Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This part of the study will be discussing the relevant literature

connected with the study of modifications of disciplinary methods of

parents to their children. The flow will start from the general information

down to the specific information. The discussion will start on the

definition of parents and parenting styles. Next, it will be followed by the

different types of parenting styles. After discussing the different types of

parenting styles, it will be followed by the specific characteristics or traits

of each parenting styles. This part also discussing other important

information such as; the difference between traditional and the modern

parenting styles, and how the parenting styles have changed over time.

Parenting

According to Harcourt (2013), parenting is the act of rearing of a

child or children, especially the care, love, and guidance given by a

parent. In my perspective, parenting is the work of a parent that teaches

their children how to live and take care of themselves in the future.

Parenting Styles

According to Sigmon (2011), parenting styles refers to how a

parent behaves around their children as defined by the overall demeanor

that a parents has when they are engaging their children. In my

understanding, parenting styles is the technique of the parent of how

he/she will engage or approach his/her children.

Different types of Parenting Styles

Authoritative Parenting

According to Cherry (2016), authoritative parenting is a style

characterized by reasonable demands and high responsiveness. While

authoritative parents might have high expectations for their children,

these parents also give their kids the resources and support they need to

succeed. In my understanding, this parenting style is good and creates a

good environment for the children.

Neglectful Parenting

According to Cherry (2016), uninvolved parenting, sometimes

referred to as neglectful parenting, is a style characterized by lack of

responsiveness to a child’s needs. Uninvolved parents make few to no

demands of their children and they are often indifferent, dismissive, or

even completely neglectful. In my understanding, this parenting styles is

bad for the children because the lack of attention of the parents to their

children may lead to bad results.

Permissive Parenting
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According to Cherry (2016), permissive parenting is a type of

parenting styles characterized by low demands with responsiveness.

Permissive parents tend to be very loving, yet provide few guidelines and

rules. In my understanding, this parenting is quite good yet it has bad

effects to the children, like the children more likely to become spoiled.

Authoritarian Parenting

According to Cherry (2016), authoritarian parenting is a style

characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents with an

authoritarian style have very high expectations of their children, yet

provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturance. In my

perspective, this parenting is opposite to authoritative parenting. This

parenting would probably cause stress to the children.

Attachment Parenting

According to White (2016), the goal of attachment parenting is to

raise children who can form healthy, emotional connection with other

people throughout their life. Attachment parents believe this must begin

by forming a respectful, compassionate connection between parent and

child. For me, this type of parenting is quite good for the children

because the bond between the parent and the child will make the child

grow happy.

Helicopter Parenting
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Helicopter parenting is also known as overparenting. Helicopter

parents don’t let their children go out without them. According to Zinski

(2013), the term helicopter parent refers to an overprotective mother or

father is constantly hovering over their child.

Free-Range Parenting

Free-Range parenting is the type of parenting that let their children

do whatever they want. According to Morin (2016), Free-range parenting

isn’t about being permissive or uninvolved. Instead, it’s about allowing

kids to have freedom to experience natural consequences of their

behavior – when it’s safe to do so.

Specific Characteristics of each Parenting Styles

Authoritative Parenting

According to Cherry (2016), authoritative parents want their

children to utilize reasoning and work independently, but they also have

high expectations for their children. When children break the rules, they

are disciplined in a fair and consistent manner. In my understanding,

authoritative parents listen to their children, they express love and care

but still place limits and expectations.

Neglectful Parenting
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The specific traits of a neglectful parents are quite disturbing,

they’re too distant from their children either emotionally or physically.

According to Cherry (2016), uninvolved parents are too often too

overwhelmed by their own problems to deal with their children, they

show little warmth, love, and affection towards their children, and they

don’t even attend school events and parent-teacher conferences. Also,

they may intentionally avoid their children.

Permissive Parenting

This parenting method is quite noticeable in our society, this

parenting style often results to spoiled children, here’s some traits of a

permissive parent. According to cherry (2016), permissive parents have

few rules or standards of behavior for their children, when there are

rules, they are often very inconsistent. Permissive parents are usually

very nurturing and loving towards their kids, often seem more like a

friend, rather than a parent and may use bribery such as toys, gifts and

foods as a means to get child to behave.

Authoritative Parenting

The parents using this parenting style are quite strict and they

have high expectations for their children. According to Cherry (2016),

authoritative parents have strict rules and expectations, very demanding,

but not responsive, don’t express much warmth and nurturing, utilize
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punishments with little or no explanation, and don’t give children

choices or options.

Attachment Parenting

Parents using this type of parenting is connected to their children

emotionally, they believe that parenting begins by forming a deep bond

between their children. According to White (2016), attachment parents

have some few common practices like sharing bed with their children,

they believed that it encourages responsive parenting and parent.

Breastfeeding is another practice used by permissive parents, they

believe that, in most cases, breastfeeding encourages healthy physical,

emotional, and mental development.

Free-Range Parenting

Free-range parenting is quite good for the children because it gives

the children freedom but this freedom may lead to harmful situations.

According to Morin (2016), free-range parents allow their children play in

nature, they give their children independence and they don’t parent out

of fear.

