MDCAT-Chemistry Formulas

Chapter 1
No. of atoms (Mass/Atomic mass) * NA
No. of Molecules (Mass/ Molecular Mass) * NA
No. of ions (Mass/ Ionic Mass) * NA
Percentage Yield (Actual Yield/Theoretical yield) * 100
% of hydrogen (2.016/18.00) * (Mass of H2O/Mass of organic compound)
*100
% of carbon (12.00/44.00) * (Mass of CO2/Mass of organic compound)
*100
% of oxygen 100 - (% of Carbon + % of hydrogen)
Molecular formula n * Empirical formula
n Molecular mass/ Empirical formula mass
Average atomic mass [(Relative abundance of 1st isotope * atomic mass of 1st
isotope) + (Relative abundance of 2nd isotope * atomic mass
of 2nd isotope)]/100
% of an element (Mass of an element in 1 mole of compound/mass of the
compound) *100
No. of moles of gas Mass of gas in gram/ molar mass of gas
Particles, Atoms, Ions Mole * NA (6.02*1023)
Mole Particles, Atoms, Ions / NA
Mass (g) Mole * Molar mass
Mole mass / molar mass
Atoms moles * NA
moles Atoms/ NA
No. of atoms of an element No. of gram atoms * NA
No. of molecules of compound No. of gram mole * NA
No. of formula unit in ionic No. of gram formula * NA
compound
No. of ions No. of gram ions * NA
No. of atoms of an element in No. of molecules * No. of atoms of element in molecule
a molecule
Volume of gas at STP No. of moles of gas * 22.414 dm3
No. of atom (Mass in g / molar mass) * NA

Percentages
% w/w (mass of solute/mass of solution) * 100
% w/v (mass of solute/volume of solution) * 100
% v/w (volume of solute/mass of solution) * 100
% v/v (volume of solute/volume of solution) * 100
% w/v (Molarity * Molar mass)/ 10

1 atm
1 atm = 760 torr , 101325 Nm-2 , 760 mmHg , 101325 pascal ,
76cmHg , 1.013 bar , 14.7 psi

Molarity (M)
M No. of moles of solute/ dm3 of solution
Molarity [(%w/v) * 10] / Molar mass
If moles and dm3 given M = No. of moles/Volume in dm3
1ml = 1cm3 1 liter = 1 dm3
If moles and cm3 given M = No. of moles (1000 /Volume in cm3 )
Mass in g and dm3 M = (Mass in (g) / Molar mass) * 1/ Vol. in dm3
Mass in g and cm3 M = (Mass in (g) / Molar mass) * 1000/ Vol. in cm3
N m/M = N/NA = V/Vm
m/M = N/NA = V/Vm
N/NA = V/Vm

Molality (M)
M No. of moles of solute/ mass of solvent in kg

Mole Fraction
Ratio mole of components/ Total No. of moles = n
X A + XB 1
XB 1- XA
XA 1- XB
Mole % Mole fraction * 100
XA nA / (nA + nB + nC)
XA + XB + XC 1
 Parts Per Million
Ppm [solute (g) / solution (g) ] * 106
m/e H2r2/2e

General Gas Equation

V ∝ 1/P V∝T,V∝n
V nRT/P
PV nRT
PV (m/M) * RT , n = m/M
PM (m/v) * RT
PM dRT
D PM/RT
r ∝ 1/√d, r ∝ 1/√M
r1/r2 √ (d2/d1 ) = √ (M2/M1)
P1V1/T1 P2V2/T2
P ∝ 1/V V ∝ 1/P , V= k/P
P1V1 = P2V2 P1 / P2 = V2 / V1
V kT
V1/T1 V2/T2
VT V0 (1 + (t oC/273))
∆oC ∆oK
K.E1/T1 K.E2/T2
K.E1/K.E2 T1/T2
V∝n V = kn , k = V/n
V1/n1 V2/n2
Vol. of ideal gas Moles* 22.4

Temperature Conversions
K C +273.16
C 5/9 (F-32)
F 9/5 (C + 32)
 Angular Momentum
Mvr nh / 2π

