (12.8 3.2) vertical footing reaction component (Nini) (12.[Link]) adi of gration (rim aso cite of concrete pipe wall (nim (12.72 A) ([Link]) radiusoferown(mm)(12:9.4.1) radius of haunch (mm) ([Link]) me radius of the inside reinforcement (mm) ([Link].4¢) | settlement ratio parameter (12.1,0,4.3.2) pipe, tunnel, of box diameter or span (mm); span of structure between. springlines of long- « span structural plate structures (min); box culvert span ([Link]) (12,8.4.1) ([Link]) internal diameter or horizontal span of the | pipe (mim) (12. 10.4.2.4b) spacing of circumferential réinforcement (mm) ([Link].4d) spacing of stirrups (mm) ([Link].6) total dead ioad and live load thrust in the structute (N/mm) ([Link]) factored thrust (N/mm) ([Link]) ‘required thicknesé of cement concrete relieving Slab (mm) ([Link]) ‘basic thickness of cement concrete relieving slab (mm);-clear cover over reinforcement (eam) ([Link]) (12.1 0.4.2.4d) footing reaction in the direction of the box culvert straight side (N/mm) ([Link]) vertical arching factor (12:10.2.1) factored shear force acting on cross-section wisth:which. produces diagonal tension failure without stirrup reinforcement (N/mm) ([Link].6) g [Ha(S) Ax} V.(2 x10") ([Link]) As, 240042H,) ([Link]) nominal shear resistance of pipe section without radial stirrups per unit length of pipe ,, QNémm) ([Link].5) factored shear resistance per unit length (N/inim) ([Link].5) ultimate shear force acting on cross-section width (N/mm) ([Link].5) total earth load on pipe or liner (Némm) ([Link]) fluid load in the pipe (Nimm) ([Link].1) total live Toad on pipe or liner (N/mm) ([Link].1) total dead and live load on pipe or liner (Nim) ([Link].1) parameter which is a function of the area of the-vertical [Link] the pipe over which active lateral pressure is effective ([Link].2a). 4 density of backfill kg/m?) density of soil kg/m’) (1292.2) (12.9.42)Tigu [Link] kBedu 9 4 2 woo z howe 2 " wnud ry wow . ban kinh cia dinh v * © :dp lie nam igang tai khoang:cdch dy: tir két céfu (MPa) ([Link]) 1 1 phim nho ducmg (12,10.4.3.2a) {9 Ie phén nho am ([Link].2a) 83 1¢ gittaténg 4p lve ngang tren tng ép Iue ding (12.10.43,2a) dung tén cla ket cau (mm); chigu cao cli hop ha; dai (mm); ‘ban Miah ola Ong Gam aD. 4, 298.1) eau ya bn ap i (os hg 86 higu chinh ti trong tre (12.9.4,6) “he s6 higu chinh cutmig d¢'betong (12:9.4.6)" O18 cha he 6 sc khing quy di & Didu 5.54.2 cho ye oft va momen (121.4240) he 6 lien quan 26 yeu fu v8 chidu day bin gidm ti cing cho ket edu hop Ki chigu dai nhjp nho hon 860mm ([Link]) 37-0 + nae : thinh phfin phan Iyc nim ngang (N/mm) ([Link]) hg 86 triét gim momen & nach (12.9:4.3) sic khdng danh dinh (N/mm) (12.5.1) site khéng tinh toan (N/mm) (12.5.1) wtb dt teal én kinh vom dink, sy Cre SLES See on ms oe aaa ay (mm)(12,9.4.). ‘ban kinh efia néch vom (mm)([Link]) bn kin cia e6t thép phia trong (mmm) ([Link].4c) ” thong s6 vé ty 1¢ ld (12.10.4,3.2a) oe dung kinh ng, hém, Tay hp cing hr ka do bp (ray; kha de a gi ita cfc chan ~ sv Cia ee in np Kn (mh) ka d9 cog hop ([Link]) (1284.1) (12942) ‘dug kinh trong hay khdu do ngang ca Sng (mm) ([Link].4b) ‘curly cia oét thép trdn (mm) ([Link].4d) cu ly cia cdc c6t dai (mm) (12,[Link]) 4 4 t6ng lye day do tinh tai v2 hoat, tai trong két cafu, (N/mm) ([Link]) lye day tinh toén (N/mm) ([Link]). * chiéu day cén thiét cha ban betOng xi mang gidm t&i (mm) ([Link]) chigu day oo bin ciia bin betOng xi ming giém tai (mm); chiéu day tinh cla Iép bio ve c6t thép (mm) (12.9.4:6) ([Link].4d) phan lye & chan, theo huéng canh (thing) ciia céng hop (N/mm) ([Link]) he 86 vom thing ding ([Link]) lye edt tinh todn tée dong Jen chigu rong mat cét gay