Biology Homework Worksheets
Week 1
Worksheet (H/W): Three Domains (W1) 2020-01-29
1. Identify some members of each domain
Bacteria: gram positive, cyanobacteria, spirochetes, chlamydias,
proteobacteria
Archaea: euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes,
korarchaeotes
Eukarya: red algae, ferns, angiosperms, fungi, sponges, bryophytes,
gymnosperms, diplomonads, euglenozoans, amoebozoans, cnidarians
2. Construct a table to summarise the differences between
the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Membrane bound organelles Yes No No
Cell membrane Glycerol ester lipids Glycerol ether lipids Glycerol ester lipids
with unbranched with branched with unbranched
fatty acid chains hydrocarbon chains fatty acid chains
Cell wall Cell wall made of Cell wall not made of Some can have a
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan cell wall but not
made of
peptidoglycan
Histones, DNA, rRNA Have no histones, Protein like histones Have histones
introns are rare or bound to DNA, have associated with
(rRNA found in each domain is absent in their DNA some introns in DNA, often have
unique to that domain with some genes introns present in
molecular regions different genes
from rRNA of the other
domains)
Worksheet (H/W): Different Classification System (W3)
1. Name the two kingdoms which were used to classify all
organisms for many years.
Plantae and Animalia.
2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a
eukaryote?
Prokaryotes do not have membrane- bound organelles
(bacteria) while eukaryotes have membrane- bound
organelles (plant and animals)
3. Use an example to show how a change in technology led
to a revision of the biological classification system.
Early classification systems placed living things into two broad
kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia. The invention of the electron
microscope showed that bacteria were different as they do not
have a nucleus or any other membrane organelles.
4. Discuss why the fungi were hard to classify in the two
kingdom system.
Traditionally the fungi were classified as plants as they are not
motile (capable of motion) but fungi are heterotrophs but they
do not contain chlorophyll.
5. Compare the two kingdom system with the five kingdom
system, giving an advantage and a disadvantage of each.
The five kingdom system is more specific to the type of
organism that can be placed into the group. The two kingdom
system makes it easier to distinguish the different types of
organisms but it is not accurate.
6. How has the optical microscope changed the
classification of living things?
It has changed as it shows the different structures of the
organisms.
7. Explain what the following statement means. ‘At one
stage snow geese and blue geese were classified as
separate species. Inbreeding led to their reclassification
as one species’.
Even though the snow geese and blue geese look different,
their cell structure is the same.
8. Explain why the organism in Figure 5.3 was difficult to
classify in the two kingdom system.
Because it is a unicellular organism
9. What was Robert Whittaker’s contribution to the
classification of living things?
Robert Whittaker devised the five-kingdom system which
included the currents four kingdom system plant, animal,
Monera and fungi and the fifth kingdom ‘Protista’. Protista was
created for eukaryotic organisms which do not show traits in
the other kingdoms.
10. From Table 5.1, which of the six kingdoms contain
prokaryotes and which kingdoms contain eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes: Protista, fungi, plantae and Animalia.
11. When Carl Woese began studying the structure of
ribosomal RNA he found that some prokaryotes were
more closely related to the eukaryotes than other
prokaryotes.
(a) What was his solution?
His solution was to create another kingdom and to
split the Monera kingdom.
(b) Research has shown there is immense genetic
diversity among the prokaryotes. Why could this
research lead to further modification of the
classification system with new kingdoms or
domains being created?
12. The Archaea have some traits in common with the
bacteria and some traits with the eukaryotes. Identify one
feature the Archaea have in common with each other
domain.
Have a cell wall (except Animalia), can have both autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
13. Which kingdom has organisms that obtain nutrition by
both autotrophic and heterotrophic means?
(A) Plant (B) Animal
(C) Protista (D) Fungi
14. Classification systems are based on comparisons and
hierarchical groupings. Which classification system was used
by Linnaeus?
(A) Two kingdom system. (B) Three kingdom system.
(C) Four kingdom system. (D) Five kingdom system.