To calculate No. of spectral lines

Shell N
Subshells L
No. Of Electrons in a shell 2n2
No of orbitals in a shell N2
No of electron in a subshell 2(2l+1) = 4l +2
No of orbitals in a subshell 2l +1
Magnetic quantum number 2l + 1
Mass number Nucleon number
Energy of a subshell α n+l When two subshells have the same n+ l value, then energy
value of subshell is given by:
Energy of subshell α Value of n

For Neutral Atom AXZ

Z No. of protons
No. of protons No of electrons
No. of neutrons A-Z
No of electrons in a valence shell Group number
Principle number of valence shell Period number

Ionization Energy
Atomic radius of atom is inversely related with the ionization energy
Nuclear charge or proton number is inversely related with the ionization energy
Shielding effect of inner electrons is inversely related with the ionization energy
Nature of orbital (s > p > d > f)
Reactivity of metal is inversely related with the ionization energy
3rd I.E > 2nd I.E > 1st I.E
Abnormal behavior
(IIA > IIIA)
( VA > VIA)
 Percentage of a bond
%age of covalent bond = (No of covalent bond/Total bond) * 100
%age of Co-ordinate covalent bond = (No of co-ordinate covalent bond/Total bond) * 100

Hybridization
Calculate no of lone pairs on central atom + no of sigma bonds formed by central atom
If answer is 4, it is sp3 hybridization
If answer is 3, it is sp2 hybridization
If answer is 2, it is sp hybridization

Type of molecule
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚+𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑−𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
Calculate [ ]
2
If answer is 4, it is AB4 type
If answer is 3, it is AB3 type
If answer is 2, it is AB2 type

Dipole Movement (μ)

Μ q*r

% ionic Character
% ionic character (μobs / μionic ) * 100

Internal energy
E K.E + P.E
 1st Law of Thermodynamics
ΔE q +w (work on system)
ΔE q -w (work by system)
ΔE q + (PΔV)
If piston is fixed ΔE= qv
ΔH HP – HR (Enthalpy)

Enthalpy
ΔH ΔE + PΔV
ΔH ΔE
PΔV ΔnRT
ΔH ΔE + ΔnRT

At constant pressure
ΔE q – PΔV
ΔH q – PΔV
ΔH Q
Δn No. of moles of product - No. of moles of
reactants
qp – qv ΔnRT

Hess’s Law
(Σ ΔH = 0), ΔH ΔH1 + ΔH2
ΔHf ΔHx + ΔHLattice

Other Formulas
Q (Glass Calorimeter) m * S * ΔT
Q (Bomb Caloriemeter) c * ΔT
Oxidation Potential (Cell Potential) - (Reduction potential)

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium Constant Kc = [product]/[reactant]
Equilibrium Constant Kc = Kf/Kr
Units of Kc = (concentration) ∆n
where ∆n= no of moles of products – No of moles of reactants
Units of Kp = (atm) ∆n
Concentration = No of moles / volume
Kp = Kc(RT) ∆n ; Kc = Kp(RT) -∆n ; Kc = Kp/(RT) ∆n
Kp = Kc(RT) ∆n
Possibilities if np = nr (Kp=Kc)
if np > nr (Kp>Kc)
if np < nr (Kp < Kc)
pH = -log [H+]
pOH = -log [OH-]
For neutral water [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7
pH = 1/2pKw
+
H α T ; pH α 1/T
Kw α T ; pKw α 1/T
pOH α Acidic strength α 1/Basic strength
pH α Basic strength α 1/Acidic strength
For monoprotic acid → H+ = 10-pH
For monohydroxy base → OH- = 10-pOH
Ka * Kb = 14
pKa + pKb = 14
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
pH = pKa - log [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]
pH = pKa + log [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
pH = pKa - log [𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 → 𝐼𝑓 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡] = [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑎
𝐼𝑓 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡] > [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝐻 > 𝑝𝐾𝑎
𝐼𝑓 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡] < [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝐻 < 𝑝𝐾𝑎
For a reaction AxBy ⇌ xA+y + yB-x
Ksp = [A+y]x + [B-x]y
 Cell Voltage
Eocell = Eooxidation + Eoreduction
Eocell = Eored(cathode) – Eored(anode)

Reaction Kinetics
−d[A] +d[B]
Rate of reaction = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
Units of K = (concentration)1-n * sec-1
Where n = order of reaction
T1/2 α 1/an-1
Half life time = Total time / No of half life
Arrhenius equation K = Ae-Ea/RT