nen phié hoai do kéo chéo khong 66 e6t thép dai (N/mm) ([Link].6) g[HAS)AT Jy, / 2x10"): ([Link]) ny,/(2400+2H,) ([Link]) stic khang edt danh dinh ciia mat oft 6ng khong c6 c6t dai huéng tam trén don vj chiéu dai Ong (N/mm) ([Link].5) stic khang eft tinh tos cho don vj chiéu dai (N/mm) ([Link].5) Luc cat cyc han téc dong Ién chiéu rong mit cét (N/mm) ([Link].5) tng tditrong dat tren Ong hoge véch (N/mm) (12.10,2.1) trong chét Ing tong dng (N/mm) ([Link].1) t6ng hoat tdi trén ng hoae vach (N/mm) (12.10.4,3.1) ‘téng tinh tai va hoat tdi ten Ong hodc véch (N/mm) ([Link].1) thong s6 1A ham cia dign tich cha hinh chieu diing cia Ong tren 46 4p luc ngang chi dong téc dong (12,10.4,3.2a) Ty trong dat lfp (kg/m?); TY trong dat (kg/m’); ([Link]) ([Link])5 Specification for Bridge Design oe retum angle of the structite (DEG); haunch radius inchided angle (DEG) ([Link]) ([Link]) b= coefficient of friction between the pipe and soil ([Link].2) © = tesistance factor (12.5.1) te resistance factor for flexure (12.1 0.4.2:4c) coefficient of friction between the fil material anid the sides of the trench (12. resistance factor for radial tension (12.1 [Link]¢) central angle of pipe subtended by assumed distribution of external reactive force (DEG) ([Link]) 3.2a) 12.4, SOIL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES [Link], DETERMINATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES, “12.4,4.1. General Subsurface exploration shall be carried Sut to determine the presence and influence of geologic and environmental conditions that niay afiéct the performance of buried structures: For buried structures supportéd on footings and for pipe arches and large diameter pipes, a foundation investigation should bbe conducted to evaluate the capacity of foundation materials to resist the applied loads and to satisfy the movement requirements of the structure. [Link] . Foundation soils ‘The type and anticipated behavior of the foundation Soil shall be considered for stability of bedding and settlement under load. : [Link]. Envelope backfill soil ‘The type, compacted dénsity ‘and strength’ propeities of the soil envelope adjacent to the buried structure shall be established. The backfill soils comprising ii envelope ‘shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 145 as follows: «For standard flexible pipes and concrete structures: A-1, A-2, or A-3 (GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, SM, SC, GC), «For metal box culverts and long-span structures with cover less than 3600 mm: A-1, A-2-4, A-2-5, or A-3 (GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, SM, SC, GO), and «For Jong-span metal structures with cover not less than 3600 mm: A-1 or A-3 (GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, SM). 12.4.2. MATERIALS [Link]. Aluminum pipe and structural plate structures ‘Aluminum for comugated metal pipe and with the requirements of AASHTO 196M (ASTM B 745M). ‘Aluminum for plate pipe, pipe - arch, arch and box structures shall meet the requirements of ‘AASHTO M 219M (ASTM B 746M) . 12,4.2.2, Concrete Concrete shall conform to Article 5.4, except that f-may be based on cores.Tigu chudn thiét ké edu. * 5 4 = g60 xoay cila ket eft (D9); ban kinh cla néch bao gém cd phn g6c (Do) (12.8:4.2) ([Link]) W'S “he 56 ma sét git Ong va dat (13.10.2:1.2) ° he sO sic khang(12.5.1) : oe hé sO sttc khdng u6n ([Link].4c) O% hé s6 ma sét gitta vat li¢u Ip va vach h&o ([Link].2a) ® he 86 sttc khang do kéo huéng tam ([Link].40) = © $666 tdi éng'd6i dign Vi phn b6 gi dinh ca phan lye ben ngodi (D9) ([Link].1) 12.4, TINH CHAT CUA DAT VA VAT LIU 12.4.1. XAC DINH TINH CHAT CUA DAT [Link]. Téng qu hai tigh