15. When using the five kingdom classification system, in
which kingdom would you place an organism that was
eukaryotic, unicellular and autotrophic?
(A) Plant kingdom. (B) Protista.
(C) Animal kingdom. (D) Monera.
16. Figure 5.4 shows two different evolutionary trees for living
things.
In what way do these two evolutionary trees differ?
(A) Which species are members of the Fungi kingdom.
(B) The number of kingdoms.
(C) When plants, animals and fungi diverged.
(D) The evolutionary role of Protista.
17. According to this classification system, which two groups
would be most closely related?
(A) Eubacteria and archaeobacteria. (B) Rats and toads.
(C) Shrimps and maize. (D) Slime mould and euglena.
18. What conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?
(A) Relationships show divergence from a common ancestor.
(B) [Link] is the most primitive organism alive today.
(C) Plants are more primitive than vertebrates.
(D) Euglena has become less complex over time.
19. Why are biological classification systems arbitrary?
(A) Body structures change and evolve.
(B) Different species have different structural features.
(C) They are designed by humans.
(D) There is great variation within a species.
20. Who introduced the five kingdom system of classification?
(A) Watson and Crick. (B) Urey and Miller. (C) Linnaeus.
(D) Whittaker.
Homework: Textbook Summary Pg. 68-74 2020-01-31
Common Cell Structures
Cells are the basic structural unit of all living things. Although there are
different types of cells, the cells of plants, animals and bacteria share a
number of common structures. These include
o Cell membrane- separates the interior of the cell from the outside
environment
o Cytoplasm- consists of the cytosol and in, eukaryotes, the organelles.
Cytosol is a gel-like substance, made up of more than 80% water and
contains ions, salts and organism molecules
o DNA- carries hereditary information, directs the cell’s activities and is
passed from parents to offspring
o Ribosomes- organelles responsible for the synthesis of proteins
Classification of cells
There two fundamentally different types of cells.
o Prokaryotes
› Are composed of prokaryotic cells
› They include bacteria and archaea
› Usually unicellular and are generally smaller and less complex
than eukaryotic cells
› Organelles are not membrane bound
o Eukaryotes
› Composed of eukaryotes
› Include protists, fungi, plants and animals
› Contain membrane bound organelles
In older classification systems all organisms were divided into 5 ranks called
Kingdoms. Prokaryotic organisms were placed in the kingdom Monera and
eukaryotic organisms were placed in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi
and Animalia. These systems were based on morphology.
In the late 1970’s, the use of DNA techniques led to the discovery of two
different types of prokaryotic cells. This discovery resulted in the development
of a system with three domains and six kingdoms. Prokaryotes are divided
into two domains: bacteria and archaea. All eukaryotic organisms are placed
in a third domain called Eukarya.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are organisms that are made up of a single cell (unicellular).
Bacteria, cyanobacteria and archaea, such as methanogens are examples of
prokaryotes.
Most prokaryotic cells are small and therefore have a large surface area
relative to their volume. Prokaryote cells lack membrane- bound organelles,
and their cytoplasm contains scattered ribosomes that are involved in the
synthesis of proteins. The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is usually a
single, circular DNA chromosome called the genophore, which is contains in
an irregularly shaped region called the nucleoid. The nucleoid does not have a
nuclear membrane like the nucleus of eukaryotes.
The prokaryotic chromosomal DNA is attached to the cell membrane by a
region of the chromosomes called the origin. In addition to this chromosomal
DNA, many prokaryotic cells also contain small rings of double- stranded DNA
called plasmids.
The cell membrane is surrounded by an outer cell wall. Many bacteria also
have a capsule outside the cell wall. The capsule protects the bacterial cell
from damage, dehydrations and engulfment by eukaryotic cells. It also helps
the bacteria stick to surfaced. These features of bacterial capsules increase
the virulence (ability to cause disease) of the pathogenic bacteria.
