CLASS 10 - MATHS

FORMULA BOOK
FOR CBSE BOARD
REAL NUMBERS  If ,  and  are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial
 Euclid’s Division Lemma ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d, then
a = b × q + r, 0  r < b. b c
 For any two positive integers a and b  +  =  ,  +  +  = and
a a
HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b
d
 For three numbers a, b & c  = 
a
(i) HCF (a, b, c)  LCM(a, b, c)  a  b  c where a,
SOME USEFUL IDENTITIES
b, c are positive integers.
 (i) (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy
a  b  c  HCF( a , b , c )
(ii) LCM (a, b, c) = (ii) (x – y)2 = x2 + y2 – 2xy
HCF( a , b)  HCF( b , c )  HCF( a , c )
(iii) (x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
a  b  c  LCM( a , b , c ) (iv) (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(iii) HCF (a, b, c) =
LCM( a , b)  LCM( b , c )  LCM( a , c ) (v) (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y 2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
(vi) (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)
POLYNOMIALS = x 3 + 3x2y + 3xy 2 + y 3
 Remainder Theorem : Let p(x) be any (vii) (x – y) = x – y 3 – 3xy(x – y)
3 3

polynomial of degree greater than or equal = x 3 – 3x2y + 3xy 2 – y 3

to 1 and a be any real number, if p(x) be divided (viii) x + y + z – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2
3 3 3

by linear polynomial (x – a), then the remainder – xy – yz – zx)

is equal to p(a). If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
 Factor Theorem : If p(x) is a polynomial of (ix) x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x 2 – xy + y 2)
degree greater than or equal to 1 and a be (x) x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x 2 + xy + y 2)
any real number such that
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
(i) if p(a) = 0 then (x – a) is a factor of p(x) and
(ii) if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0  If a pair of linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
 Division Algorithm for Polynomial : p (x) = and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 represents :
q (x) × g (x) + r (x), where r (x) = 0 or a1 b1
degree of r (x) < degree of q (x). (i) Intersecting lines then 
a2 b2
 If  and  are the zeroes of a quadratic (one solution)
polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then
a1 b1 c1
b c (ii) Parallel lines, then  
 +  =  and  = a2 b2 c2
a a (no solution)
 AB AC A
a b c (ii) 
(iii) Coincident lines, then 1  1  1 AD AE
a2 b2 c2
(infinitely many solutions)
D E
AB AC
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (iii)  .
DB EC
 Roots of the quadratic equation B C
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c  R and a  0 is given
by
 AAA Similarity Criterion : If two triangles
are equiangular, then they are similar.
 b  b2  4 ac  AA Similarity Criterion : If two angles of one
x= ; D  b2  4 ac triangle are respectively equal to two angles
2a
of another triangle, then the two triangles are
 Nature of Roots similar.
(i) If D > 0, distinct and unequal real roots.  SSS Similarity Criterion : If the corresponding
(ii) If D is a perfect square, the equation has sides of two triangles are proportional, then
unequal-rational roots. they are similar.
(iii) If D = 0, real and equal roots and each  SAS Similarity Criterion : If in two triangles,
b one pair of corresponding sides are
root is .
2a proportional and the included angles are equal,
(iv) If D < 0, no real roots. then the two triangles are similar.
 Formation of a quadratic equation  Area of Similar Triangles : The ratio of the
x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 areas of two similar triangles is equal to the
ratio of the squares of their corresponding
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS sides, altitudes, medians, angle bisector
 The nth term an of an A.P. is segments.
an = a + (n – 1) d;  The Pythagoras Theorem :
A
a = first term In a right triangle, the
n = number of terms square of the hypotenuse
d = common difference is equal to the sum of the
 The sum to n terms of an A.P. square of other two sides.
In the given figure,
n B C
Sn = {2a + (n – 1)d} AC2 = AB2 + BC 2.
2
n CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Also, Sn = {a + l}
2  If x  y, then (x, y)  (y, x).
TRIANGLES  If (x, y) = (y, x), then x = y.
 Distance between the points A(x 1 , y 1 ),
 Basic Proportionality Theorem (B.P.T.) (Thales
Theorem) : In a triangle, a line drawn paral- B(x2, y2) is AB = ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 .
lel to one side, to intersect the other sides in  If A, B and C are collinear, then AB + BC = AC
distinct points, divides the two sides in the same or AC + CB = AB or BA + AC = BC.
ratio. In ABC, if DE||BC.  The points which divides the line segment
AD AE joining the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) in the ratio
Then (i)  l:m
DB EC
 lx2 mx1 ly2 my1 Perpendicular AC
(i) Internally : , ; (l + m  0) tan  =
l m l m Base AB

 lx2  mx1 ly2  my1  Base AB

 l  m , l  m  ; ( l  m)
(ii) Externally:  cot  = Perpendicular AC
 The mid-point of the line segment joining
Hypotenuse BC
sec  =
x  x2 y1  y2 
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) is  1
Base AB
 2 , 2 
.
Hypotenuse BC
 Centroid of a ABC, with vertices A(x1, y1), cosec = Perpendicular AC
B(x2, y 2) and C(x 3, y3) is
1 1
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3   cosec   or sin  
G   ,  . sin  cosec 
3 3
 The area of the triangle formed by the points 1 1
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y 3)  sec   or cos  
cos  sec 
1
= x (y y3 ) x2 ( y 3 y1 ) x3 ( y1 y2 ) 1 1
2 1 2  cot   or tan  
tan  cot 
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometric Ratios in ABC sin 