hinh thém d® du6i mat dit dé xéc djnh su hign din va anh hubng ela céc diéu'kign dja chat va moi trutmg dén su lam vige ofa két cau vbi .V6i ket cau vi tya tren méng va. véi cOng vom dang dng va Ong dung kfah 1én cf tién hanh khdo sét méng dé dénh gid kha ning cha vat ligu méng chiu tée dong ca ta trong va théa man nhting ddi héi dich chuyén cia két cfu. [Link]. Dat nén Cain xem xét loai dat va thuge tinh ca dat nén d6i v6i su Gn dinh cla nén va lin dui thc dung cia tdi trong. [Link]. Dat lp quanh Loai dat, t7 tong sau dm nén va céc dac tinh cutmg do cila dat bao quiinh két cfu viii'phai duge xde dinh. Dat lap bao gém daft bao quanh cén phii hop cdc yeu cfu cia AASHTO M 145 nhu sau: + Déi vi Sng mém tidu chudin va két cfu bé tOng : A-1 , A-2 hoge A3 (GW, GP, SW SP;GM, SM, Sc,GC) * Déi véi cng hop kim loai va két céiu ¢6 nhip 1én-v6i lop phit-nhé hon 3600 mm: A-l , A-2=4, A-2- ‘S hoje A-3 (GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, SM, SC, GC) + vA d6i vidi ket cu kim logi nhip 16n c6-16p phi Khong nhé hon 3600 mm : A-1 hoge A-3 (GW, GP, SW, SP, GM, SM ). 1242. VAT LIBU 12.4,2.1. Cong nhom va két edu ban Nh6m lim cong kim loai gga séng’ vA von Ong can phi hop véi cdc yeu cdu cia Quy dinhivé vat liu AASHTO M 196 (ASTM B 745). Nhom lam Sng két efu bin, vom Ong, vom va két eau hop cfin théa min cfc yeu edu ctia Quy dinh vé vat litu AASHTO M 219 M (ASTM B 746M) . [Link], Be tong Be tong cén phi hyp Diéu 5.4 trt £6 thé dya vao 16i,6 Specification for Bridge Design [Link]. Precast concrete pipe Precast concrete pipe shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 170M (ASTM C 76M) and ‘M 242M (ASTM C 655M). Design wall thickness, other than the standard wall dimérisions, may be ‘used, provided that the design complies with all applicable requirements of Section 12. [Link], Precast concrete structures Precast concrete arch, elliptical, and box structures shall comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 206M_{ASTM.C 506M), M 207M (ASTM C 507M), M.259M..(ASTM C 789M), and M 273M (ASTM C 850M). [Link], Steel pipe and structural plate structures ‘Steel for corrugated metal pipe and pipe-arches shall comply’ with the requirements of AASHTO M 36M_(ASTM A 760M). Steel for structural plate pipe, pipe-arch, arch, and box structurés shall meet the requirements. of AASHTO M 167M (ASTM A 761M). [Link]. Steel reinforcement Reinforcement shall comply with the requirements of Article 5.4.3, and shall conform-to one of the following AASHTO M 31M (ASTM A 615M), M 32 (ASTM A 82), M- 55M (ASTM A 185). M 221M. (ASTM A 497), or M 225M (ASTM A 496). For smooth wire arid smooth welded wire fabric, the yield strength may be taken as 450 MPa. For deformed welded wire fabric, the yield strength may be taken as 480 MPa. [Link]. Thermoplastic pipe Plastic pipé may be solid wall, corrugated of profile wall and may be manufactured of polyethylene (PE) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PE pipe shall comply with the requirements of ASTM F-714 for solid wall pipe, AASHTO M 294 for corrugated pipe, and ASTM F 894 for profile wall pipe. PVC pipe shell comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 278 for solid wall pipe, ASTM F 679 for solid wall pipe, and AASHTO M 304 for profile wall pipe. 12.5. LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 12.5.1. GENERAL Buried structures and their foundations shall be designed by the appropriate methods specified in ‘Articles 12.7 through 12.12 so that they resist the factored loads given ‘by the load combinations specified in Articles 12.5.2 and 12.5.3. ‘The factored resistance, R,, shall be calculated for each applicable limit state as: RoR 25.11)Tiéu chudn thiét kécdu 6 [Link]. Ong céng bé tong dic sin ng céng bé tong diic sn phi phit hop véi cdc yéu cdu cia AASHTO M170M (ASTM C 76M). C6 thé sir dung bé dy thigt KE cha vich khong ging kich thuée vach tieu chudn v6i diéu kign phai thiét ké phi hop v6i moi yeu cau cia Phan 12. 