Helicopter Parenting

Helicopter parents can be easily identified, this kind of parents are

overprotective to their children. According to Zinski (2013), helicopter

parents have unnecessary fear, they’re afraid their child might be

abducted on the way to school or that their child might fall and break a

bone at local playground often react to this anxiety by unnecessarily

limiting their child’s activity. Helicopter parents value gratification,

instead of letting their child wait for a birthday to receive a latest video

game, parents often fill their child’s needs immediately, rather than

delaying gratification. Dealing with boredom, frustration, and emotional

hurt are natural part of growing up. To avoid inevitability, many

helicopter parents will fight their children’s battles for them.

The Difference between Traditional and Modern Parenting Styles

According to Jamil (2011), Parents play an important role in

educating their children. This is because they have a great influence

their children. Nowadays, children have lesser respect towards their

parents compared to older days. There are many differences between

modern parenting in terms of education and freedom.

First and foremost, the methods that parents used to educate their

children are different in the past. At this point, parents nowadays are not

too strict in educating their children. For instance, they prefer to use

psychological approach such as giving advices and giving a space for the

children to think. In contrast, traditional parents are stricter in

educating their children. In brief, modern parenting is more lenient

compared to traditional parenting. Next, parents nowadays are treating

their children differently in terms of giving freedom to their children.

Modern parents are giving their children too much freedom. For example,

the cases of social illness such as abortion and drug addiction are

increasing as the children abused the freedom given to them. On the

other hand, traditional parents were known to monitor their children

closely. As a result, the children in the past were more well behaved and

disciplined. In summary, parents nowadays are more lenient to their

children compared to parents in the past. In a nutshell, modern parents

and the traditional parents differ in view of education and freedom. In

order to discipline the children, parents should more firms to children

and try not to spoil them. So that they will be a useful person in the

future. In my understanding, traditional and modern parenting style

really differ from each other, traditional parenting style are usually strict

because the parents uses traditional style want their children to be

successful individual in the future. While on the modern parenting style,

the parents want their children to live life by giving freedom and such.

According to Lin (2015), as it is becoming more apparent in the

modern day society, there are obvious differences between the older

generation and the younger generation. Today, youths are being coined

the term “strawberry generation” where they are attributed to

strawberries’ characteristics- easily bruised and unable to withstand

stress. In contrast, the older generation, especially adults from the

generation X, is known to be hardworking and independent. Honestly,

what Ms. Lin said is quite true, today youths are quite emotional, when
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they get sad or depressed, they will post pictures or updated their status

on facebook. While on older generation, which are the adults, they are

strong enough to handle themselves even if they’re alone.

How Parenting Style have Changed

According to Salsman (2012), In the early part of this century

parents did not worry about shoring up their children's self-esteem or

sense of autonomy, and they didn't feel called upon to provide them with

"unconditional love." They worried their children would become spoiled,

disobedient or self centered. But nowadays it’s seen to be making their

children more aggressive, criticism will destroy their self esteem and

expressing your love will make them kinder and more loving towards

others. The change really started to happen when parents started

listening to “experts” advice, and the advice was gradually changing.

Roles It used to be widely accepted that the father would work while the

mother stayed home and raised the children. Mothers were expected to

raise their children to strict routines and ensure they were clean, well-

fed, appropriately dressed and well behaved. In the 21st century the care

of the child progressively changed. Parents are now expected to share the

responsibility and increasing numbers of men now spend great hours of

quality time with their children. Some even stay home to care for them

while their wife goes out and work. The most common reason for this

was the changing economy and families just didn’t have enough income
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with one working family member. Single Parents Until the 1970 almost

everyone married before having children. Many couples would marry

because of pregnancy. In the early 20th century a death of a parent was

common and it was in the late 20th century that numbers in divorce

started increasing. By 2008 50% of parents were not married when their

first baby is born. It wasn’t seen until 2000 that shared care after

separation was better for the children. Discipline Discipline used to be

much more physical, and was seen as the norm, compared to now where

it rare to ever see a child smacked; it’s now shamed upon. It was then

that it became common for parents to use strategies such as timeouts

and family conferences. In 2007 the law changed to not being able to use

reasonable force to discipline a child, it’s now seen as child abuse.

Effects of Media Media used to only target mothers when it came to

parenting advice in books and magazines, etc. It wasn’t until the 1970s

that media changed its focus to the child’s emotional and developmental

needs. This added a small involvement for the fathers, but it wasn’t until

2000 that the advice changed to both parents having equal involvement

in their child’s life. In my perspective, parenting really changed in this

past years, parenting long time ago are quite strict because they want to

maintain the tradition and the expectation towards their children. While

parenting today is quite soft or should we say a little loosen because they

give their children freedom to do things unlike before.

Summary
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An important aspect of being a parent is how he/she raise her/his

children. When parents don’t know how to raise his/her children, the

results will be awful. Furthermore, when parents use fear and force

rather than love and care, the children’s behavior will change.

The literature described the in depth knowledge of parenting while

discussing the different types of parenting. The literature continued by

describing the changes of parenting styles. The literature concluded with

a description of parenting style and the changes of parenting styles from

then up to now.