CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 1

UNIVERSITY OF NUEVA CACERES

City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

UNIVERSITY
VISION STATEMENT The University of Nueva Caceres, a private non-sectarian institution, is Bicol’s first university.
Guided by its motto, “Non ScholaeSed Vitae” (Not of school but of life), and attuned to the demands of a highly dynamic global environment, the University commits itself to
quality and excellent education for all to transform the youth into entrepreneurial, productive, morally upright, socially responsible professionals for a just, humane and
progressive society.
MISSION The University of Nueva Caceres shall be a leading exponent of academic excellence, research, extension, and innovative technology for sustainable development.
STATEMENT It creates a nurturing academic environment and provides equal opportunities in the formation of individuals into empowered leaders, competent professionals and proactive
entrepreneurs who are cognizant of our cultural heritage.
1. We Champion Excellence. We consistently strive for excellence in everything we do.
2. We Nurture Dreams. We passionately guide and inspire our students to leverage their potentials and aspire for better lives.
3. We Do The Right Things Right. We uphold integrity in everything we do. We hold ourselves to high standards for accountability and character. We do things right.
CORE VALUES
4. We Are Dynamic and Creative We anticipate the forces of change. We explore possibilities with intent and purpose.
5. We Respect Each Other and Work As A Team. We collaboratively maximize our talents and capabilities. We hold each other in high regard and passionately realize our
shared purpose, priorities and promises.
1. Culturally-rooted with multi-cultural understanding. Preserves his or her cultural roots and manifests pride in his or her language, practices and traditions; shows appreciation
of the culture of other peoples.
2. Collaborative. Works with others effectively as a member of a team, a group, an organization or a community.
3. Creative and critical thinker. Applies creative, imaginative and innovative thinking and ideas to problem solving.
4. Effective communicator. Communicates effectively and confidently in a range of contexts and for a variety of purposes.
GRADUATES
5. Life-long learner. Demonstrates an attitude of continuous learning to succeed in changing times.
ATTRIBUTES
6. Ethically and socially responsible. Demonstrates an understanding of ethical, social, and cultural issues and makes personal, professional and leadership decisions in accordance
with these principles.
7. Great leader. Demonstrates complete (accomplished, distinguished, expert) leadership traits and capabilities to influence and enable others to achieve common goals and
visions.
8. Excellence-driven. Demonstrates mastery of the fundamental and evolving technical and technological knowledge and skills relating to their discipline.

COLLEGE
VISION STATEMENT Guided by value-centered instruction and service, this college seeks to become the country’s leading college in Engineering and Architecture where theory and ethical practice
foster professional excellence.
MISSION This college commits itself to:
STATEMENT 1. Provide a conducive and scholarly environment to enhance student’s analytical skills, critical thinking, and creativity;
2. Develop graduates to be socially responsible, productive, and competent professionals in the country and beyond.
PROGRAM Within three to five years, graduates of BSCE Program should have:
EDUCATIONAL 1. Work as professionals with technical expertise and competence to hold positions in professional practice or research and become expert in their chosen profession;
OBJECTIVES 2. Develop a strong sense of professional responsibility and social awareness
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 2

I. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO COLLEGE MISSION STATEMENT

COLLEGE MISSION STATEMENT

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1 2
Within three to five years, graduates of BSCE Program should have

1. Possessed technical expertise so that they are competent to hold positions in professional practice or research and become expert in their chosen profession;  

2. Acquired competences needed to be globally competitive and continuously adapt to the changes and advancement in their field.  

II. PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO S)

PROGRAM
EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)
OBJECTIVES INSTITUTIONAL GOALS (IGS)
(PEOS)

communicato
multi-cultural
understandin
Collaborative

Ethically and
Creative and

Great leader
rooted with

responsible

Excellence-
Culturally-
By the time of graduation, the students of the program shall have the ability to:

Effective

Life-long

socially
learner
thinker
critical

driven
1 2

r
  a. Apply knowledge of mathematics and sciences to solve civil engineering problems;  
  b. Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data;      
  c. Design a system, components, or processes to meet desired needs within realistic constraints, in accordance with      
standards;
  d. Function in multidisciplinary and multi-cultural teams;     
  e. Identify, formulate, and solve civil engineering problems;    
  f. Understand professional and ethical responsibility;    
  g. Communicate effectively civil engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large;     
  h. Understand the impact of civil engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context;     
  i. Recognize the need for, and engage in life-long learning;   
  j. Know contemporary issues;    
  k. Use the appropriate techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for the practice of civil   
engineering;
l. Know and understand engineering and management principles as a member and leader of a team, and to manage
      
projects in a multidisciplinary environment;
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 3

III. COURSE DETAILS

Course No. CE224g Detailed Description:

Course Title MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
Credit 4 units ( lecture) This course deals with the internal effects and deformations that are caused by applied loads.
No. of contact hrs/week 4 hours Students must have completed courses in statics of rigid bodies as prerequisites to the study of
Pre-requisites CE212g mechanics of materials. The topics are dedicated exclusively to elastic analysis, including stress,
Classification/Field Basic Engineering Course strain, torsion, bending and combined stresses, beam deflections, indeterminate beams and elastic
Term 2ND Semester instability.

IV. PROGRAM OUTCOMES MAP

Subject a b c d e f g h i j k l m Legend:
I - An introductory course to an outcome
CE224g D E I E - A course that strengthens the outcome
D - A course demonstrating an outcome

V. COURSE OUTCOMES (COS) AND RELATIONSHIP TO PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

Course Outcomes Program Outcomes

After completion of the course the student should be able to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m
CO 1 Recognize the importance of the course in the future profession/career D D
CO 2 Explain the importance of Mechanics of Materials and its significance to the environment and society. D E I
CO 3 Solve problems involving stresses D E
CO 4 Solve problems involving strain
CO 5 Solve problems involving torsion
CO 6 Generate the expressions for shear force and bending moment of the beam.
CO 7 Determine the economic section of the beam.
CO 8 Apply methods to analyze deflection for statically determinate beams
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 4

VI. COURSE COVERAGE

Teaching & Assessment Tool Text/Ref Equip/To

Learning (AT) ols/
PERIOD COs Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) Topic
Activities (TLA) Apparatu
s
At the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
Orientation
2 hrs CO1 Interpret how the course will carry out the 1. MVS of the university Class discussion
objectives of the College and of the University. 2. MVS of the College
Weigh the requirements in passing the course. 3. Objectives of the Course
4. Course Outline
5. Course Requirements & Grading System

Recitation T1
2 hrs CO2 Hypothesize the importance of Mechanics of I – Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Lecture pp. 13-14
Materials and its applications to engineering Class discussion
profession.
T1
2 hrs CO3 Undestand the deformations produced by the II – Stress Lecture Recitation pp. 14-16
2 hrs components of internal forces and couples. 1. Analysis of Internal Forces Class Discussion Board work pp. 16-28
2 hrs 2. Axially Loaded Bars Problem Solving Plate pp. 28-29
2 hrs Solve problems involving normal stress, shear 3. Shear Stress Quiz-1 pp. 29-37
stress and bearing stress. 4. Bearing Stress

PRELIM EXAM
T1
2 hrs CO4 Undestand the axial deformation based on III – Strain Lecture Recitation pp. 38-42
2 hrs stress-strain diagram. 1. Axial Deformation Class Discussion Board work pp. 43-51
2 hrs 2. Axially Loaded Bars Problem Solving Plate pp. 51-58
2 hrs Solve problems involving axially loaded bars, 3. Generalized Hooke’s Law Quiz-2 pp. 58-67
2 hrs statically indeterminate bars and thermal 4. Statically Indeterminate Problems pp. 67-77
stresses. 5. Thermal Stresses
MIDTERM EXAM
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 5

IV – Torsion T1
2 hrs CO5 Derive the equations used in the analysis of 1. Torsion of Circular Shafts Lecture Recitation pp. 78-94
2 hrs torsion. 2. Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes Class Discussion Board work pp. 94-100
2 hrs 3. Torsion of Rectangular Bars Problem Solving Plate pp. 100-107
Solve problems involving torsion of circular Quiz-3
shafts, thin-walled tubes and rectangular bars.

V – Shear and Moment in Beams T1

2 hrs CO6 Evaluate beams according to their supports and 1. Supports and Loads Lecture Recitation pp. 108-110
4 hrs loadings. 2. Shear-Moment Equations and Diagrams Class Discussion Board work pp. 110-120
2 hrs 3. Area Method for Drawing Shear-Moment Problem Solving Plate pp. 121-137
Generate the expressions for shear force and Diagrams Quiz-4
bending moment of the beam.
[Link] EXAM
VI – Stresses in Beams T1
2 hrs CO7 Generate the relationships between the bending 1. Bending Stress Lecture Recitation pp. 138-157
2 hrs moment and the stresses it causes. 2. Economic Sections Class Discussion Board work pp. 158-162
2 hrs 3. Shear Stress in Beams Problem Solving Plate pp. 162-174
2 hrs Evaluate the economic section of the beam. 4. Design for Flexure and Shear Quiz-5 pp. 174-180
2 hrs 5. Design of Fasterners in Built-Up Beams pp. 180-190

VII – Deflection of Beams T1

2 hrs CO8 Determine the Elastic deflections of a Beam. 1. Double Integration Method Lecture Recitation pp. 192-203
3 hrs Obtain Equations which define the slope and the 2. Moment Area Method Class Discussion Board work pp. 212-231
elastic curve by Double Integration Method. Problem Solving Plate
Use the Area-moment method in determining Quiz-6
the slope and deflections of a beam.

FINAL EXAM
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 6

VII. TEXTBOOK & REFERENCES

TEXTBOOKS REFERENCES

T1 - Pytel, Andrew and Kiusalaas, Jaan (2012). Strength of Materials (Philippine R1 - Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T. (2006). Strength of Materials, Philippines.
Edition),Philippines: Cengage Learning. R2 - Besavilla, Venancio I. Jr. (1998). Strength of Materials (2nd Edition), Philippines: VIB Publisher
T2 - Mechanics of Materials by Hibbeler, Russell Charles Vijay Sekar, K. S.

VIII. COURSE OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

Student performance will be rated based on the following:
Minimum Avg GRADING SCALE
Minimum Avg
Weight for Numerical Equivalent
PERIOD COs Assessment Tasks Weight for Satisfactory PERIOD Cos Assessment Tasks
Satisfactory Rating Grade
performance
performance
CO 3 Class Participation 5% CO 5 Class Participation 5%
70%
Problem Set 5% CO 6 Problem Set 5% 99% to 100% 1.00
Semi-
Prelim Quizzes 15% 70% Quizzes 15% 96% to 98% 1.25
Final
Prelim Exam 25% Semi Final Exam 25% 93% to 95% 1.50
90% to 92% 1.75
CO 4 Class Participation 5% CO 7 Class Participation 5% 87% to 89% 2.00
Problem Set 5% CO 8 Problem Set 5% 84% to 86% 2.25
Quizzes 15% Quizzes 15% 70% 81% to 83% 2.50
70%
Mid Midterm Exam 25% Semi Final Exam 25% 78% to 80% 2.75
Finals
Term 75% to 77% 3.00
Below 75 5.00
CO5+CO6+ 70%
MIDTERM GRD (MG) CO3+ CO4 70% PREFINAL GRADE (PFG) Dropped Drp
CO7+CO8
40% of MG +
FINAL GRADE 70%
60% of PFG
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 7

IX. RUBRICS

BOARD WORK RECITATION

CRITERIA PERCENTAGE CRITERIA PERCENTAGE

Accuracy of answer 60% Accuracy of answer 60%

Explanation 40% Delivery 30%

TOTAL 100% TOTAL 100%

BOARDWORK 100% 85% 75% 60% 50%

Accuracy (60%) Detailed solution with correct answer generally correct and complete but generally Wrong answer. No answer.
may contain minor flaws incorrect/incomplete
Explanation(40%) Speaks fluently and distinctly Speaks clearly and distinctly Speaks unclearly Mumbling words No answer.

RECITATION 100% 85% 75% 60% 50%

Accuracy (60%) Complete response with detailed Good solid response with clear ExplAnation is unclear/ misses Wrong answer. No answer.
explanation explanation key points
Delivery(40%) Speaks fluently and distinctly Speaks clearly and distinctly Speaks unclearly Mumbling words No answer.
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 8

X. OTHER COURSE POLICIES

a. Attendance
According to CHED policy, total number of absences by the students should not be more than 20% of thetotal number of meetings or 13.6hrs for this subject. Student incurring more than 13.6hrs of
absences automatically gets a failing grade regardless of class standing.
b. Submission of Assessment Tasks
Late submissions of learning activities will not be accepted.
c. Written Examination
There will be 8 quizzes and 4 major examinations. Both the quizzes and the major exams will be the summative assessment of the CO and will demonstrate understanding of the course. Test booklet
will be used as answersheet on all written examination. If a student is caught cheating on an exam, he or she will be given zero mark. If the student is caught cheating twice, the student will be
referred to the DSA for appropriate action.
d. Course Portfolio
Selected assessment tools are to be complied and collected before the end of the semester.
e. Language and instruction
Lectures, discussions and documentations will be in English.
f. Consultation Schedule
Consultation schedule with the professor is posted on the board. It is recommended that the student first set an appointment to confirm the instructor availability.