Some prokaryotes can move around using a tail-like structure called a
flagellum. Many prokaryotes have small hair-like projections called pili, which
can also help to generate movement. Pili are also involved in the transfer DNA
between organisms. Specialised pili that can attach to surfaces are called
fimbriae.
Bacteria
Bacteria have very diverse metabolic systems, making them extremely
adaptable. Bacteria are common in moist, low-salt environment of moderate
temperature, where sunlight or organic compounds are plentiful and inside or
on plants and animals.
Bacteria can obtain energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) or by reducing
inorganic compounds such as sulphides or ferrous ion (chemosynthesis).
Gram-positive and gram-negative
Bacteria have mesh-cell walls that are made up of a polymer called
peptidoglycan. Different species of bacteria have different cell wall
characteristic. Based on the structure of their cell walls, different species of
bacteria can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative using a
technique called gram staining.
Gram staining involves adding a purple dye called crystal violet to bacterial
cells. Gram-positive has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan so it gives a purple
result. Gram-negative bacteria have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan so
they give a pink result.
Archaea
The prokaryotes in the domain Archaea include extremophiles. These are
organisms that can live in extreme conditions, such as:
o Areas of high temperatures (thermophiles)
o Areas of low temperature
o The upper atmosphere
o Alkaline environments
o Acidic environments (acidophiles)
o Salty environments (halophiles)
o Environment with little or no oxygen
o Areas without light
o Petroleum deposits deep underground
Hyperthermophiles can survive in very hot environments. They can also
withstand extremely high pressures.
Their ability of archaea to live in extreme environments is due in part to their
unique cell membranes. Like other living organism, archaea possess a cell
membrane composed mainly of lipids. Cell membranes need to be fluid to
enable cells to rapidly respond to external conditions and allow proteins to
easily move in and out of cells.
The cell membranes or archaea form a unique structure that remains fluid and
selectively permeable (semipermeable) over a wide range of temperature-
from freezing cold to boiling hot. The lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes have
fluidity and selective permeability, bout only in a narrow range of
temperatures.
Differences between bacteria and archaea
The cells of bacteria and archaea are different in several ways
o Archaea have a different type of lipid structure in the cell membrane.
o The cell wall in bacteria contains peptidoglycan, but the cell wall in
archaea does not (although there is a similar compound in some
archaea)
o Both have diverse metabolic systems, but methanogenesis (in which
methane is produced) is unique to archaea
Eukaryotes
The cells of eukaryotes are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a cell (plasma) membrane that surrounds the cell’s
cytoplasm and internal (non-plasma) membranes that form specialised
compartments within the cell. The membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic
cells are called organelles.
Eukaryotic organisms are incredibly diverse. There are unicellular are
multicellular forms and organism that can reproduce asexually and sexually.
Eukaryotic organisms only represent a small proportion of all species on earth,
but because eukaryotes are much larger in size, their total biomass is about
the same as prokaryotes.
Animal and plant cells
Animal and plant cells are very similar. They both contain a nucleus
surrounded by cytoplasm, which is enclosed by the cell membrane. They have
mitochondria for cellular respiration and organelles, such as the Golgi
apparatus, in which proteins are synthesised and processed.
o Plant cells have cell walls made from cellulose outside the cell
membrane. The cell walls provide structural supports and results in a
fixed shape. Animal cells do not have cell walls
o Plant cells have a larger, permanent vacuole that stores minerals and
nutrients in a solution called cell sap. The vacuole also provides
structure to plant cells by maintaining turgor pressure against the cell
wall. Animal cells have many small temporary fluid-filled vacuoles called
vesicles, but these do not provide structural support.
o Plant cells have chloroplasts, which are the site of photosynthesis.
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts and do not perform
photosynthesis
Homework Definitions
Acid- a substance with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red,
neutralizing alkalis, and dissolving some metals
Activation energy- The activation energy is the energy required to start a reaction
Activate site- the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules
bind and undergo a chemical reaction
Active transport- is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region
of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
ADP- Short for adenosine diphosphate. An organic compound that is composed of
adenosine and two phosphate groups.