  tan  
Perpendicular AC C cos 
sin  = Hypotenuse BC
Base AB cos 
 cot  
cos  = Hypotenuse BC  sin 
A B
 Trigonometric Ratios of Complementry  Area of the minor segment PRQP
Angles
r 2  1 2
sin (90° – ) = cos , cos (90° – ) = sin    r sin 
360 2
tan (90° – ) = cot , cot (90° – ) = tan 
 Area of major
sec (90° – ) = cosec , cosec (90° – ) = sec  segment PSQP
 Trigonometric Identities = r2  area of minor
sin2  + cos2  = 1 segment PRQP.
sec2  – tan2  = 1
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
cosec2  – cot2  = 1
 Cube
CIRCLES
If a be the edge of a cube, then
 Tangent to a circle at a point is perpendicular
to the radius through the point of contact. Volume = a3
 From a point, lying outside a circle, two and Total surface area = 6a2
only two tangents can be drawn to it.
 The lengths of two tangents drawn from an Area of four walls = 4a2
external point are equal.
Diagonal of cube = 3  Edge  3a
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLE
Edge of a cube = 3
Volume
 Circumference of a circle = 2r, where r is the
radius of the circle.  Cuboid
 Perimeter of a semicircle with radius r is If l be the length, b be the breadth and h be
2r + r. the height of the cuboid, then
 Area of a circle with radius r is given by Volume = length × breadth × height = l × b × h
A = r2.
Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
r 2 Area of four walls of a room = 2 × (l + b)h
 Area of a semicircle of radius r = .
2
Diagonal of a cuboid = l 2  b2  h 2
 Area of a ring whose outer and inner radii are
R and r respectively  Cylinder
= (R 2  r2) = (R + r)(R  r)
If r be the radius of the cylinder and h be the
2 r  height of the cylinder, then
 Perimeter of sector OACBO  2r  .
360
Volume = r2h
2
r Curved surface area = 2rh
 Area of minor sector OACBO= .
360
Total surface area = 2r(r + h)
1
Also, the area of a sector is given by A = lr,
2  Hollow Cylinder
 r  If R is the outer radius, r is the inner radius
where l =  = length
 180  and h be the height of the hollow cylinder,
of arc ACB. then
 Area of major sector Volume = (R2 – r2)h
OADBO = r 2 – area of
minor sector OACBO. Total surface area = 2(R + r)(h + R – r)
 Cone  Class marks :
If r, h and l denote respectively the radius of Upper class limit + Lower class limit
base, height and slant height of a right circular 2
cone, then  For Ungrouped Data
1 (i) Mean
Volume  r 2 h
3 x1 x2 x3 ...... xn
Curved surface area = rl  r  h r2 2  x
n
.
Total surface area = curved surface area + area (ii) Median
of the base = rl + r2 = r(l + r) Case-I : If the number of items n in the data
 Sphere is odd, then
If r is the radius of the sphere, then n 1
th

Surface area = 4r2 Median = value of item.

2
4 3 Case-II : If the total number of items n in the
Volume = r
3 data is even, then
 Hollow Sphere th th
1 n n
If R is the outer radius and r is the inner radius Median = × value of + 1 item
2 2 2
of the hollow sphere, then
(iii) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
4
Volume  ( R3  r 3 )  For Grouped Data
3
(i) Mean (Direct Method)
 Hemisphere
If r is the radius of the hemisphere, then f i xi
x
Curved surface area = 2r2 fi
Total surface area = 3r2
(ii) Mean (Mean Deviation Method)
2 3
Volume = r fi (xi a) fi di
3 x a a ,
fi fi
 Frustum of a Cone
where, a = assumed mean,
If h is the height, l the slant height and r1 and
fi total frequency , d i = x i – a.
r2 the radii of the circular bases (r1 > r2) of a
frustum of a cone, then
(iii) Mean (Step Deviation Method)
 2
Volume  ( r1  r1r2  r22 )h xi a
3 fi
Lateral surface area = (r1 + r2)l h fi ui
x a h a h
fi fi
Total surface area  {(r1  r2 )l  r12  r22 }
where, a = assumed mean, fi = total frequency,
xi a
Slant height of the frustum, l h2 (r1 r2 )2 h = class-size, ui .
h
STATISTICS n
cf
 Range : Highest observation – Lowest (iv) Median( M e ) l 2 h,
observation f
 Class size : Upper class limit – Lower class limit where, l = lower limit of the median class,
n = number of observations,
 cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal
the median class, class,
f = frequency of the median class, f2 = frequency of the class suceeding the modal
h = class size. class.

PROBABILITY


where, l = lower limit of modal class,  Probability of an event

h = size of the class-interval, 

f1 = frequency of the modal class,  For an event E, we have 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.



6 Mathematics