XI. SUMMARY OF STUDENT OUTCOMES EVALUATION

PO PO Statement Performance Assessment Evaluation Performance target S/Y ________ Performance Recommendation
CODE Indicators (PI) Methods Methods Sem_______

a Apply knowledge of Discuss the axial

Transmutation
mathematics and deformation based on at least 50% of
Major table
science to solve stress-strain diagram students should get
Examinations
civil engineering a rating of 75%
problems;
e Identify, formulate, Evaluate problems
and solve civil involving torsion of at least 50% of
Transmutation
engineering circular shafts, thin- Quizzes students should get
table
problems; walled tubes and a rating of 75%
rectangular bars.
 CE224g: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 9

Prepared by
Checked/Reviewed by Approved By Received and Circulated by: Revision

Revision Number _
NICO NINO G. LAGRIMAS CHARMAINE NARVADEZ January 2020

Subject Teacher Program Chair Dean Class Beadle Date Revised

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
 Strength of materials- deals with the relation
between the external applied loads and their internal
effects on non rigid bodies.

The internal effects of loads on non

rigid bodies is to produce stresses P
F
and deformations. To understand
this, an analysis of the internal
effects of forces will be illustrated by
passing an arbitrary exploratory
Q R
section on a body acted upon by a
system of external loads which is
initially assumed to be in
equilibrium.
 y
P P
My
F
Mz
Px
x
Pz Mx
Q R
Q z Py

Obviously , since the equilibrium of the force system is

altered by passing the exploratory section, to maintain it, the
body must develop the following internal forces (Px,Py,Pz)
and moments(Mx,My,Mz).
Let us define the internal forces (Px,Py,Pz) and moments(Mx,My,Mz)

Px – axial force . This force measures the pushing or pulling action

perpendicular to the section .A pull represents a tensile force which
tend to elongate the member. A push is a compressive force which
tend to shorten the member. This is often denoted as P.

Py, Pz - shear forces. This force will tend to slide one side of the
exploratory section past the other. This is often denoted as V.

Mx -twisting torque. This moment will tend to twist the member.

This is often denoted as T.

My, Mz - bending moment. This moment will tend to bend the

member. This is often denoted as M.
Tabulated below are the stresses and deformations produce
by the different internal forces and moments.

Internal Designation Stress Strain

Force/moment
Px Axial Tension/Compression Lengthening/shortening
Py,Pz Shear Force Shearing Stress Shearing Deformation
Mx Twisting Torque Shearing Stress Angular Deformation
My, Mz Bending Moment Bending Stress Deflections
 Simple S

P
Stress = force per unit area
=
A
P
P = applied force acting

A
σ perpendicular to the area

A = resisting area

σ = axial tensile/ compressive

stress uniformly distributed along
the area
 Conditions that will produce simple stress

▪ Load must be axial

• Material must be homogenous and
of constant cross sectional area
• Stress must not exceed the proportional
limit
 Units
Force Newtons Newtons (N) KiloNewtons Pounds Pounds
(N) (kN) (lbs) (lbs)

Area m2 mm2 m2 ft2 In2

Stress N/m2(Pa) N/mm2 kN/m2 lbs/ft2 1bs/in2

(MPa) (kPa) (psf) (psi)

Conversion of Units

1 kg = 9.81 N 1 kN = 1000 N
1 kPa = 1000 Pa 1 MPa = 1000000 Pa
1 GPa = 1000 Mpa 1 psi = 144 psf
1 psi = 0.006895 MPa 1 psf = 47.95 Pa
1 hp = 746 Watts(W) 1 psf = 4.89 kg/sq.m
 Simple S

• Simple Stresses
• Normal Stress
• Shear Stress
• Bearing Stress
• Thin-walled Pressure Vessel
 Normal S
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive
stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile
force) is under tensile stress, while compression
members (members subject to compressive force) are
under compressive stress.
 Proble
• A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is
limited to 120 MPa.

P
100 mm D A=

400(1000)
P = 400 kN = = 3333.33mm 2
120
D 2  (100) 2
A= −
4 4
D 2  (100) 2
3333.33 = −
4 4

D = 119.3mm
 Proble

• An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod

and a bronze rod as shown in the figure. Axial load are
applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value
of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa,in
aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

Steel Aluminum Bronze

A = 500 mm2 A = 400 mm2 A = 200 mm2

4P P 2P
5P
1 4P 2P 3 2P

P 5P
= 140 =
A 500
5P
1 P1 =5P P =14,000 N

5P P
4P 2 P2 =P 90 =
400
P =36,000 N
 2P
P3 =2P 3 2P 100 =
200
P =10,000 N
Use: P = 10,000 N
If P = 10000 N
P 5(10000)
S = = = 100
A 500
P (10000)
A = = = 25
A 400
P 2(10000)
B = = = 100
A 200
• Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by the
two wires shown in figure. The stress in either wire is not to
exceed 30,000 psi. The cross sectional area of each wire is 0.5
sq. in.

B C

30 A 45

W
• Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by the
two wires shown in figure. The stress in either wire is not to
exceed 30,000 psi. The cross sectional area of each wire is 0.5
sq. in.

PAB
B C 60
W 75
45 PAC
30 A 45
30 45
A

W
W
PAB W PAB
= PAC W
Sin450 Sin750 60 =
Sin600 Sin750
W 75
PAB = 0.73W PAC = 0.896W
45 P
AC
 P
=
A

0.73W 0.896W
AB: 30000 = AC: 30000 =
0.5 0.5
W = 20548lb W = 16741lb

Use W = 16741lb
Find the stresses in members BC,BD and CF for
the truss shown in the figure. Indicate tension or
compression. The cross sectional area of each
member is 1600 mm2.
B

3m

A 3m C 4m D E

4m

60 kN 90 kN

F
 B
5 450 5
3 BD 3 BD
4 4
3m AB
A 3m C 4m D BC
450

CF
60 kN 90 kN
M C =0
4
BD(3) − 60(3) = 0 BD = 75kN (T )
5

M D =0
CFSin450 (4) − 60(7) − 90(4) = 0 CF = 275.77kN (C )
 450 5 BD = 75kN (T )
3 BD=75
4
CF = 275.77kN (C )
AB
BC

F = 0 P
4
x
=
5
(75) − ABCos450 = 0
AB = 84.85kN
A
F y =0
 BD =
75(1000)
= 46.88MPa(T )
3 1600
BC − ABSin45 − 75 = 0
0
275.77(1000)
5  CD = = 172.36MPa(C )
3 1600
BC − 84.85Sin45 − 75 = 0
0

5 120(1000)
 BC = = 75MPa(C )
BC = 105kN (C ) 1600
 SHEARING STRESS

- this differ from both tensile and compressive stress since

it is caused by forces acting along or parallel to the
resisting area , whereas tensile and compressive stress
are caused by forces acting perpendicular to the area.
For this reason tensile and compressive stress are
frequently called normal stresses while shearing stress
are called tangential stresses.

V
 =
A
Where :
V = shear force acting along or parallel to the area
A = resisting shear area
 = shearing stress
 BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress differs from compressive
stress in that the latter is caused by a
compressive force, while the former is contact
pressure between two separate bodies.

Pb
b =
Ab
Where :
Pb = bearing load
Ab = bearing area, area of contact b/w separate
bodies
σb = bearing stress
 Problems

What force is required to punch a 20 mm diameter hole in a plate that

is 25 mm thick. The shear strength is 350 MPa.

20 mm 25 mm

V
 =
A
20 V = A
25
V = 350(20 )25
Resisting shear area V = 549,778.7 N
The members of the structure in figure weigh 200
lb/ft. Determine the smallest diameter pin that
can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited
to 5000 psi. Assume single shear.

6 ft
A

2 ft C

4 ft 3 ft
 B

6 ft
A

2 ft C

4 ft 3 ft

Length of AB (4) 2 + (4) 2 = 5.66 Weight of AB

5.66(200) =1,132 lb

Length of BC (3) 2 + (6) 2 = 6.71 Weight of BC

6.71(200) =1,342 lb
 B
1132 Bx
M A =0
2 ft By 4 Bx − 4 B y − 1132 (2) = 0
4 ft

A Bx − B y = 566 → EQ.1

4 ft
B
Bx
M C =0
1342
By 6 Bx + 3B y − 1342 (1.5) = 0
1.5 ft 6 ft
2 Bx + B y = 671 → EQ.2

3 ft 28
 B
1132 Bx=412.33

2 ft 2 Bx + B y = 671 → EQ.2
By=153.67
4 ft Bx − B y = 566 → EQ.1
A
Ax
3Bx = 1237 Bx = 412 .33
B y = −153 .67 Direction
Ay Of By was
4 ft Incorrectly

F = 0
assumed
x F y =0
Ax − Bx = 0 Ay + B y − 1132 = 0
Ax = 412.33lb → Ay = 978 .67 lb 
 Shearing force at A
Ax
VA = (412.33) 2 + (978.67) 2
VA = 1061.67lb
VA Ay

Smallest diameter pin that can be used at A

VA
A=

d 2
1061.67 d = 0.52"
 =
4 5000
Lap Joint

P t
P
Shear capacity of rivets (single shear)
Resisting shear area
d V
=
A
t P
 =
d 2
N
4
d 2
A= N d 2

4 P=N 
4
V =P 31
 Resisting shear area

d Pb = P
Ab = Ndt
t

Bearing area

Bearing Capacity of rivets

Pb P
b = b = P = Ndt b
Ab Ndt

32
 Butt Joint
P V =P
P
d 2
A = 2N
4
Shear capacity of rivets (double shear)
Where
V d = diameter of the rivets
 = N = number of rivets
A t = thickness of thinner plate

= allowable shearing stress in the rivets
 b = allowable bearing stress in the plates
d 2
P = 2N 
4
33
The lap joint shown in figure is fastened by four ¼
inch diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe
load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in
the rivets is limited to 14000 psi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18000 psi. Assume
that the load is distributed equally among the rivets.
Plate thickness is 3/8 inch.

P P

P
P
34
P P

P
P

By shear By bearing
d 2 P = Ndt b
P=N 
4
3 1
1 2 P = 4( )( )18000
( ) 8 4
P=4 4 14000
4 = 6750lb
= 2749lb
Use P = 2749 lb
35
 P P

P
P
By shear
By bearing
d 2
P=N  P = Ndt b P = Ndt b
4
1 3 1 1 1
 ( )2 P = 4( )( )18000 P = 4( )( )18000
P=4 4 14000 8 4 8 4
4 = 6750lb = 2250lb
= 2749lb

Use P = 2250 lb
36
 B. Using allowable stresses of 
Figure shows a roof truss and the details of the riveted connection at joint
= 70 MPa and σb = 140 MPa, how many
19 mm rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate ?
Member BE ?
D

B 6m F

14 mm
A C E G H
Gusset
Plate
4m 4m 4m 4m

96 kN 200 kN 96 kN
PBE
13
75mm x 75mm x 6 mm 75 mmx 75 mmx 13 mm
Gusset
plate PBC

75 x 75 x 13 mm
14

PBE 37
 D
Joint C
F
y =0
B 6m F
PBC − 96 = 0
C
A C E G H
PBC = 96kN
4m 4m 4m 4m 96 kN

96 kN 200 kN 96 kN

3/5PBE M A =0
PBE
3
A PBE (8) − 96(4) = 0
5
4m 4m

PBE = 80kN
96

38
 75 x 75 x 6 mm Angle

PBC 6 mm
14 mm
PBC=96 kN

14 mm gusset plate

By shear By bearing

d 2
P=N  P = Ndt b
4
 (19) 2
96(1000) = N 70 96(1000) = N (19)(6)140
4

N = 5rivets N = 7rivets

Use 7 rivets for member BC

39
 75 x 75 x 13 mm Angle

PBE 13 mm
14 mm
PBE=80 kN

14 mm gusset plate

By shear By bearing

d 2
P=N  P = Ndt b
4
 (19) 2
80(1000) = N 70 80(1000) = N (19)(13)140
4

N = 5rivets N = 3rivets

Use 5 rivets for member BE

40
 THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
A cylindrical tank carrying gas or fluid under pressure P is
subjected to tensile forces that resist the bursting force F
developed at the longitudinal and transverse sections. A free
body diagram of the half cylinder is shown below. Due to the
pressure a bursting force F is acting over the flat surface of the
liquid or gas. This force is equal to the pressure times the area
DL to which it acts.