12.4,2.4. Két cau bé tong dic sin ‘Vom, két cfu e-Lip va hop bé tong diic sa cin phi hgp ede yeu cfu cia’ AASHTO M 206 M (ASTM C 506), M207M (ASTM C507), M 259 M (ASTM C789 M) , va M273 M (ASTM 'C 850M) [Link]. Ong cong thép va két cu ban ‘Thép lam 81g cOng kim loai gon sng’ va von cOng cdi phi hop'cde yeu cu ciia Quy dinki vé vat lieu AASHTO M 36M (ASTM A 760M). Thép lim cong bin, vom cOng, vom va két cu hop cfin théa man cdc yeu céu cla AASHTO M167M (ASTM A 761M). [Link]. Cét thép Cot thép cfn phi hop v6i cdc yeu edu cia Digu 5.4.3 va phd hgp v6i mot trong cc Quy dinh vé vat ligu sau day: AASHTO M31 (ASTM A 615M), M 32 (ASTM A 82) , M 55 (ASTM 185), M.221(ASTM A 497) hoc M 225(ASTM A 496). ‘V6i sgi tron va tam ludi soi hin tron cutmg dé chay c6 thé ldy bing 450 MPa. V6i tim luéi sgi han cb gy cutng dé chay cé thé Ify bing 480 MPa. [Link]. Ong nhua déo néng Ong nha 6 thé 1A véch cing, gon séng hoie profin va o6 thé Jam bing polyetylen — (PE) hoae polyvinyl clorit (PVC). Ong PE cn phi hgp véi cdc yeu cdu cia ASTM F 714 cho ng véch cing, cla AASHTO Mass cho ‘Sng gon séng va ASTM F 894 cho Ong véch profin. Ong PVC efin phi hop véi céc yeu cdu cla AASHTO M278 cho Gng véch cing, ASTM F 679 cho éng vach ctng va. AASHTO M 304 cho Ong vach profin. 12.8, TRANG THAL GIGI HAN VA HE SO SUC KHANG 125.1. TONG QUAT Kéi cau vbi va méng cita n6 phi duge thiét ké bing phwong phép thich hyp duoc quy dinh 8 cfc Digu 12.7 dén 12.12 sao cho ching chu duge cdc ti trong tinh todn bai cée'td hop tai trong quy dinh 6 céc Diéu 12.5.2 va 12.5.3, Site khéng t{nh toén R, , céin duge tinh todn cho méi trang thai gi6i han nhu sau : R= oR, (2.5.1-))7 Specification for Bridge Design where: R,. = __ thenominal resistance @ = __ theresistance factor specified in Table 12.5.5-1 12. SERVICE LIMIT STATE. Buried structures shall be investigated at Service Load Combination as specified in Table 3.4.1-1. ‘© Deflection of metal structures, tunnel liner plate, and thermoplastic pipe, and ¢ Crack width in reinforced concrete structures. 12.5.3, Strength Limit State Buried structures and tunnel liners shall be investigated for construction loads and at Strength Load Combination as specified in Table 3.4.1-1, as follows: «For metal structures: + wallarea + buckling +, seam failure ££" flexibility limit for coristriction 4° flexure of box structures only © For concrete structures: +, flexure + shear + thrust + radial tension ‘+ For thermoplastic pipe: + wall area + buckling 4 + flexibility limit For tunnel liner plate + wall area + buckling + seam strength + construction stiffness 12.5.4. LOAD MODIFIERS AND LOAD FACTORS ‘Load modifiers shall be applied to buried structures and tunne! liners as specified in Article 1.3, except that the load modifiers for construction loads should be taken as 1.0. For strength limit states, buried structures shall be considered nonredundant under earth fill and redundant under live load and dynamic load allowance loads. Operational importance shall be determined on the basis of continued function and/or safety of the roadway. 