CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter researcher presents the discussion about research design, data

and data sources, technique of data collection, technique of data verification and data

analysis.

A. Research Design

Before the researcher discussed further, it was better to know the

definition of research first. According to Cresswell (2012:3) Research is a

process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our

understanding of a topic or issue. Based on the theory this research used

qualitative approach, Crug and Schluter (2013:4) defined that qualitative research

typically focuses on one or a few piece(s) of evidence and analyses it in detail

and with a view to a variety of its characteristics. It means that the data collected

was not in the form of numbers, but the data derived from interviews

manuscripts, field notes, personal documents, record memos, and other official

documents. So, the purpose of qualitative study was to describe the empirical

reality behind the phenomenon in depth, detailed and thorough. Therefore the use

of a qualitative approach in this research was the match between empirical

realities with the prevailing theory used descriptive method.

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In this research, the main point of this research was to collect and to

accumulate the basic data in descriptive way. It is intended to describe about the

teaching strategies used by English teachers in teaching English at Muslim

Wittaya Phuket School. The researcher needed some appropriate instruments to

collect the data. The researcher selected the interview and also observation as the

instruments. This research was generally used to make a description

systematically to a certain facts.

B. Data and Data Sources

Data is any information that answer the research question. This research

focused to describe the result of conducting a certain activity for the subject and

the forms of this data are teachers’ behavior, teachers’ utterances and students’

responses in teaching English in the selected school. So, the teacher here

supplied the teaching strategy

Data source is source where the data are collected. In this research, data

sources are English teachers.

C. Technique of Data Collection

The technique of data collection used by the researcher stated as follows:

1. Observation

Ary et al (2010: 431) defined that observation is a basic method

for obtaining data in qualitative. The qualitative researcher’s goal is a

complete description of behavior in a specific setting rather than a

numeric summary of occurrence or duration of observed behaviors. In

this observation activity, the current status of a phenomenon is

determined by observing not by asking.

Observation gives important contribution to descriptive research

because certain types of information can be obtained through direct

observation. This method was used to collect information about English

teacher in teaching English. The way in doing observation were: 1) The

researcher prepared the observation sheet, 2) The researcher joined the

classroom, and 3) The researcher observed teachers' strategies were

teaching English in the classroom. This method was used to get any

information about teaching strategy used by English teachers in teaching

English. This method conducted to see firsthand what strategies applied in

English course for students’ Muslim Wittaya Phuket School and to

observe directly in teaching and learning English language.

To reduce the research’s biases on February 1st 2015, the

researcher validated the observation sheet to her advisor. The researcher

considers that her advisor is the expert one. Before having consultation,

the content of observation sheet was the learning circumstance (for

instance: setting the class, making group, media etc.) and also the findings

on teaching and learning (consist of pre activities, main activities and post

activities). After got suggestion from the advisor the learning

circumstance divided into a. classroom management, b. teacher mastery

on teaching materials, c. the strategy used/implemented, d the way to

implement the strategy, e. the strength of the implemented strategy, f. the

weakness of the implemented strategy, g. the students’ response on the

implemented strategy, h. the teacher’s emotion on using the strategy (such

as satisfied, happy regret etc.). Furthermore, the findings on teaching and

learning is same as before (consist of pre activities, main activities and

post activities). The observation sheet can be seen in appendix 1.

2. Interview

Ary et al (2010: 438) Interviews may provide information that

cannot be obtained through observation, or they can be used to verify

observations. Based on the objectives of research, it can be used to

validate the data from the observation. According to Ary et al (2010:

438), there are three kinds of interview as follows:

a. Unstructured interview. In this type of interview, direction of

interview greatly is guided by respondents’ answer nether of

researcher. So, the direction of interview is difficult to be

predicted.

b. Semi-structured interview. This interview starting by general idea

from researcher but during conducting interview didn’t use the

questions that were arranged previously.

c. Structured interview. The direction is interview is guided by

general idea of researcher from question list that were arranged

previously.

Based on the types of interview explained above, the

researcher used unstructured interview. In this research, before

conducting interview the researcher brought general idea by some

questions that were prepared before. The targeted interviews

conducted by researcher directly were English teachers of Muslim

Wittaya Phuket School. The information would be applied on the

subject of this study related to what strategies implemented in his/her

teaching English. Finally, the researcher recorded their answer and

then wrote the result of that recording.

To reduce research’s prejudices on February 1st 2015, the

researcher validated the interview guide. The researcher considers that

her advisor is the expert one. The researcher’s advisor approved her

interview guide. The interview guide can be seen in appendix 2.

D. Technique of Data Verification

In this research, the trustworthiness of data analysis need to be

checked in order to reduce the research’s biases and prejudices. In this

research, the technique used is triangulation to check the trustworthiness

of data.
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Based on Denzin (1978) cited in Miles and Huberman (1994:267)

classifies there are four kinds triangulation, those are triangulation by

method, by data source (which can include person, place, time, etc.), by

researcher and by theory.

Triangulation based on methods, the data verification was done by

employing two methods. They are interview, and observation. The

observation is over when the found data had already become saturated

data.

Triangulation based on data source. The interview conducted at

March 4th 2015, and the observation conducted at February 6th, 12th, 16th,

17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 23rd 2015. The subjects were English teachers and the

place was Muslim Wittaya Phuket School.

Triangulation based on theory. The researcher used theory by

Sadker (2005) and Kindsvatter (1996).

E. Data Analysis

Maxwell (2005:95) describes this process as follows: “The

experienced qualitative researcher begins data analysis immediately after

finishing the first interview or observation, and continues to analyze the

data as long as he or she is working on the research, stopping briefly to

write reports and papers.” Ary et al (2010:481) states that data analysis is

the most complex and mysterious phase of qualitative research. Data

analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and difficult process

because typically the researcher faced massive amounts of field notes,

interview transcripts, audio recordings, video data, reflections, or

information from documents, all of which must be examined and

interpreted. The researcher must organize what he or she has seen, heard,

and read and try to make sense of it in order to create explanations,

develop theories, or pose new questions. It is an important step in part of

the research because it aims to examine the validity and reliability of the

collective data. In this research, the researcher use only one way that is

qualitative and the researcher also use inductive method. This method

starts from general to specific. According to Miles and Huberman (1994:

10) data analysis as consisting of three concurrent follows of activity:

1. Data reduction

Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing,

simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in

written-up observation sheet or transcription. In this case the writer

reduced the data that have been taken from the field, to make easier

for the writer to draw conclusion.

2. Data display

A display is an organized, compressed assembly of information

that permits conclusion drawing and action. In this step the process of

choosing data simply in the form of words, sentence, and narrative in

order that the data collected is mastered by researcher as the basic to

take appropriate conclusion. In this research, the data were displayed

consist of the information about teaching strategy used English

teachers in teaching English and its implementation in the EFL. In

data display, the researcher arranged data systematically in order to

get the conclusion as the finding of the research.

3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification

Since the beginning of the research, the researcher made

temporary conclusion Furthermore, it was brought to the perfect

conclusion. Making conclusion was the process of drawing the

content of data collected in the form of good statement and having

clear data. The conclusion drawing could be revealed the strategies

implemented by Thai English teachers at Muslim Wittaya Phuket

School. Verification means testing the provisional conclusions for

their validity suggest that after getting the data, it is analyzed

continuously and verified about the validity. The researcher used

triangulation based on Denzin (1978) cited in Miles and Huberman

(1994:267).