T F T

p t

L
The tank walls offer resistance force T to this bursting
force. This force is equal to the product of the tank
thickness t , length L and the circumferential or
tangential stress σt acting at the tank walls. From the
D
equilibrium of the force system
T F T

∑F=0
t
2T =F
2 σt t L =PDL L

pD
t = Where:
D = internal diameter of the tank
2t t =thickness of the tank walls
p = internal pressure
σt = tangential or circumferential
44
stress
The free body diagram of the transverse section is
shown below. The bursting force F is equal to the
pressure times the end area of the cylinder is resisted
by the resultant P of the tearing forces acting over
the transverse section. This force P is equal to product
of the wall thickness , the mean circumference and the
longitudinal Stress σL. Thus F = (πD2 /4)p and P =
πDt σL

∑F = 0
t F F = P
D (πD2 /4 )p =πDt σL
P

45
 D ∑F = 0
t F
F = P
P
(πD2 /4 )p =πDt σL

Where σL is the pD
longitudinal stress. L =
It will be noted that the
longitudinal stress is 4t
one half of the
circumferential stress

46
Problems
1. A cylindrical pressure vessel 400 mm
in diameter with wall thickness of 20 mm
is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5
MPa. (a) Calculate the tangential and
longitudinal stress in the steel ( b ) to
what value may the internal pressure be
increased if the stress in steel is limited to
120 MPa ?

47
 a) Tangential stress
Longitudinal stress
pD
t =
2t pD
4.5(400)
L =
t = 4t
2(20)
4.5(400)
L =
 t = 45MPa 4(20)

b)
p 400
 L = 22.5MPa
120 =
2(20)
p = 12MPa
48
2. A water tank 6 m in diameter is
made of steel plates 12 mm thick.
Find the maximum height to which
the tank maybe filled if the
circumferential stress is limited to
110 MPa. The specific weight of
water is 9.81 kN/m3.
 pD
t =
2t h p = wh
p 6000
110 = w = specific weight
2(12) of water

p = 0.44MPa Pressure at any depth:

p = 440kPa 440 = 9.81h
h = 44.85m

50
Problem 1
For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The crosssectional
area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).

Problem 2

As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which
a hole 2.5
inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.

Problem 3
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The
shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution 117

Problem 4

In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the
plates.
Problem 5

Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using allowable
stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σb= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm diameter rivets are required to fasten
member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress
in BD, CE and FH? BD:75X75X15, CE: 75X75X13, and FH: 75X57X15,

Problem 6

A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are ½ in. thick. Find the maximum height to
which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of water
is 62.4 lb/ft3.

Problem 7

The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in. Calculate the allowable internal pressure if
the stress is limited to 8000 psi.

Problem 8

Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, are glued together along the joint inclined at the angle θ as
shown in Fig. P-122. Using the free-body diagram concept in Fig. 1-4a, show that the shearing stress on
the glued joint is τ = P sin 2θ/2A, where A is the cross-sectional area.
 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

Name: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Deformable
Prepared by: Engr. Nico Niño Lagrimas
Checked by: Engr. Charmaine Narvadez

I. Calculate. Show your solution. Please use the back page of this questionnaire.

1. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at

either end by a cable as shown in Figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to
exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

2. In the clevis shown in Fig., find the minimum bolt diameter and the
minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without
exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

3. Figure shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using
allowable stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σb= 140 MPa, how many 22-mm diameter rivets are
required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest
average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?

4. The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in.

Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited
to 8000 psi.
 P
Simple Strain
• Stress-Strain Diagram
Actual Rupture
Strength

Ultimate Strength

x Yield Point
x Rupture Strength
Stress

Elastic Limit
x Proportional Limit P
From the origin O to a point
( ,  ) called the proportional limit , is the stress-
strain diagram to be a straight line. From
this we deduce the Hooke’s Law stating
that at the proportional limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain. Beyond this point
o the stress is no longer proportional to the
Strain strain. All theories involving the behaviour
of elastic bodies is based on a stress- strain
proportionality. 55
Other concepts developed from the stress- strain curve are
as follows:

1) The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will not
return into its original shape when unloaded but will retain a
permanent deformation called the permanent set .
(2) The yield point is the point where there is an appreciable
elongation or yeilding of the material without any corresponding
increase in the load; the load may actually decrease while
yeilding occur. Yield strength is closely associated with yield
point.
(3) Ultimate stress or ultimate strength is the highest ordinate
of the stress – strain curve.
(4) the Rupture strength is the stress at failure.

56
500.0000

450.0000

400.0000

Ultimate Strength
350.0000

Rapture Strength
300.0000

250.0000

Strain (ε)
Yield Point
200.0000 Stress (σ)

150.0000
Elastic Limit

Proportional Limit
100.0000

50.0000

0.0000
0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.160

0.420

1.240

2.400

4.400

7.400

12.400

15.400

20.000

Fracture
6,300.00
12,600.00
18,900.00
25,200.00
31,500.00
37,800.00
40,100.00
41,600.00
46,200.00
52,400.00
58,500.00
68,000.00
59,000.00
68,700.00
65,000.00
61,000.00
Given: L=50mm; A=[Link]. E=200Gpa

Load, N (P) Elongation (δ) Strain (ε) Stress (σ)

6,300.00 0.010 0.0002 40.91
12,600.00 0.020 0.0004 81.82
18,900.00 0.031 0.0006 122.73
25,200.00 0.041 0.0008 163.64
31,500.00 0.051 0.0010 204.55
37,800.00 0.061 0.0012 245.45
40,100.00 0.065 0.0013 260.39
41,600.00 0.068 0.0014 270.13
46,200.00 0.075 0.0015 300.00
52,400.00 0.085 0.0017 340.26
58,500.00 0.095 0.0019 379.87
68,000.00 0.110 0.0022 441.56
59,000.00 0.096 0.0019 383.12
68,700.00 0.112 0.0022 446.10
65,000.00 0.106 0.0021 422.08
61,000.00 Fracture 396.10
 Hooke’s Law : axial and
shearing deformation

Slope of Stress –Strain Curve is known
E =

as the modulus of elasticity E

Strain = Deformation per unit length P

 P
 = and = δ
L A
Where: L

PL
ε = strain
δ = axial deformation =
P = axial load AE
A =cross sectional area
L = length
E = modulus of elasticity
P
 Conditions that will produce Simple Strain

• Load must be axial

• material must be homogenous and of constant
cross sectional area
• stress must not exceed the proportional limit

60
 Problem 1
An aluminum bar is subject to axial loads applied at the
positions as shown in the figure. Compute the total
elongation of the bar. Neglect the effect of buckling. A =
160 [Link] E = 70 GPa

15 kN 30 kN
35 kN 10 kN

0.8m 1.0m 0.6m

 15 kN 30 kN
35 kN 1 2 3 10 kN

0.8m 1.0m 0.6m

PL
35 kN 1
=
P1= 35 kN AE
35(1000)800
1 = = 2.5mm Lenghtening
160(70000)

35 kN 2 15 kN P2= 35 -15 = 20 kN

20(1000)1000
2 = = 1.78mm Lenghtening
160(70000)
62
 P3=10 kN 3 10 kN

10(1000)600
3 = = 0.54mm Shortening
160(70000)
Total deformation of the bar

 T = 1 +  2 −  3
T = 2.5 + 1.78 − 0.54 = 3.74mm Lenghtening

63
Problem 2
A rigid bar is supported by two vertical rods and supports a load of
P. Determine the vertical movement of P if P = 75 kN.

Aluminum
Steel E = 70 GPa
E = 200 GPa L = 4m
L = 3m A = 500 mm2
A = 300 mm2

2m 3m

P=75kN

64
PS PA
M S =0
5PA-75(2)=0 PA =30 kN

2m 3m M A =0
P=75kN 5PS-75(3)=0 PS =45 kN
PL
=
AE

45(1000)3000
s = = 2.25mm
300(200000)

30(1000)4000
A = = 3.43mm
500(70000)

65
 s = 2.25mm P
y  A = 3.43mm

2m
5m

y 2 2
= y = (3.43 − 2.25) y = 0.47mm
3.43 − 2.25 5 5

Vertical movement of P
 P =  s + y = 2.25 + 0.47 = 2.72 mm

66
Problem 3

The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by pins at A and C and the
two rods. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied as
shown if its vertical movement is limited to 5 mm. Neglect the weight
of all members.
Aluminum
L=2 m
A =500 mm2
E =70 GPa
A B
Steel
L = 2m
A = 300 mm2
E =200 GPa
C D

3m 3m

P
67
 3m 3m
PA
A B
Fig.1
A 2 A
PS
C D
Fig.2
P 2 A

s
P
Fig.3
 P = 5mm 2 A

s

68
 3m 3m
PA
A B
Fig.1
A 2 A
M A =0 PS

3PA-6Ps=0 PA =2PS EQ.1

Fig.3
 P = 5mm 2 A

s

5 2 A +  S PA LA PS LS
= 10 = 2 +
3 6 AA E A AS ES
10 = 2 A +  S PA 2000 PS 2000
10 = 2 +
500(70000) 300(200000) 69
 1000000 = 22.85PA + 3.33PS
1000000 = 22.85(2PS ) + 3.33PS

PS = 38,181.82N
PS = 38181 .82 N
C 3m 3m D
Fig.2
P 2 A

s
P

M C =0
(3P) − 38181.82(6) = 0
P = 76363.64N = 76.36kN

70
Problem 4

Two aluminum rods AB and BC, hinged to

rigid supports are pinned together at B to B
carry a vertical load P = 6000 lb. If each rod
has a cross sectional area of 0.6 in2 and E
=10 x 106 psi, compute the elongation of L = 10 ft
each rod and the horizontal and vertical
displacements of joint A. A 
Assume 
 =300, =300 
L = 6 ft

P C

71
 AB
AB AB
0 600
30 6000 lb
300 A 6000 lb
A 300 A 600
300 6000 lb AC 600
AC AC

By inspection
6000 lb
AB=6000 lb(T)
Elongation of each rod AC=6000 lb(C)

PL (lb)in
= = = in
AE in 2 lb
in 2
(6000)10(12)
 AB = 6
= 0.12" (lenghtening )
0.6(10)(10)
(6000)6(12)
 AC = 6
= 0.072" ( shortening)
0.6(10)(10)
72
 0
A 300
30
30 0
 AB
A  AB 300
 AB
A
300  AC
300  AC
 AC

A’
 AB = 0.12  AC = 0.072
 AB 0.12
Sin30 = 0
Sin30 = 0

300 GA GA
A
300
 AB  AC GA = 0.24
900
E
300 Vertical movement of A
H 90 0
D  AC 0.072
Sin300 = Sin300 =
300 DA DA
F
A’ 300 DA = 0.144
G
DG = GA − DA = 0.24 − 0.144 = 0.096
73
horizontal movement of A
 By symmetry

1 1
DF = DG = 0.096 = 0.048
2 2

Vertical movement of A
AF = DA + DF = 0.144 + 0.048 = 0.192"

Horizontal movement of A

A' F
tan 30 =
0

DF
A' F
tan 30 = 0

0.048

A' F = 0.0278" 
74
 THERMAL STRESS

 = LT
T

Changes in temperature causes bodies to expand or contract, the

amount of linear deformation is expressed by:

ΔT =T2 – T1
T2 = final temperature
T1 = initial temperature
Where
α = coeffecient of linear expansion m/m0C
L = length
ΔT = change in temperature (oC)
 General Procedure for computing the loads and
stresses caused when temperature deformation is
prevented

1. Imagine the structure relieved of all applied loads and

constraints so that temperature deformation can occur
freely Represent this deformation by a sketch.
2. Imagine that sufficient loads are applied to the structure to
restore it to specified condition of restraint. Represent this
load deformation by a sketch.
3. The geometric relation between the temperature and load
deformations sketch drawn in steps 1 and 2 and the
equations of static equilibrium may be combined to solve for
unknown quantities

77
Problems

Steel railroad rails 10 m long are laid with a

clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 150C. At
what temperature will the rails just touch. What
stress would be induced in the rails if there were no
initial clearance ? α=11.7μm/moC, E =200 GPa

78
 m
T = 0 mm( 0 C )
m C
mm
P

P T =  P
PL
LT =
T AE

−6
3mm = 11.7 x10 (10000)T T =
E
T = 25.64  =  (T ) E
T2 − T1 = 25.64
 = 11.7(10) −6 (25.64)(200000)
T 2−15 = 25.64
 = 60MPa
T2 = 40.640 C
 Aluminum Steel
A = 200 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
α=23μm/m0C α=11.7μm/m0C
P

400 mm 300 mm

The composite bar shown in he figure above is

firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial
load P =60 kN is applied at 25OC. Compute the
stress in each material at 600C.
 P

400 mm 300 mm
TA TS

 PA  PS
PA P PS
400 mm 300 mm

81
T = LT
TA = 23(10)−6 400(60 − 25) = 0.32mm TA + TS =  PA +  PS
 TS = 11.7(10 ) −6 300 (60 − 25) = 0.123 mm

PA PA PS PS

PA LA PS LS
0.32 + 0.123 = +
E A AA ES AS
PA 400 PS 300
0.443 = +
70000(200) 200000(300)
443000 = 28.57 PA + 5PS
88600 = 5.71PA + PS
P S = 88600 − 5.71PA → EQ.1
82
 PA P PS
400 mm 300 mm

F = 0
x
Therefore: Stresses
PA + P = PS → Eq.2 Aluminum
R1 4292
Solving simultaneously: A = =
AA 200
R1 + 60000 = 88600 − 5.71R1
 A = 21.46MPa
6.71R1 = 88600 − 60000
Steel
R1 = 4262.30 N R2 64292
S = =
R2 = 4262.30 + 60000 = 64262.30 N As 300
 S = 214.3MPa
83
 The composite bar shown in the figure above is firmly attached to
unyielding supports. An axial load P =60 kN is applied at 25OC.
Compute the stress in each material at 600C.