12.5.5. RESISTANCE FACTORS Resistance factors for buried structures shall be taken as specified in Table 12.5.5-1. Values of resistance factors for the geotechnical design of foundations for buried structures shall be taken as specified in Section 10,Tidu chudn thidt ké' cdu 7 aay: R, =~ steekhéng danh djnh - ~ 9 =~ hés6sttekhiing-quy dinh trong Bang 12.5.5-1: 12.52. TRANG THAI GIO HAN SUDUNG 7 Két cau vii phai duige tinh todn vi Té hop tai trong sit dung quy dinh trong Bing 3.4.1-1 ve: + BQ ving cia két cau kim ogi, bin vach hém va ng nha, déo néng, va © Chiéu rong vet mit rong Ket calu be tong cot thép. 125, . TRANG THAI GIGI HAN CUUNG BO Két cli vii Va vach hm phii duge tinh toén véi v6i ti trong thi cong va. 16 hop tai trong vé cudmg 49 ghi 6 Bing 3.4.1-1 nhu sau: © V6ikét cu kiin logi + dign tich vach +oin + phé hoai cia m6i noi + 8iGi han dd ud trong thi cong, + un cia ket ci hop Voi két cfu be tong : +u6n, elt +nén + kéo huéng tam + V6i Ong nhya déo néng : + digi tich vach +oan + gidi han 49 uéa © Voi bin vich hém : + dign tich vach oan + cudng do moi noi + d6 cing thi cong 12.54, DIRU CHINH TAI TRONG VA HE.S6 TALTRONG ign chinh ti trong ciin duge 4p dung cho két cau vbi va véch hém nhu quy dinh & Digu 1.3 wit diéu chinh tii trong thi cOng cf lay bing 1,0. Véi wang thi gidi han cutmg dQ; két ct vii phai duge xem Ta khong du dud dt dip v8 dur dui hog i va Lye xung kich, Tin quan trong tong Kh thée cin duoc xéc dinh tren co s8 chtte nang ign tye va an toan cla con dung. 12.5.5. HB SO SUC KANG He 56 stie Khang cho két et vii phai Ify theo Bang 12.5.5-1. Cée gid tri vé he $6 cutmng d9 cho thiet ke dia ky thugt cba mong két cau vii phai I4y theo quy dinh trong Phin 10.8 Specification for Bridge Design 1. Resistance Factors for Buried Structures STRUCTURE TYPE RESISTANCE FacToR_| Arch, and Pipe Arch Structures Helical pipe with lock seam or fully welded seam: ‘© Minimum wall area and buckling 4.00 ‘Annular pipe with spot welded, riveted, or boted seam: ‘* Minimum wal area and bucking oer . strength 087 Structural plate pipe: ‘© Minimum wall area and buckling os7 ; ‘© Minimum seam strength ; 087 Bearing resistance of pipe arch foundations refer to Section 10 Long-Span Structural Plate and Tunnel Liner Plate Structures ‘© Minimum wall area 07 Minimum seam strength 067 ‘Bearing resistance of refer to Section 10, Structural Plate Box Structures Plastic moment strength 10 Beering resistance of pipe arch foundations: refer to Section 10 Reinforced Concrete Pipe H Direct design method: ‘Type installation: 2 Fexue 0.90 Shear az Radial tension 082 ‘Other type inetaliations: © Flesure, 4.00 Shear 90 ‘Radial tension 252 Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Place Box Structures. ‘+ Flere 090 = Shear Reinforced Concrete Precast Box Structures Flexure 4.00 2 Shear 20 Reinforced Concrete Procast Three-Sided Structures Fleace 09s 2 Shear, 0.90 ‘Thermoplastic Pipe : PE and PVC pipe: ‘= Minimum wall area‘ and bucki 4.00, 12.5.6. FLEXIBILITY LIMITS AND CONSTRUCTION STIFFNESS. [Link]. corrugated metal pipe and structural plate structures Flexibility factors for corrugated metal pipe and structural plate structures shall not exceed the values specified in Table 1Tieu chudn thiét ké’cdu Bang [Link]- Hé s6 sic khang cia két edu vii _toathinnkétcdu Hg si size khang | kim loai, vorn va két edu vor - dng ‘ng dang xoan véi msi néi chét ho&e han hoan toan : + _Dién tich vach t6i thiéu va o&n : 740 ‘Sng tron v6i méi néi han chém, tén Fi vé hoae bat bu léng ‘* Dién tich véch t6) thigu va én inh do udn | ~ 0,67 2 Cuing 46 méi néi téi-thigu 0,67 ng ban két cu © Déa tich vach t6i thigu va odin oer “Tham khdo Phan 10 + Dign tich vach t6} thidu 0.87 © Cutting 68 méi nd 16} thigu 0,87 +_Stto chiu olia méng vom - i “Tham khdo Phan 10 Hp bang két cdu ban ‘= Cuténg 46 mé men déo +_Séi chiu iia méng Tham khdo Phan 10 Phuong pha thi Lap dat oat 1 © U6n * Cat + Kéo huéng tam (Cac loai lap dat khac U6n 12.5.6. GIOIHAN BO