Chapter 24
Gauss’s Law
Outline
24.1 Electric Flux
24.2 Gauss’s Law
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge
Distributions
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
24.1 Electric Flux
التدفق الكهربائي
24.1 Electric Flux
Unit of Electric Flux is: Nm2/C
Example 24.4 Page 740:
What is the electric flux through a sphere that has a
radius of 1.00 m and carries a charge of 1.00μC at its
center?
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59 9 103
24.1 Electric Flux
24.1 Electric Flux
If the field varies over the surface, Φ = EA cos θ is valid
for only over a small element of the area
E Ei Ai cos θi Ei Ai
E lim Ei Ai
Ai 0
E E dA
surface
24.1 Electric Flux ( Closed Surface)
For a closed surface, the flux lines passing into the
interior of the volume are negative and those passing
out of the interior of the volume are positive
(1) θ < 90o, Φ > 0
(2) θ = 90o, Φ = 0
(3) 180o > θ > 90o, Φ < 0
• The net flux through the surface is
proportional to the number of lines
leaving the surface minus the number
entering the surface
E E dA E dA
24.1 Electric Flux
Example 24.2: Flux through a cube
As EA cos 9o O
Au EA cos90
cos 180 EA
A EA
s EA Coso EA
ar
net EA r C EAS O
24.1 Electric Flux
Problem 24.4:
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B IO s EA cos 60 turn toM
tonite C A b
2.34 18
net 2.34 18
24.2 Gauss’s Law
Find a relationship between the net electric flux
through a closed surface (often called a gaussian
surface) and the charge enclosed by the surface.
Consider a positive point charge q located at the
center of a sphere of radius r
Net Flux = E dA E cos dA EdA
24.2 Gauss’s Law
The net flux through any closed surface surrounding
a point charge q is given by q/εo and is independent
of the shape of the surface
The If the charge is outside the closed surface of an
arbitrary shape, then any field line entering the surface
leaves at another point
net electric flux through a closed surface that surrounds
no charge is zero.
24.2 Gauss’s Law
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24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
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24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
Example 24.7 Page 748
Find the E-field a distance r from a line of positive charge of
infinite length and constant charge per unit length λ.
E 2k
r
I E
b
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
Example 24.8 Page 749
Find the electric field due to an infinite plane of positive charge
with uniform surface charge density σ.
Sheet counduting sheet
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24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various
Charge Distributions
Problem 24 Page 757
a
A solid sphere of radius 40.0 cm has a total positive charge of 26.0
µc, uniformly distributed throughout its volume. Calculate the
magnitude of the electric field (a) 0 cm, (b) 10.0 cm, (c) 40.0 cm,
and (d) 60.0 cm from the center of the sphere.
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Problem 37 Page 757 lat
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A large, flat, horizontal sheet of charge has a charge per unit area
of 7.10 µC/m2. Find the electric field just above the middle of the
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23.4 Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
When there is no net motion of charge within a conductor, the
conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium
A conductor in electrostatic equilibrium has the following
properties:
The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor
If an isolated conductor carries a charge, the charge resides on its surface
The electric field just outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to the
conductor’s surface and has a magnitude
0
On an irregularly shaped conductor, the surface charge density is greatest at
locations where the radius of curvature of the surface is smallest.
The electric field is zero everywhere inside
the conductor
The electric field inside the conductor must be
zero under the assumption that we have
electrostatic equilibrium
If the field were not zero, free electrons in the
conductor would experience an electric
force(F=qE) and would accelerate due to this
force ( this motion means conductor is not in
electrostatic equilibrium)
When the external field is applied, the free
electrons accelerate to the left, causing a
plane of negative charge to be present on the
left surface. The movement of electrons to the
left results in a plane of positive charge on the
right surface. These planes of charge create an
additional electric field inside the conductor
that opposes the external field. As the
electrons move, the surface charge densities
on the left and right surfaces increase until the
magnitude of the internal field equals that of
the external field, resulting in a net field of
zero inside the conductor
If an isolated conductor carries a charge,
the charge resides on its surface
From Gauss’s law, we conclude that the net
charge inside the gaussian surface is zero.
Because there can be no net charge inside
the gaussian surface (which is arbitrarily close
to the conductor’s surface), any net charge
on the conductor must reside on its surface.
The electric field just outside a charged
conductor is perpendicular to the
conductor’s surface
To determine the magnitude of the electric
field, we draw a gaussian surface in the shape
of a small cylinder whose end faces are
parallel to the surface of the conductor
A
E EA E
0 0
Summary
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Chapter Problems
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