Aluminum Steel
A = 200 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
α=23μm/m0C α=11.7μm/m0C
TA TS

400 mm 300 mm

R1 1
2
P R2  PA  PS

400 mm 300 mm

R1 R1 R2 R2
T = LT
TA = 23(10) 400(60 − 25) = 0.322mm
−6

 TS = 11 .7(10 ) 300 (60 − 25) = 0.122 mm

−6

TA + TS =  PA +  PS
R1LA R2 LS
0.322 + 0.122 = +
AA E A AS Es

R1 400 R2 300
0.444 = +
200(70000) 300(200000)
444000 = 28.57 R1 + 5R2
88800 = 5.71R1 + R2
R2 = 88800 − 5.71R1 → EQ.1
85
 2
R1 1 P R2

400 mm 300 mm

R1 + P = R2 → EQ.2
R1 + 60000 = 88800 − 5.71R1
6.71R1 = 88800 − 60000
R1 = 4292 N
R2 = 4292 + 60000 = 64292N
 R1 + P = R2 → EQ.2
R1 + 60000 = 88800 − 5.71R1
6.71R1 = 88800 − 60000
R1 = 4292 N
R2 = 4292 + 60000 = 64292N
Stresses P
=
Aluminum
A Steel

R1 4292 R2 64292
A = = = 21.46MPa S = = = 214.3MPa
AA 200 As 300

87
 A rigid bar of negligible
weight is supported as Steel Bronze
shown. Find the stress in L = 1.5m L=3m
each rod if the A = 320 mm2 A = 1300 mm2
temperature rises 600C E = 200 GPa E = 83 GPa
when w = 100 kN is α=11.7μm/m0C α=18.9μm/m0C
applied
4.0 1m 1.5 m 1.5 m
1
W

TS
S TB

B
Ps PB

A
1m 1.5 m 1.5 m  Ts +  s  TB +  B
100 = → EQ.1
1 4 88
T = LT
 TS = 11 .7(10 ) −61500 (60 ) = 1.053 mm
TB = 18.9(10)−6 3000(60) = 3.402mm
1.053 +  s 3.402 +  B
=
1 4
4.212 + 4 S = 3.402 +  B
 B − 4 S = 0.81
PB LB PS LS
−4 = 0.81
AB EB AS ES

PB 3000 PS 1500
−4 = 0.81
1300(83000) 320(200000)
2.78PB − 9.37 PS = 53800
PB = 29133 + 1.186PS → EQ.2
89
 Ps PB

A
Stresses P
1m 1.5 m 1.5 m =
100000
Bronze
A
M A =0
PB 50881.96
PS (1) + PB (4) = 100000(2.5) B = =
PB = 62500 − 0.25PS → EQ.3 AB 1300
EQ.2 = EQ.3  B = 39.14MPa
29133 + 1.186PS = 62500 − 0.25PS Steel
(1.186 + 0.25) PS = 62500 − 29133 PS 23236.07
PS = 23,236.07 N S = =
As 320
PB = 50,881.96 N
 S = 72.61MPa
90
Quiz 2 1. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as shown
in Fig. P-211. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the
largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or
the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80
MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent
buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.
2. A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in Fig.
P-215, to two rods whose lower ends are on the same level. Determine the
ratio of the areas of the rods so that the slab will remain level.
3. The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in Fig. P-251 are
identical except for length. Before the load W was attached, the bar was
horizontal and the rods were stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W =
6600 lb.
4. A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed
between two rigid walls as shown in Fig. P-265. At a temperature of -20°C, the
gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the temperature at which the compressive stress in the
bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.
Plate 2
Problem 1
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m 3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2,
find the total elongation of the rod.

Problem 2
A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heated and shrunk onto a steel wheel
1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, what torque is required to twist the tire relative to the
wheel? Neglect the deformation of the wheel. Use E = 200 GPa.

Problem 3
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the positions shown in Fig.
Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral
buckling.

Problem 4
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the largest load P that
can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not
exceed 0.10 in.
Problem 5
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig., is horizontal before the load P is applied. Determine
the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

Problem 6
A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached, as shown in [Link] two rods whose lower ends are on the
same level. Determine the ratio of the areas of the rods so that the slab will remain level.

Problem7
The lower ends of the three bars in Fig. are at the same level before the uniform rigid block weighing 40 kips is
attached. Each steel bar has a length of 3 ft, and area of 1.0 in. 2, and E = 29 × 106 psi. For the bronze bar, the area is
1.5 in.2 and E = 12 × 106 psi. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the load on each steel bar is twice the
load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of the bronze that will make the steel stress twice the bronze stress.
Problem 8
The rigid platform in [Link] negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The center bar is
aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load P = 400 kN has been
applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1200 mm 2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 mm2 and
E = 70 GPa.

Problem 9
A homogeneous rod of constant cross section is attached to unyielding supports. It carries an axial load P applied as
shown in Fig. Prove that the reactions are given by R1 = Pb/L and R2 = Pa/L.

Problem 10
The composite bar in Fig. is firmly attached to unyielding supports. Compute the stress in each material caused by
the application of the axial load P = 50 kips.

Problem 11
The composite bar in Fig. is stress-free before the axial loads P1 and P2 are applied. Assuming that the walls are
rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN and P2 = 90 kN.
Problem 12
As shown in Fig., a rigid beam with negligible weight is pinned at one end and attached to two vertical rods. The
beam was initially horizontal before the load W = 50 kips was applied. Find the vertical movement of W.

Problem 12
As shown in Fig. a rigid bar with negligible mass is pinned at O and attached to two vertical rods. Assuming that the
rods were initially tress-free, what maximum load P can be applied without exceeding stresses of 150 MPa in the
steel rod and 70 MPa in the bronze rod.

Problem 13
Shown in Fig. is a section through a balcony. The total uniform load of 600 kN is supported by three rods of the same
area and material. Compute the load in each rod. Assume the floor to be rigid, but note that it does not necessarily
remain horizontal.
Problem 14
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2 is stretched between two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°F is
1200 lb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume α = 6.5 × 10-6 in / (in·°F)
and E = 29 × 106 psi.

Problem 15
A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two rigid walls as shown in Fig. At a
temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the temperature at which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35
MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80 GPa.

Problem 16
Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar shown in Fig. if the temperature increases by
100°F. Assume that the supports are unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against buckling.
Problem 17
The rigid bar ABC in Fig. P-268 is pinned at B and attached to the two vertical rods. Initially, the bar is horizontal and
the vertical rods are stress-free. Determine the stress in the aluminum rod if the temperature of the steel rod is
decreased by 40°C. Neglect the weight of bar ABC.

Problem 18
As shown in Fig, there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the rigid slab that is supported by two copper bars. At
10°C, Δ = 0.18 mm. Neglecting the mass of the slab, calculate the stress in each rod when the temperature in the
assembly is increased to 95°C. For each copper bar, A= 500 mm 2, E = 120 GPa, and α = 16.8 µm/(m·°C). For the
aluminum bar, A = 400 mm2, E = 70 GPa, and α = 23.1 µm/(m·°C).

Problem 19
A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in [Link] W = 80 kN, compute the temperature change that will
cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55 MPa. Assume the coefficients of linear expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for
steel and 18.9 µm / (m·°C) for bronze.
Problem 20
The composite bar shown in Fig. is firmly attached to unyielding supports. An axial force P = 50 kips is applied at
60°F. Compute the stress in each material at 120°F. Assume α = 6.5 × 10–6 in/(in·°F) for steel and 12.8 × 10–6
in/(in·°F) for aluminum.

Figure P-273 and P-274

 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

Name:___________________________________________Period: Midterm Exam Subject: Mechanics of Materials

Prepared by: Engr. Nico Niño Lagrimas

Checked by: Engr. Charmaine Narvadez

Instruction:
I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if wrong. Use the space provided.

1. Proportional limit of a material is greater than the elastic limit.

2. Elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will not return into its original
shape when unloaded.
3. Normal strain is defined by elongation per total length.
4. Hooke’s Law states that at the proportional limit, the stress is proportional to the
Strain.
5. Yield strength is the highest ordinate of the stress – strain curve.
6. If ΔT is positive, a body will elongate.
7. The unit of kPa is kN/m2
8. If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be
induced in the structure
9. In a rod which is supported by two fixed support, if the temperature drops below
the normal, the rod is in tension.
10. From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is
a straight line.

II. Complete the table given: L=50mm; A=[Link].

Load (P), in N Elongation (δ), in mm. Strain (ε) Stress (σ), Mpa
6,300.00 0.010
12,600.00 0.020
18,900.00 0.030
25,200.00 0.040
31,500.00 0.050

III. Calculate.
1. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports
an axial load of 500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the
wire, determine the required diameter if the stress
is not to exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is
not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.
(10 points)

2. The bar shown in the figure is firmly attached to

unyielding supports. Compute the stress in
aluminum if the change in temperature is 600C.
(5 points)

3. A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as

shown. Find the stress in each rod if the temperature
rises 600C when w = 100 kN is applied. (5 points)

Set-A
 TORSION
Torsion is the introduction to variable stress. The general concept of this
theory is a bit complex but its applications consists of substituting given
values to formulas that will be derived later.

General technique used in cases of non uniform stress

1. Determine the relation between stresses that are compatible with the
deformations, from the study of the elastic deformations produced by
specific loads, and with the aid of Hooke’s Law, form the equation of
compatibility.

2. Obtain additional relations between the stresses by applying the

equations of equilibrium to the free body diagram of the body. From
the study of the equilibrium of the external loads and internal resisting
forces, form the equation of equilibrium.

3. See to it that the solutions of the equations in 1 and 2 is consistent with

the loading condition at the surface of the body. This is known as
satisfying the boundary condition. 93
`
 TORSION
Basic Assumptions:
• Circular sections remain circular and plane sections remain
plane
• The projection upon a transverse section of straight radial
lines in the section remain straight
• Shaft is loaded by twisting couples in planes that are
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
• Stress do not exceed the proportional limit

94
 Derivation of Torsion Formulas
Figure shows two views of a solid circular shaft. If a torque T is applied at the ends
of the shaft, a fiber AC which is originally straight will be twisted into helix AB as the
shaft is twisted through an angle θ . This is how the helix is formed.

T
B
r
T θ O
A C

Slice 2 X
Slice 1 Slice 3
 
max
C C
E
ρ
D θ
A B B O

X 95
Imagine the shaft to be made up of thin inumerable slices,each of which are rigid and
joined to adjacent slices by elastic fibers. Slice 1 will rotate past slice 2 until the elastic
fibers joining them are deformed to create a resisting torque that will balance the applied
torque. When this happens, slices1 and 2 will act as a unit ; this slice will
rotate enough so that the elastic fibers joining it and slice 3 will develop a resisting torque
equal to the applied torque. This type of deformation proceeds to the entire length of the
shaft. This description of twisting action is only idealized but in reality as soon as the
torque is applied all slices rotate simultaneously relative to each other. The angle of
rotation θ becomes larger as the applied torque is increased.