UON VA DO CONG THI CONG 12.8. Ong kim loai gon sng va két cu ban ‘He s6 d9 u6n cla ng kim loai ggn séng va ket calu bin khong duge vugt qué cac trj s6 & Bang 1.9 Specification for Bridge Design Table 12.5,6.1-1- Flexibility Factor Limit “TYPE OF ° FLEXIBILITY CONSTRUCTION CORRUGATION SIZE FACTOR MATERIAL (mm) (ma Stee! Pipe 635 ‘025 12.7 0.25 25.4 0.19 Alurninum Pipe 6.36 and 12.7 : 4.52 Material Thk. 0.18 1.90 Material Thk, 0.35 © All Others 0.53 “125.4 0.34, Steel Plate 150 x 50 Pipe ont Pipe-Arch 017 Arch 0.17 Aluminum Plate (230 x64 a Pipe 0.14 Pipe-Arch 021 Arch 021 12:5.6.2. Spiral rib metal pipe and pipe arches Flexibility factors for spiral rib metal pipe and pipe arches shall not exceed the values, specified in ‘Table 1, for embankment installations conforming to the provisions of Articles [Link] and [Link] and for trench installations conforming to the provisions of Articles [Link] and 12.6.6: ‘Table [Link]-1- Flexibility Factor Limits FLEXIBILITY CORRUGATION SIZE CONDITION Steel Embankment 49x 19x 190 49x25 x 290 Trench 49x 19x 190 49x 25 x 200, Aluminum — | Embankment 19x 19x 190 19x25 x 200 Trench 49x 19x 190 49x25 x 290 ‘Values of inertia, I, for steel and aluminum pipes and pipe arches shall be taken as tabulated in Tables A12-2 and A12-5. 12,5.6.3. Thermoplastic pipe Flexibility factor, FF, of thermoplastic pipe shall not exceed 0.54 mnvN.Tiéu chudn thiét ké'edu Bang [Link]-1- Gidi han vé hé s6 d0 ud HESO BO USN (MMIN) von 6,35 0,25 Sng thep 127 0,25 25,4 0,19 6,35 va 12,7 Ong nhém Bé day vat ligu 1,52 0,18 Bé day vat ligu 1,90 0,35 Cac chiéu day khac: 0.53 25,4 0,34 150 x 50 Ban thép 6ng Ont Vom-éng 017 - Vom O17 230 x 64 Ban nhom Ong 0,14 Vom 6g [Link]. Ong kim loai sudn xodn Ge va vom Ong He s6 do usin cia dng kim logi c6 suém xodin 6c va vom-Sng khong vuot qué cfc tri s6 & Bang 1, viee dp nén phi hgp véi céc quy dinh cia Diéu [Link] va [Link], vite dio hio phi hgp véi eéc quy dinh cia Diu [Link] va [Link]. Bang [Link]-1- Gidi han vé hé sod uén Vatligu | Biéukién Kich thuée gon He so ] s6ng (mm) 9 udn (mmiN) Nén dp 19x19%180 0,039 1 Thép 19%25,290 0,031 17 ‘Dao hao 19%19%190 0,045 19x25x 200 0,037 1% Nén ap 19%19x190 0,056 1" Nnom 19x25x 290 0,039 1° ‘Dao hao 19x19%190 0,087 19%25x 290 0,048 1" Céc tri sé m6 men quén tinh I cia Sng thép va nhom va vom-Cng ly theo cfc Bang A12-2 va A12-5. [Link]. Ong nhya déo néng ‘He s6 d0 u6n FF cia ng nhya khong duge vugt qué 0,54 mmiN.10 Specification for Bridge Desigri [Link], Steel tunnel liner plate ‘Construction stiffness, C,, in N/mm, shall not be less than the following: * Two-flange liner plate: C, 2 8,75 (N/mm) + Four-flange liner plate: C, > 19.5 (Ninimm) 12.6, GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES 12.6.1. LOADING Buried structures shell be designed for force effects resulting from horizontal and vertical earth pressure, pavement load, live load, and vehicular dynamic load allowance, Earth surcharge, live load surcharge, and downdrag loads shall also be evaluated where construction or site conditions warrant, ‘Water buoyancy loads shall be evaluated for buried structures with inverts below the water table to control flotation, as indicated in Article 3.7.2. Earthquake loads should be considered only where buried structures cross active faults. For vertical earth pressure, the maximum load factor from Table 3.4.1-2 shall apply. ‘Wheel loads shall be distributed through earth fills according to the provisions of Article [Link].6. 