Aerobic- relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.
Alveolus- any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous
exchange.
Amino Acid- a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino
group
Ammonia- a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell, which dissolves in
water to give a strongly alkaline solution.
Anaerobic- relating to or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
Aquaporin- also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a
larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological
cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.
Archaea- microorganisms which are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of
structure but radically different in molecular organization.
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate. Is the energy currency for life
Autotrophs- an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from
simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Bacteria- a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell
walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause
disease.
Base- a purine or pyrimidine group in a nucleotide or nucleic acid.
Bilayer- a film two molecules thick (formed e.g. by lipids), in which each molecule is
arranged with its hydrophobic end directed inwards towards the opposite side of the
film and its hydrophilic end directed outwards.
Bile- a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid which aids digestion and is secreted by
the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Binocular microscope- A microscope with a head that has two eyepiece lenses
Bladder- a muscular membranous sac in the abdomen which receives urine from
the kidneys and stores it for excretion.
Bowman’s capsule- a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a
nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood
to form urine
Bronchiole- any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides.
Bronchus- any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the
windpipe.
Capillaries- any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the
arterioles and venules.
Carbohydrate- any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and
living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose
Carbonic acid- a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves
in water.
Carrier proteins- are proteins that carry substances from one side of a biological
membrane to the other.
Catabolic reactions- a type of metabolic reaction that take place within a cell.
Larger molecules are separated to form smaller molecules, as in the case of
respiration where glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide and water.
Catalyst- a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Cell- the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically
microscopic and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
Cell compartmentalisation- refers to the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and
work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more
efficiently.
Cell membrane- the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Cell wall- a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the
cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria.
Centriole- each of a pair of minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal
cells, involved in the development of spindle fibres in cell division.
Channel proteins- a special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell
membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions.
Chemosynthesis- the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living
organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals,
typically in the absence of sunlight.
Chlorophyll- a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria,
which is responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast- a plastid in green plant cells which contains chlorophyll and in which
photosynthesis takes place.
Coenzyme- a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an
enzyme.
Cofactor- a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the
activity of an enzyme.
Collecting tubule- a duct that receives and concentrates urine from the distal
convoluted tubule of nephrons and discharges it into the renal pelvis.
Competitive inhibition- is interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical
substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding.
Concentrated solution- refers to the measure of the amount of a sub-component in
a solution
Concentrated gradient- is the process of particles, which are sometimes called
solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of
particles to an area with a lower number of particles.
Confocal microscope- is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical
resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block
out-of-focus light in image formation.
Cortex- an outer layer of tissue immediately below the epidermis of a stem or root.
Cytology- the branches of biology and medicine concerned with the structure and
function of plant and animal cells.
Cytoplasm- the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.
Cytosol- the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various
organelles and particles are suspended.
Denature- destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological
macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effect which disrupts its molecular
conformation.
Dephophorylation- common biochemical process in which a phosphate group is
removed from an organic compound through hydrolysis.
Differentially permeable membrane- A membrane that allows the passage of
small molecules but not of large molecules.
Diffusion- the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
Dilute solution- one that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of
solvent
Disaccharide- is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are
joined by glycosidic linkage.
Distal tubule- of the mammalian kidney can be defined as the nephron segment
between the macula densa region and the cortical collecting tubule.
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic
information.
Egestion- the act or process of discharging undigested or waste material from a cell
or organism specifically
Electron micrograph- a photograph or image of a specimen taken using
an electron microscope.
Electron microscope- a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image
of the target
Endocytosis- the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane
to form a vacuole.
Enzyme- are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the
rate of virtually all the chemical reactions that take place within cells.
Enzyme-substrate complex- a temporary molecule formed when
an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate
Equilibrium- the condition in which all acting influences are balanced or cancelled
by equal opposing forces, resulting in a stable system.
Eukarya- These are organisms with cells that contain a nucleus as well as
membrane-bound organelles.