Considering a fiber located at a radial distance of ρ from the center of the shaft. The
deformation is
 = DE = 
 
The unit deformation of this fiber is = =
L L
G
The shearing stress at this fiber is
 = G =  EQ 1
L
96
EQ 1 is called the equation of compatability since the stresses expressed are
compatible with the deformation
Section x - x
T

ρ dP = dA
O


A differential area at section x-x at radial distance ρ from the axis of
The shaft produces the load dP = dA which produces the differential torque
ρdP. The total resisting torque Tr is the sum of of the resisting torques
developed by all dP thus :

Tr =  dP =  dA
97
Equilibrium Equation
T – Tr = 0 T = Tr

T =  dA EQ 2

Substituting from EQ 1 in EQ 2

G
T=   dA
2

L
but J =   2 dA Polar Moment of inertia of section

TL T
then = also =
JG J

Angle of twist Shearing stress 98

Where :

T= twisting torque
θ = angle of twist in radians
J = Polar moment of inertia
L = Length
G = modulus of rigidity
max = maximum shearing stress
= shearing stress in any fiber at a radial distance  from center
 = radial distance of any fiber from the center

99
Polar Moment of Inertia and Maximum shearing
stress

R
r r

d d

10
0
 Problem

A hollow steel tube has an outside diameter of 220 mm and inside

of 200mm. Which of the following gives the maximum torque that it
could carry if the allowable shearing stress is 75.5 MPa
a) 50 kN.m (b) 60 kN.m (c) 40 kN.m (d) 30 kN.m

16TD N .mm(mm)
 max = = = MPa
 (D − d )
4 4
mm 4

16T 220
75.5 =
 (2204 − 2004 )

T = 50 x106 N .mm = 50kN.m

10
1
 Problem

What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through
more than 30 in a 6 m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m ?
What is the maximum shearing stress developed ? G = 83 GPa

TL N .mm(mm)
= = = radian
JG mm 4 ( N )
mm 2 16T
 max =
3 12(10) 60006
d 3
=
180 d 4 6
83000 16(12)10
32  max =
 (114)3
12(10) 6 6000(32)180
d =
4
= 41.25MPa
 2 83000(3)

d = 114mm
10
2
 Problem
The solid steel shaft shown is loaded as shown. Using G =83GPa,
determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited
to 60 MPa and the angle of rotation at the free end is not to exceed 40.
750 N.m 1200 N.m

2.5 m 2.5 m

A 750 N.m 1200 N.m

450 N.m
TA = 1200-750=450N.m
B C
2.5 m 2.5 m
1200 N.m

450 N.m T1=450 N.m

1 2
T2=450+750 =1200 N.m
10
Torque diagram 3
 16T2 16(1200)1000 d 3 = 16(1200)1000
 max = 60 =
d 3 d 3 60
d = 47mm
TL
 = = 1 + 2 Same rotation of T1 and T2
JG
T1 L1 T2 L2 L
= + = [T1 + T2 ]
JG JG JG
4 2500
= [450(1000) + 1200(1000)]
180 d 4
83000
32
32(2500)1000(180)
d =
4
[450 + 1200]
 83000(4)
2

32(2500)(1000)180(1650)
d =4 d = 52mm
 83000(4)
2

use d = 52mm
10
4
 POWER TRANSMITTED BY ROTATING SHAFT
2fT
P = 2fT P=
63000
f = frequency in revolution per sec
f = frequency in revolution per minute
(rps or Herzt (Hz))
(rpm)
T = torque in N.m, kN.m
T = torque in [Link]
P = power in Watts (W), kW
P = horsepower (hp)
Problem:
A solid shaft in a rolling mill transmit 25 kW at 4 Hz. Determine the
diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 50 MPa and the
angle of twist is limited to 80 in a 4 m length. G = 83 GPa
solution
P = 2fT
25(1000) = 2 (4)T
T = 994.7 N.m
10
5
By shear

16T
 max = 3
d
16(994.7)1000 16(994.7)1000
50 = d =3 = 47mm
d 3  (50)
By twisting
TL
=
JG
8 994.7(1000)4000
=
180 d 4
83000
32
32(994.7)1000(4000)180
d= 4 = 44mm
8 83000
2

use d = 47mm
10
6
Problem
75 mm dia
The steel shaft shown in figure rotates 60 mm dia
at 5 Hz with 45 kW taken of at A, 30kW
removed at B and 75 kW applied at C. A B C
Using G =83 GPa, determine the
4m 2m
maximum shearing stress and the
rotation of gear A relative to gear C.
1432.4 945.9 2387.3
solution
P 75 mm dia
T = 60 mm dia
2f A 1 B 2 C
45000
TA = = 1432.4 N .m 4m 2m
2 (5) 2387.3 N.m
1432.4 N.m
30000
TB = = 954.9 N .m 1 2
2 (5)
Torque diagram
75000
TC = = 2387.3N .m T1=1432.4 N.m
2 (5) T2=1432.4 + 954.9 =2387.3 N.m
10
7
 16T
 max =
d 3
16(1432.4)1000 16(2387.3)1000
 max1 = = 33.77 MPa  max 2 = = 28.82MPa
 (60) 3
 (75) 3

 max = 33 .77 MPa

TL T1 L1 T2 L2 1
 = = 1 + 2 A ={ + }
JG C J1 J2 G
1432.4(1000)(4000) 2387.3(1000)2000 1
A ={ + } = 0.073radian
C  (60) 4
 (75) 4
83000
32 32

180
 A = 0.073 = 4.17 0
C 
10
8
 Flanged Bolt coupling
A commonly used connection between two shafts is a flanged bolt
coupling. It consists of flanges rigidly attached to the ends of the
shafts and bolted together. The torque is transmitted by the
shearing force in the bolt.

d 2
P =
4

R
T T
d 2
P =
4

Torque Capacity of the coupling

d 2 Where:
T = RN
4 d= diameter of the bolts
N = number of bolts
R = radius of the bolt circle
11
1
 R2
R1

If there are two rows of bolts on concentric bolts circle, where R1 is the
radius of the inner bolt circle and R2 the radius of the outer bolt circle

d12 d 22
T = 1 R1 N1 +  2 R2 N 2
4 4
If the bolts are of the same sizes and made of the same material

P1 P2
=
R1 R 2
11
2
 Problems

A Flange bolt coupling consists of ten 10 mm diameter bolts spaced evenly on a bolt
circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.

solution
d 2 N
T = T= (mm) = N .mm
2
RN 2
mm
4 mm

 (10) 2
T = 40 200(10) = 6.28 x10 N .mm 6

4
T = 6.28kN.m

11
3
 Problem

A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10 mm diameter steel bolt on a

bolt circle 400 mm in diameter and six 10 mm diameter bolt on a bolt circle of
300 mm diameter. What torque can be applied if the shearing stress in the bolts is not to exceed
60 MPa ?
Solution
P1 P2
=
200 150
P2
P1 = 4
3
2
1 A = 4 A
3
2
1 = 4
3
11
4
 If:

 1 = 60MPa  2 = 60MPa
2 60
60 = 4  1 = 4 = 80MPa  60MPa
3 3
 2 = 45MPa
Use:  1 = 60MPa
 2 = 45MPa
Then:
d12 d 22
T = 1 R1 N1 +  2 R2 N 2
4 4
 (10) 2  (10) 2
T = 60 200(8) + 45 150(6)
4 4
T = 10.72x10 mm = 10.72kN.m
6 4
 HELICAL SPRINGS
P P Figure shows the free body diagram of the
upper half of the spring . To balance the
R applied load P, the cross section of the
spring must provide the resisting force Pr.
Since P and Pr are opposite in direction
a and parallel, this creates a couple equal to
PR which must be resisted by the an
a T = PR
internal couple produced by the torsional
shearing stress in the section. Hence the
Pr total shearing stress in the section is equal
d to the direct shear due to P and the
torsional shearing stress due to T = PR.

P  =  +P T

P 16 PR
The closed coil helical  = +
spring is elongated by an axial load d 2
d 3
P. The spring is composed of a wire
or round rod of diameter d wound 4
Into the helix of mean radius R Simplifying,
16 PR d
= (1 + )
d 3
4R 11
6
Maximum shearing stress will occur at the outer fiber of the spring cross section

16 PR d
 = (1 + ) Approximate Formula
d
max 3
4R
It will be noted that in the derivation of above formula, the curvature of the
spring was neglected since the torsion formula applied was for straight bars

Taking into account the initial curvature of the spring;

16PR  4m − 1 0.615 
 max = 2 
+ Wahl’s Formula
 d  4m − 4 m 
2R
m=
d
11
7
 Spring Deflection
3
P
64PR n
 = 4
Gd
Where
max = maximum shearing stress in
helical springs

  = deflection of the spring
R = mean radius of the spring coil
P d = diameter of the spring wire
P = axial load capacity of the spring
n = number of coils or turns of the
spring
G = modulus of rigidity
11
8
 Problems:

Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring having a mean
diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 20 turns of 20 mm diameter wire when the spring is
stretched 150 mm. G = 42 GPa
Solution

64 PR3n
= By wahl’s formula
Gd 4 2 R 2(100)
3
64 P(100) 20 m= = = 10
150 = d 20
42000(20) 4 4m − 1 = 4(10) − 1 = 39
P = 787.5N 4m − 4 = 4(10) − 4 = 36
16 PR 4m − 1 0.615
By approximate formula  max = ( + )
16 PR d d 3
4m − 4 m
 max = (1 + )
d 3
4R  max =
16(787.5)100 39 0.615
( + )
16(787.5)100 20  (20) 3
36 10
 max = (1 + )
 (20) 3
4[100] = 57.4MPa
= 52.64MPa 11
9
 Problem

Two steel springs arranged in series supports a load as shown

in the figure. The upper spring consist of 15 turns of 25 mm
diameter wire on a mean radius of 150 mm. The lower spring
consists of 12 turns of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean radius of
100 mm. If the maximum shearing stress in either spring is not
to exceed 180 MPa, compute the total elongation of the springs
using Wahl’s Formula. Compute the spring constant by dividing
the load by the total elongation. G = 83 GPa
Upper Spring P

2 R 2(150)
m= = = 12 16 P(150) 47 0.615
d 25 180 = ( + )
4m − 1 = 4(12) − 1 = 47  (25) 44 12
3

4m − 4 = 4(12) − 4 = 44

 max =
16 PR 4m − 1 0.615
d 3
(
4m − 4
+
m
) P = 3287N
12
0
 lower Spring

2 R 2(100) Total Elongation

m= = = 10
d 20 64 PR3n
 =
4m − 1 = 4(10) − 1 = 39 Gd 4
 = U +  L
4m − 4 = 4(10) − 4 = 36
16 PR 4m − 1 0.615 64(2470) [150]315 [100]312
 max = ( + ) = ( 4
+ 4
)
d 3
4m − 4 m 83000 [25] [20]
16 P(100) 39 0.615  = 389.63mm
180 = ( + )
 (20) 36
3
10
Spring constant
P = 2470N
P
ks =

P = 2470N
Use
2470
ks = = 6.34 N / mm
389.63
12
1
A rigid bar,hinged at one end,is supported by two identical helical
springs as shown in the figure. Each spring consist of 20 mm diameter
wire having a mean diameter of 200 mm. Compute the maximum
shearing stress in the springs if W = 2.5 kN. Neglect the weight of the bar

2m 2m 2m
W

1 2 3P1 = P2 since springs are identical

P1 = 500 N P2 = 1500 N
1 2
= 16 PR d
2 6  max = (1 + )
d 3
4R
31 =  2 12
2
 P1 P2
2m 4m

4m
2.5 kN
∑MA= 0
2P1 + 6P2 =4(2500)
P1 + 3P2 = 5000 EQ 1

16 PR d
 max = (1 + )
d 3
4R
16(500)(100) 20
 1max = (1 + ) = 33.42MPa
 (20)3 4[100]

 2 max = 31max = 3(33.42) = 100.26MPa

12
3
 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

Name:____________________________________________ Period: Quiz 3 Subject: Mechanics of Materials

Prepared by: Engr. Nico Niño Lagrimas

Checked by: Engr. Charmaine Narvadez

Instruction:
I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if wrong. Use the space provided.

1. The equivalent spring constant k for series connection is equal to the arithmetic
sum of all springs constant.
2. The allowable shearing stress for a helical spring is equal to the sum of the spring
direct shearing stress and the torsional shearing stress.
3. The angle of rotation θ becomes larger as the applied torque decreases.
4. Bending loads are applied at the joints of the structure.
5. Roller support has two reaction.
6. A concentrated load is an approximation of a force that acts on a very small area.
7. A beam is statically indeterminate if the number of support exceeds the number of
independent equilibrium equations.
8. A beam tends to bend concave upward denotes positive bending moment.
9. The shear force and bending moment diagrams are convenient visual references
to the internal forces in a beam.
10. Hertz (Hz) is a unit for Power.