12.6.2. SERVICE LIMIT STATE [Link], Tolerable movement Tolerable movement criteria for buried structures shall be developed based on the function and type of structure, anticipated service life, and consequences of unacceptable movements, [Link], Settlement [Link].1. General Settlement shall be determined as specified in Article 10.6.2. Consideration shall be given to potential movements resulting from: ‘© Longitudinal differential settlement along the length of the pipe, Differential settletnent between the pipe and backfill, and + Settlement of footings and unbalanced loading of skewed structures extending through ‘embankment slopes. [Link],2. Longitudinal Differential Settlement Differential settlement along the length of buried structures shall be determined in accordance with “Article [Link].3, Pipes and culverts subjected to longitudinal differential settlements shall be fitted with positive joints to resist disjointing forces. ‘Camber may be specified for an installation to ensure hydraulic flow during the service life of the structure, [Link].3, Differential Settlement Between Structure and Backfill ‘Where differential settlement of arch structures is expected between thie structure and the side fill, the foundation should be designed to settle with respect to the backfill.Tieu chud thi ké cdu 10 12.564, Ban vd him bing thép Do ciing thi cong Cs-N/mm khong duge nhé hon cfc trj s6 dudi day : + Bin vich hai gi: G > 8,75 (Ninm) + Bin vach bén gi: ©, = 19,5 (v/mm) 12.6. DAC TRUNG THIET KE CHUNG 12.6.1. TAITRONG. Két cv vai phai duge thiét ké chju higu ving do dp Iye-dét ndm ngang va thing dig, tai trong mat dung, hogt tai va luc xung kich gay nén. TAi trong tuong duong cia dat va hoat tai 6 trén dinh va tdi trong kéo xu6ng (do ma sét &m) cling phai duge ude tinh khi diéu kien thi cong va tai ch® cho phép. Lye néi-ciia nude phai duge tinh cho phén'é dudi mat nude ciia ket cfu vii dé kiém tra sy ndi & Digu 3.7.2. Tai trong dong dét chi cfin xét khi ket cu vai eft qua dit gay dang hoat dong. V6i 6p lye dat thing diing phai ép dung he s6 thi trong ti da & Bing [Link]. ‘Tai trong bénh xe phi dugc phan b6 qua dét dip theo quy dinh cia Diéu [Link].6. 12.6.2. TRANG THAI GIGI HAN SUDUNG [Link]. Chuyén vj cho phép ‘Tie chuén chuyén vi cho phép cia két edu vii phai duge nghién ciu tren co's chite nding va loi hinh két cfu, tudi tho phyc vu dy kin va nhing hau qua ciia cdc dich chuyén khong chap nh4n duge. [Link], BO hin [Link].1. Tong quat ‘D6 hin phai duge x4c dinh theo chi din 8 Diéu 10.6.2. Vige xem xét phAi duge danh cho nhimg chuyén dong tiém tang do : * Lain khac nhau theo chiéu doc ong, + Liin khéc nhau gitia 6ng va dt lfp, © Lain cia méng va In do t8i trong khong cin & doan dui méi nén dap cita c6ng chéo. [Link].2, D6 lin khde nhau theo chiéu doe DO liin Khée nhau doc theo chiéu dhi két cdtu vbi phai duge xée djnh phi, hop v6i Diéu [Link].3. Ong va cOng dé bj kin khic nhau theo chigu doc phai lam méi n6i chée chin chju cfc lye téch . C6 thé quy dinh do véng thi cong dé dim bao ding chiy trong tuéi tho phyc vu cia két ef, [Link].3. D6 lin khde nhau giita két edu va dat lap O noi c6 thé phét sinh lin khéc nhau git két cau va dat dip & ben cia két ctu vom, méng cfm duge thi€: KE cho lin of chi § ti dt lap."1 Specification for Bridge Design Pipes with inverts shall not be placed on foundations that will settle much less than the adjacent side fill, and a uniform bedding of loosely compacted granular material should be provided. [Link].4. Footing Settlement Footings shall be designed to provide uniform longitudinal and transverse settlement. The settlement of footings shall be large enough to provide protection against possible downdrag forces caused by settlement of adjacent fill. If poor foundation materials are encountered, consideration shall be given to excavation of all or some of the unacceptable