II. Calculate.

1. The solid steel shaft shown is loaded as shown. Using G =83GPa, determine the required
diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is limited to 60 MPa and the angle of rotation at
the free end is not to exceed 40.

2. Compute the maximum shearing stress developed in a phosphor bronze spring having a
mean diameter of 200 mm and consisting of 20 turns of 20 mm diameter wire when the
spring is stretched 150 mm. G = 42 GPa

S-A
1. A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted through 4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft
diameter. What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?

2. A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting
through more than 1° in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper diameter if G = 83 GPa.

3. Show that the hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is half the outer diameter has a torsional strength equal to
15/16 of that of a solid shaft of the same outside diameter.

4. An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques applied to gears attached to it as
shown in Fig. P-311. Using G = 28 GPa, determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

5. The steel shaft shown in Fig. P-314 rotates at 4 Hz with 35 kW taken off at A, 20 kW removed at B, and 55 kW
applied at C. Using G = 83 GPa, find the maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation of gear A relative to gear
C.

6. A 5-m steel shaft rotating at 2 Hz has 70 kW applied at a gear that is 2 m from the left end where 20 kW are
removed. At the right end, 30 kW are removed and another 20 kW leaves the shaft at 1.5 m from the right end. (a)
Find the uniform shaft diameter so that the shearing stress will not exceed 60 MPa. (b) If a uniform shaft diameter of
100 mm is specified, determine the angle by which one end of the shaft lags behind the other end. Use G = 83 GPa.

7. The compound shaft shown in Fig. P-319 is attached to rigid supports. For the bronze segment AB, the diameter is
75 mm, τ ≤ 60 MPa, and G = 35 GPa. For the steel segment BC, the diameter is 50 mm, τ ≤ 80 MPa, and G = 83
GPa. If a = 2 m and b = 1.5 m, compute the maximum torque T that can be applied.
8. A torque of 700 lb-ft is to be carried by a flanged bolt coupling that consists of eight ½ -in.-diameter steel bolts on a
circle of diameter 12 in. and six ½ -in.-diameter steel bolts on a circle of diameter 9 in. Determine the shearing stress
in the bolts.

9. A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mmdiameter steel bolts on a bolt circle
400 mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle
300 mm in diameter, as shown in Fig. 3-7. What torque can be applied without
exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

10. Determine the number of 10-mm-diameter steel bolts that must be used on the 400-mm bolt circle of the coupling
described in Prob 9 to increase the torque capacity to 14 kN·m

11. A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire ¾ in. in diameter around a forming cylinder 8 in. in diameter.
Compute the number of turns required to permit an elongation of 4 in. without exceeding a shearing stress of 18 ksi.
Use Eq. (approx formula) and G = 12 × 106 psi.

12. A rigid bar, pinned at O, is supported by two identical springs as shown in Fig. P-348. Each spring consists of 20
turns of ¾-in-diameter wire having a mean diameter of 6 in. Determine the maximum load W that may be supported if
the shearing stress in the springs is limited to 20 ksi. Use Eq. Approx formula).

13. As shown in Fig. P-350, a homogeneous 50-kg rigid block is suspended by the three springs whose lower ends
were originally at the same level. Each steel spring has 24 turns of 10-mm-diameter on a mean diameter of 100 mm,
and G = 83 GPa. The bronze spring has 48 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm, and G =
42 GPa. Compute the maximum shearing stress in each spring using Eq. (3-9).
 Shear and Moment in Beams
Uniformly distributed and uniformly varying load
Loads that are applied at certain portion of the beam
• The basic problem in strength of materials is to determine the relations between the P =1/2Wx
stresses and deformations caused by loads applied to the structure. P=Wx

w
• One type of load applied to a structure is bending loads. These loading produces a w
shearing force and a bending moment which is often referred to as shear and
moment. This topic is devoted to the study of the variation of shear and moments
produces by loads applied to beams.
x/2 2x/3
x x
• Loadings that are frequently applied to beams
Moment applied at a point – produces the same effect at all points on the beam
Concentrated load – load that is assumed to act at an specific point
M F
on the beam
y
P
F
M=Fy

14 14
3 4

143 144

Types of Beams P

Figure shows a beam loaded with any

P P
type of loading. If an exploratory section
Any type of loading is passed,the beam is divided into two
segments.
Definition of shear – the net unbalanced
Overhanging beam Vertical force acting at the exploratory
span P section of the left or right section of the
Simply supported beam x L- x
beam
L
R2
P
R1
P V = +   ( FV ) L = +   ( FV ) R
Continuous beam Definition of bending moment – the
net unbalanced moment acting at the
centroid of the exploratory section of the
P M M left or right section of the beam
Cantilever beam

M= + ∑(M)L= + ∑(M)R
V V
Propped Beam Restrained beam x L- x Note : subscript L indicates left
14 Left section Right section section and subscript R 14
5 R2 indicates right section 6
R1

145 146

1
 Signs of bending moment - upward external forces tends to produce Shear and Moment Diagrams
positive bending moment on the right or left section of the beam, downward Shear and Moment diagrams are simply visualization of the shear and moment
external forces tend to produce negative moment on either section. Positive equations plotted on the V-x axes and M-x axes.
moment tend to bend the beam concave upward; negative moment tend to The discontinuities in the shear diagram are joined by vertical lines drawn up
bend the same beam concave downward
or down to represent abrupt change in shear.

Shear and Moment Equations The point of zero shear correspond to the point of maximum moment.
positive moment Negative moment Shear and Moment Equations are
Concave upward Concave downward developed by passing exploratory
P sections at distance x from the left support Shear and moment at points of loading change can be computed by
at points of loading changes. Usually the substituting appropriate values of x in the shear and moment equation or
left support is taken as the origin(0,0). direct computation by using the definition of shear and moment.

Shear equations are formed by using the The point where the value of the moment (except supports) is zero is called
definition of shear expressed as a point of inflection. This is where the shape of the bending of the beam
x
x L- x function of x changes from concave up to concave down.
x

R1
x R Moment equations are formed by using the The shape of the shear and moment diagrams conforms to the kind of equation the shear
2 definition of moment expressed as a and moment equations are rdmade of. Example if the moment equation is the equation
of a straight line/parabola/3 degree curve the shape of the moment diagram is a
L function of x 14 straight line/parabola/3rd degree curve . 14
7 8

147 148

Draw the shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading points
and points of zero shear for the beam shown in the [Link] the weight of the beams.
Problem;
A. Equations C. Area 80 kN
Write the shear and moment equations for the beam shown in the figure. Draw the shear
50 kN 75 kN and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading points and points of zero
shear. Neglect the weight of the beams.
A B C D 40 kN/m

M
I. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
D =0
50 kN 75 kN
1m 3m 1m 4m 2m
B C D RA (5) − 50(4) − 75(1) = 0
A
RA = 55kN
Draw moment and load diagram corresponding to the given shear diagrams
1m 3m 1m RD = 50+75-55 =70
V(lb)
1. Shear diagram as shown in figure
2400 RA =55 RD =70
1000
400
A B Section AB (0<x<1)
x
MAB= + ∑(M)L
VAB= ∑(FV)L
x MAB = 55x
- 4000 VAB=55
55
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 2 ft

149 150

2
 50

B C C D
x-1 Section CD 4<x<5
C D
x 5-x VCD = +   ( FV ) R
5-x
55 70 VCD = −70
Section CD 4<x<5 70
Section BC 1<x<4 M CD = + ( M ) R
VBC = +   ( FV ) L VCD = +   ( FV ) R
VBC = 55 − 50 = 5 VCD = −70 M CD = 70(5 − x)
M BC = +  ( M ) L M CD = +  ( M ) R
M BC = 55x − 50( x − 1) M CD = 70(5 − x)

151 152

60 kN 72 kN
50 kN 75 kN

B C D A B C A B C D
A VAB=55 20 kN/m 24 kN/m

VBC = 55 − 50 = 5
1m 3m 1m
2m 4m 2m 4m 3m
VCD = −70
RA =55 RD =70
MAB = 55x
55 x=0 MAB =55(0) =0
Shear Diagram

5 x =1 MAB =55(1)=55
M BC = 55x − 50( x − 1) 45 kN B C 92 kN.m
15 kN/m 36 kN/m E
-70 x = 1, M BC = 55(1) − 50(1 −1) = 55 A D
70 x = 4, M BC = 55(4) − 50(4 − 1) = 70
55
Moment Diagram

A B C D 2m 4m 1m 2m
M CD = 70(5 − x)
x = 4, M CD = 70(5 − 4) = 70
0 0 x = 5, M CD = 70(5 − 5) = 0
15 154
3

153 154

3
 2. Beam loaded as shown in the figure

M
60 kN
C =0 20(6-x) Section BC : 2< x < 6
6− x
A B C RA (6) − 60(4) − 20(6)3 = 0 2 V = +   ( FV ) R
20 kN/m
RA = 100kN VBC = 20(6 − x) − 80
20 kN/m

2m 4m RC = 60+20(6)-100 =80 M= + ∑(M)R

6-x 6− x
60 kN M BC = 80(6 − x) − 20(6 − x)( )
80 2
20x x V = +   ( FV ) L
A B C 2
M BC = 80 (6 − x) − 10 (6 − x) 2
20 kN/m A B VAB = 100− 20x
20 kN/m
M = + ∑(M)L
2m 4m x
RA = 100kN RC = 80kN x M AB = 100 x − 20 x( )
2
100 M AB = 100x −10x 2

15
5

155 156

VAB = 100− 20x 3. Beam as shown in the figure

60 kN
x = 0,VAB = 100 − 20(0) = 100 72 kN 48 kN M A =0
A B C x = 2,VAB = 100 − 20(2) = 60 RC (6) − 72(2) − 48(9) − 24(9)4.5 = 0
20 kN/m A B C D
VBC = 20(6 − x) − 80 24 kN/m
RC = 258kN
2m 4m x = 2,VBC = 20(6 − 2) − 80 = 0 RA = 72 + 48 + 24(9) − 258 = 78kN
100 80 2m 4m 3m
100 x = 6,VBC = 20(6 − 6) − 80 = −80
Straight line
M AB = 100x −10x 2 RA 24x RC
60 x = 0, M AB = 100(0) −10(0) 2 = 0 Section AB : 0< x < 2
x/2
Shear Diagram
0 x = 2, M AB = 100(2) − 10(2) 2 = 160 V = +   ( FV ) L

M BC = 80 (6 − x) − 10 (6 − x) 2
24 kN/m VAB = 78 − 24x
parabola A B
-80 x = 2, M BC = 80 (6 − 2) − 10(6 − 2) 2 = 160 MAB= + ∑(M)L
Moment Diagram 160 x
x
x = 6, M BC = 80(6 − 6) − 10(6 − 6) = 0
2
M AB = 78 x − 24 x( )
0 2
0 78
15
M AB = 78x − 12x 2 15
7 8

157 158

4
 Section BC : 2< x < 6 72 kN 48 kN VAB = 78 − 24x
72 24x
V = +   ( FV ) L x = 0,VAB = 78 − 24(0) = 78
x/2 A B C D
VBC = 78 − 72 − 24x
24 kN/m x = 2,VAB = 78 − 24(2) = 30
24 kN/m VBC = 6 − 24 x
VBC = 6 − 24x
B C 2m 4m 3m x = 2,VBC = 6 − 24(2) = −42
x-2
M= + ∑(M)L 78 258 x = 6,VBC = 6 − 24(6) = −138
x
M BC = 78 x − 24 x( ) − 72( x − 2) 120 VCD = 48 + 24(9 − x)
x 2 78 x = 6,VCD = 48 + 24(9 − 6) = 120
78 48 M BC = 78 x − 12 x 2 − 72 ( x − 2)
30 48 x = 9,VCD = 48 +2 24(9 − 9) = 48
Section CD 6 < x < 9 M AB = 78x − 12x
VCD = +   ( FV ) R -42 x = 0, M AB = 78x − 12x 2 = 0
24 kN/m
C D x = 2, M AB = 78(2) − 12(2) 2 = 108
VCD = 48 + 24(9 − x) M BC = 78 x − 12 x 2 − 72 ( x − 2)
9-x -138
M CD = +  ( M ) R 108 x = 2, M BC = 78(2) − 12 (2) 2 − 72 (0) = 108
(9 − x) x = 6, M BC = 78(6) − 12 (6) 2 − 72 (4) = −252
M CD = −48(9 − x) − 24(9 − x)
2 M CD = −48(9 − x) − 12 (9 − x) 2
M CD = −48(9 − x) − 12 (9 − x) 2 x = 6, M CD = −48(3) − 12(3) 2 = −252
15 16
9 x = 9, M CD = −48(0) − 12 (0) 2 = 00
-252

159 160

Section AB : 0 < x <3 Section BC : 3 < x <4 Section CD : 4 < x <5

4. Beam loaded as shown in the figure 1/2xy ½(15)3=22.5 ½(15)3=22.5
45 kN x/3 15 kN/m
15 kN/m
15 kN/m 45
y 15 kN/m x-4
A B C D A B C D
B C
3m 1m 1m x x-2 x-2
3m x x
3m
MAB= + ∑(M)L V = +   ( FV ) L V = +   ( FV ) L
V = +   ( FV ) L
1 x 1 y x VCD = −22.5 − 45 = −67.5
M AB = − xy( ) VAB = − xy = y = 5x VBC = −22 .5
2 3 2 15 3
1 x
M AB = − x5 x( )
1
VAB = − x5 x MBC= + ∑(M)L MCD= + ∑(M)L
2 3 2
M BC = −22 .5( x − 2) M CD = −22.5( x − 2) − 45( x − 4)
5
5 VAB = − x 2
M AB = − x 3 2
6
16 16
1 2

161 162

5
 45 kN 5 5. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
15 kN/m VAB = − x 2
2
B C 92 kN.m
x = 0,VAB = 0 36 kN/m E
A B C D 5 A D
x = 3,VAB = − (3) 2 = −22.5
3m 1m 1m 2 2m 4m 1m 2m
VBC = −22 .5 VCD = −67 .5
RB RE
5
parabola M AB = − x 3 x = 0, M AB = 0
6
+  M B = 0
5 RE (7) − 36(6)1 − 92 = 0 RE = 44kN 
− 22.5 x = 3, M AB = − (3)3 = −22.5
6 RB = 36(6) − 44 = 172kN 
− 67.5
M BC = −22 .5( x − 2) 36xx/2 Section AB : 0 < x <2
x = 3, M BC = −22.5(3 − 2) = −22.5 V = +   ( FV ) L
3rd degree curve x = 4, M BC = −22.5(4 − 2) = −45 A B VAB = −36 x
− 22.5 M CD = −22.5( x − 2) − 45( x − 4) +
x
-45 x = 4, M CD = −22.5(4 − 2) − 45(0) = −45 M =  (M ) L
x = 5, M CD = −22.5(5 − 2) − 45(5 − 4) = −112.5 x
16 M AB = −36 x( ) = −18 x 2 16
3 2 4
-112.5

163 164

36x Section BC : 2 < x <6

x/2 B C 92 kN.m VAB = −36x
V = +   ( FV ) L
B 36 kN/m E x = 0,VAB = 0 x = 2,VAB = −36(2) = −72
36 kN/m VBC = 172 − 36 x A D
A
C VBC = 172 − 36 x
+ 2m 4m 1m 2m
x = 2,VBC = 172 − 36(2) = 100
2m x-2 M =  (M ) L 122 44
172kN x Point of zero shear
x M BC = 172( x − 2) − 36 x( ) = 172( x − 2) − 18 x 2 100
2 36x = 172 x = 4.78
Section CD : 6 < x <7 0
36(6)=216 x = 6,VBC = 172 − 36(6) = −44
x-3 V = +   ( FV ) L -44
B
-72 2.78 1.22 VCD = 172 − 216 = −44 VDE = −44
VCD = 172 − 216 = −44
36 kN/m 88 x
+ 66.9 M AB = −36 x( ) = −18 x 2
A C D 40 2
2m x-2 M =  (M ) L 0 x = 0, M AB = 0 x = 2, M AB = −18(2)2 = −72
0
172 M CD = 172( x − 2) − 216( x − 3) -4 M BC = 172 ( x − 2) − 18 x 2
parabola
x Section DE : 7 < x <9 x = 2, M BC = 172 (0) − 18(2) 2 = −72
D E
+ -72 x = 4.78, M BC = 172 (4.78 − 2) − 18( 4.78) 2 = 66 .9
V = +   ( FV ) R M =  (M ) R x = 6, M BC = 172 (6 − 2) − 18(6) 2 = 40
16 16
9-x
44
VDE = −44 M DE = 44(9 − x) 5 6

165 166

6
 6. A total distributed load of 32kN/m supported by the uniform
reaction as shown in the figure.
M CD = 172( x − 2) − 216( x − 3)
x = 6, M CD = 172(6 − 2) − 216(6 − 3) = 40 32 kN/m
+   ( FV ) = 0
x = 7, M CD = 172(7 − 2) − 216(7 − 3) = −4
w 8w − 32(4) = 0 w = 16kN / m
x = 7, M CD = −4 + 92 = 88
2m 4m 2m
M DE = 44(9 − x)
x = 7, M DE = 44(9 − 7) = 88 Section AB : 0 < x <2

16x V = +   ( FV ) L
x = 9, M DE = 44(9 − 9) = 0 A
A B 16 kN/m C D B VAB = 16x
16 kN/m 16 kN/m +
M =  (M ) L
2m 4m 2m x x
M AB = 16 x( ) = 8 x 2
2
16 16
7 8

167 168

16(x-2)
Section BC : 2 < x <6 VAB = 16x
x−2 V = +   ( FV ) L A B 16 kN/m C D x = 0,VAB = 0
2
VBC = 32 − 16 ( x − 2) 16 kN/m x = 2,VAB = 16(2) = 32
A B 16 kN/m
C + VBC = 32 − 16 ( x − 2)
16 kN/m
M =  (M ) L 2m 4m 2m
x = 2,VBC = 32 − 16(0) = 32
x−2 32
X-1 M BC = 32( x − 1) − 16( x − 2)( ) = 32( x − 1) − 8( x − 2) 2 Point of zero shear
16(2)=32 2
2m X-2
4m
0 = 32 −16( x − 2) x = 4
Section CD : 6 < x <8
x = 6,VBC = 32 − 16(6 − 2) = −32
x
V = +   ( FV ) R 2m VCD = −16 (8 − x)
64 -32
C 16(8-x)
D VCD = −16 (8 − x) x = 6,VCD = −16(8 − 6) = −32
16 kN/m + 32 32 x = 8,VCD = −16(8 − 8) = 0
M =  (M ) L
8− x x
M AB = 16 x( ) = 8 x 2
2 (8 − x) 2
M CD = 16(8 − x) = 8(8 − x) 2
8-x 2 parabola x = 0, M AB = 0
16 x = 2, M AB = 8(2) 2 = 32 17
9 0

169 170

7
 M BC = 32 ( x − 1) − 8( x − 2) 2
x = 2, M BC = 32 (2 − 1) − 8(0) 2 = 32

x = 4, M BC = 32 (4 − 1) − 8(4 − 2) 2 = 64
x = 6, M BC = 32(6 − 1) − 8(6 − 2) 2 = 32

M CD = 8(8 − x) 2
x = 6, M CD = 8(8 − 6) 2 = 32
x = 8, M CD = 8(8 − 8) 2 = 0

17
1

171

8
 Relation among Load, Shear and Moment Diagrams From the condition of static equibrium
The relation among the load, shear and moment diagrams provide a method of ΣFy =0 V + wdx – ( V + dV) = 0 dV = w dx EQ 1
constructing shear and moment diagrams without writing shear and moment ΣMA = 0 M+Vdx + wdx(dx)/2 – ( M+dM) = 0 dM = Vdx EQ.2
equations. These relations are not independent of the basic definition of shear 0
and moment ; they supplement them and are used in conjunction with them.
dx/2 (a)
Loading
wdx diagram
M M+dM V x1
x2
A
V V+dV (b)
w Shear
dx V1
x dx diagram
ΔV= shaded area of (a)
V
Figure shows a differential segment of the beam of length dx. The load on the M 2
left side is shear V and moment M; on the right side V + dV and M+ dM( due ΔM= net shaded area of (b)
to the change in shear and moment between the left and right side of the (c)
segment). The uniform load W remain constant since the length of the Moment
segment is a very small quantity. diagram
17 17
2 3

172 173

Typical Shapes of Shear and Moment diagrams of Typical Loads

Loading Shear Diagram Moment Diagram

V2 - V1 = ΔV= Area(load)
Change in shear b/w any two points = Area of loading diagram b/w these two points

M2 - M1 = ΔM= Area(Shear)
Change in moment b/w any two points = Area of shear diagram b/w these two points
dV
w=
dx
intensity of loading = slope of shear diagram
dM
V=
dx
Shear at any point = the slope of the moment diagram about the same point

17 17
4 5

174 175

1
 General Procedure for Drawing Shear and Moment Diagrams
PROBLEMS
Without writing shear and moment equations , draw the shear
Compute the reactions and moment diagrams of the beams specified as follows:
Compute the values of Shear at change of load points, using either I. Beam loaded as shown in the figure 2. Beam loaded as shown in the figure

V =  Fv OR V = (area)load 120 kN 60 kN 48 kN
72 kN
20 kN/m 16 kN/m
Sketch the shear diagram, determining the shape from the relation`
1m 2m
dv
w= 2m 4m 1m 2m 2m 3m
dx
Locate points of zero shear
4. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
Compute the value of the bending moment at change of load points 3. Beam loaded as shown in the figure 20 kN

M = M
120 kN.m 40 kN
OR M = (area)shear 40 kN/m 10 kN/m
2m

W0
Sketch the moment diagram, determining the shape from the relation
4m 1m 2m 2m 2m 1m 1m
dM
V=
dx 17 17
6 7

176 177

PROBLEMS
Without writing shear and moment equations , draw the shear and moment diagrams of
the beams specified as follows: 2. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
[Link] loaded
as shown in the
120 kN 60 kN M A =0 72 kN48 kN
M B =0
figure RC (6) − 120(2) − 60(7) = 0 RC = 110 kN  RE (5) − 72(2) − 48(3) − 16(2)4 = 0
20 kN/m 16 kN/m
RA = 120 + 60 − 110 = 70kN  2m RE = 83.2kN 
2m 4m 1m RB = 72 + 48 + 16(2) + 20(4) − 83.2
VA = 70 2m 2m 3m
120 kN 60 kN
VB = 70 − 120 = −50 RB = 148 .8kN 
72 kN 48 kN
A C VC = −50 + 110 = 60
B D VA = 0
VD = 60 − 60 = 0 B C D VB = −20(2) = −40
2m 4m 1m 20 kN/m 16 kN/m
70 110 E VB = −40 + 148.8 = 108.8
M B − M A = A1 A 2m
70 60 M B − 0 = 70(2) M B = 140 VC = 108.8 − 20(2) = 68.8
1 3 2m 2m 3m
0 M C − M B = A2 VC = 68.8 − 72 = −3.2
2 RE = 83.2kN
-50 M C −140 = −50(4) M C = −60 RB = 148.8kN VD = −3.2 − 48 = −51.2
140
M D − M C = A3 VE = −51.2 −16(2) = −83.2
0 0 M D − (−60) = 60(1) MD = 0 17 17
8 9
-60

178 179

2
 72 kN 48 kN
M B − M A = A1
3. Beam loaded as shown in the figure M A =0
1 117 kN.m RD (7) + 117 − 40(4)2 = 0
B C D M B − 0 = − (40)2 M B = −40 40 kN/m
20 kN/m 16 kN/m 2 RD = 29kN 
E M C − M B = A2
A 2m RA = 40(4) − 29 = 131kN 
(108.8 + 68.8) M C = 137.6 4m 1m 2m
2m 2m 3m M C − (−40) = 2 VA = 131
2 117 kN.m
131 − 40x = 0 x = 3.275
RB = 148.8kN M D − M C = A3 A
40 kN/m C D
B VB = 40(0.725) = −29 VC = VD = −29
108.8
68.8 M D −137.6 = −3.2(1) M D = 134.4 4m 1m 2m M A '−M A = A1
A’ 1
2 RA = 131kN RD = 29kN M A '−0 = (131)(3.275) M A '= 214.51
M E − M D = A4 131 2
3 0.725 M B − M A ' = A2
1 -3.2 (51.2 + 83.2) ME = 0
-51.2
4
M E − 134.4 = − 2 1 1
M B − 214.51 = − 29(0.725) M B = 204
-40 2 2 3 4 2
-83.2 x = 3.275 -29 M C − M B = A3
137.6 134.4
214.51 M C − (204) = −29(1) M C = 175
204
175 M C = 175 −117 = 58
58
M D − M C = A4
18
-40 M D − 58 = −29(2) MD = 0 1