material and its replacement with compacted acceptable material. Footing design shall comply with the provisions of Article 10.6, Footing reactions for metal box culvert structures shall be determined as specified in Article [Link]. ‘The effects of footing depth shall be considered in the design of arch footings. Footing reactions shall be taken as acting tangential to the arch at the point of connection to the footing and to be equal to the thrust in the arch at the footing, [Link],5. Unbalanced Loading Buried structures skewed to the roadway alignment and extending through an embankment fill shali be designed in consideration of the influence of unsymmetrical loading on the structure section. [Link]. Uplift Uplift shall be considered where structures are installed below the highest anticipated groundwater level. + 12.63, Safety Against Soil Failure [Link]. Bearing resistance and stability Pipe structures and footings for buried structures shall be investigated for bearing capacity failure and erosion of soil backfill by hydraulic gradients [Link]. Corner backfill for metal pipe arches ‘The comer backfill for metal pipe arches shall be designed to account for comer pressure taken as the arch thrust divided by the radius of the pipe-arch comer. The soil envelope around the comers of pipe arches shall resist this pressure, Placement of select structural backfill compacted to densities higher than normal may be specified. 12.6.4, HYDRAULIC DESIGN Design criteria, as specified in Article 2.6 and in Chapter 10 of Specification for Road Design, shall apply for hydraulic design. 12.6.5. SCOUR Buried structures shall be designed so that no movement of any part of the structure will occur as a result of scour.Tiéu chudn thiét ké’cdu 4 ‘ng 66-vom ngudié khong diige dat tren méng sé lin ft hon Ia dat lip bén'canh, cn lam nén déng nhét ‘bing vat lieu hat duige dm nén vira pha. [Link].4.D9 Lén cia méng Méng phii duge thigt ké cho lin déng déu vé chiéu doc va chigu ngang, Lin cia méng cfn di Kin dé bao vé chdng luc kéo xu6ng c6 thé c6 do Itin cia dat lép ben canh gay nén: Néw gap phai vat ligu nén xu edn xem xét vige do ti cd hoac mot phiin vat lieu khong chép nhan dugc va thay bing vat ligu chap nhgn duge va duge dim nén. er ‘Thigt ké méng cfin pha hop véi cde quy dink cha Diéu 10.6. Phin lye méng cita ket cu cng hop kim logi phai duge xéc dinh theo quy dinh trong Digu.12.9.4,5. Céc higu dng cha chigu sau méng phai duge xét dén trong thiet k€ méng vom. Phin lye méng phai lty tip tuyén v6i diém lien két gitta vom va méng va phin lye nay phai bang luc nén cla vom & méng. 12.6.2, Tai trong khong can bing Két cau vii cliéo gée véi tuyén dutmg va kéo dai qua nén dap phai duge thitt kE ¢6 xét dén anh huéng bai ttong khong A6i xting len that cét ket cfu, [Link]. Lue déy néi Phai xét luc dy néi Ten Khi két ex duge dgt du6i miée made ngiim cao nh ¢6 thé xuét hien, 12.63. D0 AN TOAN CHONG PHA HOAI CUA DAT [Link], Site khang dé va én dink K&i cu Sng va méng cha Ket esi vii phi duge khio st v8 sic chiu thi phd hoai va x6i 1s cila dt Ip do nhiing thay d6i vé thiy luc. [Link]. Dat ldp & géc cia vom 6ng kim loai Dit Ip & g6c cia vor Sng kim logi phaiiduge thiét ké e6 xét d&n &p lye gée Idy bing lye ddy cia vom chia cho bn kinh cia géc vom-Gng, Lép Aut xung quanh céc géc ca vom Sng phi chiu 4p lye may. C6 thé quy dinh viee lp bling dat két exiu duge dim t6i d9 chat cao hon binh thubng. 12.6.4, THIET KE THUY LUC Cin 4p dung tieu chudn thiét ké quy dinh & Digu 2.6 va trong chuomg 10 dé xem xét vé thiét ké thiy Ie. 12.6.5. XOILO Phai thigt ké k¢t céfu vai sao cho khong c6 dich chuyén ciia bo phan ket cdu nko sé xy ra do x6i 16.