180 181

20 kN
4. Beam loaded as shown in the figure B 40 kN
E 2m F M B − M A = A1
20 kN 1
10 kN/m
M B − 0 = − (20)2 M B = −20
B 40 kN
E 2m F MB = 0 A
C D 16 kN/m 2
10 kN/m M C − M B = A2
A
C D 2w0 (5) − 20(2) − 40(3) = 0 2m 2m 1m 1m
W0 (48 + 28) M C = 56
wo = 16 kN / m  RB = 68kN M C − (−20) = 2
2m 2m 1m 1m 48 2
RB = 20 + 40 + 10(4) − 16(2) = 68kN 
2
28
8 M D − M C = A3
0 3 0
20 kN 1 4 5
M D − 56 = 8(1) M D = 64
-20
B 40 kN
E 2m F VA = 0 -32

A
10 kN/m
VB = −10(2) = −20 M E − M D = A4
C D 64
M E = 32
16 kN/m VB = −20 + 68 = 48 56
M E − 64 = −32(1)
32
2m 2m 1m 1m VC = 48 − 10(2) = 28 1
VC = 28 − 20 = 8 0 0 M F − 32 = − (32)2 MF = 0
RB = 68kN 2
VD = 8 − 40 = −32 -20
VE = −32
VF = −32 + 16(2) = 0
18
2

182 183

3
 C C
5. Beam loaded as shown in the figure 18 kN/m 18 kN/m
C M C =0 Hinge D
A
B Hinge
18 kN/m 3R −18(4)(2) = 0 R = 48kN  2m 1m 3m 2m
A R=48
B Hinge RC = 18( 4) − 48 = 24 kN 
RC = 24kN 30
1m 3m 2m VA = 0
R 2
VB = −18(1) = −18 1
18 kN/m -24 3 3
C VB = −18 + 48 = 30 -18
A 1.67 1.33 -24
B 30 − 18x = 0 x = 1.67 -60
1m 3m VC = −18(1.33) = −24
R=48 RC = 24 kN  16 -60
30
M B − M A = A1
2 1
M B − 0 = − 18(1) M B = −9
1
3 2 -84
-18
1.67 1.33 -24 M B '−M B = A2 VC = −24 -9
1 VD = −24 − (18)(2) = −60
M B '−(−9) = (30)1.67 M B '= 16
16 2
M C − M B ' = A3 M D − M C = A4
1 1(24 + 60)
M C − 16 = − 24(1.33) M C = 0 MD −0 = − 2 -84
2 2
18
M D = −84 18
-9
4 5

184 185

6. Beam loaded as shown in the figure M B − M A = A1

18 kN/m M A =0 MB −0 =
(52 + 16)
3
1 2
9 RD − 12(6)(3) − (6)3(5) = 0 RD = 29kN  18 kN/m
12 kN/m 2 M B = 102 ½(2.42)1.21=1.46

A D
B C 1 12 kN/m
RA = 12(6) + (6)3 − 29 = 52kN  A D 2.42 kN/m
2 B C 12 kN/m
3m 3m 3m A
3m 3m 3m B B’
VA = 52
18 kN/m RA = 52kN RD = 29kN 3m 1.21
VB = 52 − 12(3) = 16 52 X=1.21
y = 2 x = 2(1.21) = 2.42
12 kN/m D RA = 52kN
A y 1 16
B C 16 = 12 x + xy 6 1
2 y
M B' =  M B'
12
3m 3m 3m y 6 A
x = B 2
RA = 52kN RD = 29kN
x 3 x 4.21 1.21
52 X=1.21
y = 2x -29 M B ' = 52(4.21) − 12(4.21) − 1.46
3 3rd degree curve 2 3
1
16 16 = 12 x + x(2 x) M B ' = 112kN .m
2 parabola 112
102 Straight line
16 = 12 x + x 2 87
x + 12 x − 16 = 0
2

18 18
− 12 + (−12) 2 + 4(16)
x= = 1.21 6 7
-29 2

186 187

4
 1/2(6)3=9
12(6)=72 MC =  MC
5. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
6. Beam loaded as shown in the figure
18 kN/m
M C = 52(6) − 72(3) − 9(1)
12 kN/m M C = 87kN .m
A 42 kN/m
B C 18 kN/m
M D − M C = A2
3m 3m Hinge
M D − 87 = −29(3) 3m 3m 3m
RA = 52kN 1m 3m 2m
MD = 0 R

7. Beam loaded as shown in the figure

24 KN/m

1.5 m 3.0 m 1.5 m

18 18
8 9

188 189

B C D M B − M A = A1
7. Beam loaded as shown in the figure Simplified Beam loading A 12 KN/m
E 1
M B − 0 = 18(1.5)
B C D 3
w A 12 KN/m
24 KN/m 24 KN/m
MB = 9
E
M C − M B = A2
1.5 m 3.0 m 1.5 m
24 KN/m 24 KN/m 1
MC − 9 =
24 KN/m
(18)1.5
2
18
1.5 m 3.0 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.0 m 1.5 m M C = 22.5
1 2
M D − M C = A3
3 4
1 1
VB = (24)(1.5) = 18 M D−22.5 = − (18)1.5
F V =0
2 -18 2
1
3W = 24(3) + 2( )24(1.5) 22.5 MD = 9
2 VD = −(12)(1.5) = −18
9 M E − M D = A4
W = 36kN / m VE = 0 9
1
M E − 9 = − (18)1.5
3
ME = 0
19
0
191

190 191

5
 P=2000 Q=4400 F=1000 V =  ( FV ) L
In the following problems, draw moment and load diagram corresponding to Load Diagram 400 = 2400 − P
the given shear diagrams P = 2000lb 
2. Shear diagram as shown in figure
V(lb) 36 Q = −4000 − 400
1. Shear diagram as shown in figure
2400 V(kN) 16 Q = 4400lb 
1000 20 2400 R=5000 R = 4000 + 1000 = 5000lb 
400
V(lb) F = 1000lb 
x 1. Shear diagram as shown in figure
x 2400
1000 M B − M A = A1
1
2
400 4 M B − 0 = 2400(2)
- 4000 -24
x M B = 4800 [Link]
3
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 2 ft -40 M C − M B = A2
V(kN) 3. Shear diagram as shown in figure 2m 1m 4m 2m
- 4000 M C − 4800 = 400(3)
10 0 slope
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 2 ft
M C = 6000
Parabola
A B C
6000
D E M D − M C = A3
Moment Diagram M D − 6000 = −4000(2)
x 4800
-2 M D = −2000
0
0 M E − M D = A4
-8
3m 1m 1m 2m
19
2
-2000 M E − (−2000) = 1000(2) 19
3
ME = 0

192 193

P=20
In the following problems, draw moment and load diagram corresponding to
w1 the given shear diagrams
w2 w3 2. Shear diagram as shown in figure
V(lb) 36
1. Shear diagram as shown in figure
2400 V(kN) 16
dV 1000 20
R=76 F=44 w= 400
36 dx x
V(kN) 40 x
16 w1 = = 20kN / m
20 2
R=40+36=76 - 4000 -24
x
P=36-16=20 2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 2 ft -40
V(kN) 3. Shear diagram as shown in figure 2m 1m 4m 2m
16 + 24
-24 w2 = = 10kN / m 10 0 slope
4
-40 Parabola
2m 1m 4m 2m F=20+24=44
x
20 -2
CHECK w3 = = 10kN / m
20(2)+10(6)+20-76-44=0 2 19 -8 19
0=0 4 3m 1m 1m 2m 5

194 195

6
 1 6 kN
w1 (3) = 12
3. Shear diagram as shown in figure 2
8kN/m
P=6 kN w1 = 8kN / m
4kN/m
w1 w2 =
dV
R = 10
x
dx
x
w2 8 y 8
R = 10 w2 = Point of zero shear
V(kN) 2 y 10-1/2xy=0
y 8
10 0 slope w2 = 4kN / m = x
x 3
Parabola
check x 8 3
1 R = 10 y= x
x 10 + 2 w2 − 6 − w1 (3) = 0 3
-2 2 1 8
10 − x x = 0
1 2 3
-8 10 + 2(4) − 6 − 8(3) = 0
3m 1m 1m 2m 2 x=
60
= 2.74
19 19
0=0 6 8 7

196 197

Draw the shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading points
and points of zero shear for the beam shown in the [Link] the weight of the beams.
A. Equations C. Area
60 kN
120 kN 60 kN
Moving Loads
A vehicle rolling across a beam or girder constitutes a system of concentrated loads
20 kN/m at a fixed distance from one another. The maximum moment is under one of these
loads since when the shear diagram of these system of load is plotted, the point of
zero shear will be under one of these loads. In this topic, the position of these loads
2m 4m 1m to cause maximum bending moment will be determined and the largest value of the
2m 4m
bending shall be used later for design purposes.

Draw moment and load diagram corresponding to the given shear diagrams P1 P2 P3 P4 Figure shows a system of concentrated loads
a b c P1,P2,P3,and P4, at fixed distances of a,b, and
V(lb) c moving as a unit across a simple beam of
1. Shear diagram as shown in figure
2400 span L. The position of P2 (x) that will
1000 produce maximum bending moment will be
400 e L-e-x located. Let R be the resultant of the system
x x R of load and e be the distance between R
L and P2.
R1 R2
∑MR2 = 0 R1L –R(L- e - x) = 0 R1= R(L- e - x)/L
- 4000
19
2 ft 3 ft 2 ft 2 ft 9

198 199

7
 ∑MP2 =0
M = R1x –P1 a
P1 P2 M=R(L- e-x)/L x– P1a
a
dM
= (−1) x + 1( L − e − x) = 0
dx
x L e
x= −
R1= R(L- e - x)/L 2 2
This result will show that moment is maximum under
one of the load when this load and the resultant of
all the loads on the span is equidistant from the
centerline of the beam.

Problems
A truck with axle load of 40 kN and 60 kN on a wheel base of 5 m rolls across a
10 m [Link] the maximum bending moment and maximum shear.

A truck and trailer combination crossing a 12 m span has axle loads of 10,20 and
30 kN separated by distances of 3 and 5m respectively. Compute the maximum
shear and bending moment developed in the beam.
20
0

200

8
Plate 7
Write shear and moment equations for the beams in the following problems. In each problem, let x be
the distance measured from left end of the beam. Also, draw shear and moment diagrams, specifying
values at all change of loading positions and at points of zero shear. Neglect the mass of the beam in
each problem.

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4
Cantilever beam carrying a distributed load with intensity varying from wo at the free end to zero at the
wall, as shown
Problem 5

Problem 6

Problem 7
Beam carrying the triangular loading shown

Problem 8
A total distributed load of 30 kips supported by a uniformly distributed reaction as shown
Plate 8
Without writing shear and moment equations, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beams
specified in the following problems. Give numerical values at all change of loading positions and at all
points of zero shear.
Problem 1

Problem 2
Cantilever beam acted upon by a uniformly distributed load and a couple as shown

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Problem 6

Problem 7

Problem 8

Problem 9
A distributed load is supported by two distributedreactions as shown

Problem 10
 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

Name:____________________________________________ Period: Final Exam Subject: Mechanics of Materials

Prepared by: Engr. Nico Niño Lagrimas

Checked by: Engr. Charmaine Narvadez

Instruction:
I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if wrong. Use the space provided.

1. Roller support has one reaction.

2. Point of infliction is the point of zero shear.
3. Hertz (Hz) is a unit for Power
4. A beam tends to bend concave upward denotes negative bending moment.
5. The angle of rotation θ becomes larger as the applied torque decreases.
6. The centroid of a triangle can be found at one-third of its legs
7. The point of zero shear is the point of maximum moment.
8. A concentrated load alone will produce a first degree curve in a moment diagram.
9. Load that is assumed to act at a specific point is a uniformly distributed load.
10. Bending loads are applied at the joints of the structure.

II. Complete the given table below.

Internal Designation Stress Strain

Force/
moment

Px Lengthening/shortening

Py,Pz Shear Force Shearing Deformation

Mx Twisting Torque Shearing Stress

My, Mz Bending Moment Bending Stress

III. Calculate. Show your solution. Please use the back page.

1. Beams are loaded as shown in the figure. Draw the shear and moment diagrams using the
shear and moment equations, specifying values at all change of loading points and points
of zero shear. Neglect the weight of the beams.

120 kN 60 kN

2m 4m 1m
SA
 University of Nueva Caceres
City of Naga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

2. Beams are loaded as shown in the figure. Draw the shear and moment diagrams,
using either Shear and Moment Equations OR Area Method. specifying values
at all change of loading points and points of zero shear. Neglect the weight of the
beams.

120 kN.m
40 kN/m

4m 1m 2m

SA