1 CITIES

PERFECT FORMS
Present perfect simple
We use the present perfect simple to show that something happened or started before now. There
is usually a present result.
We form the present perfect simple with have(n’t) / has(n’t) + past participle.

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they have seen I / you / we / they haven’t seen Have I / you / we / they seen …?
he / she / it has seen he / she / it hasn’t seen Has he / she / it seen …?

We have spent a lot of money. (= before now – we don’t know if it’s continuing)

Past perfect simple

We use the past perfect simple to emphasise that something happened or started before another
event or time in the past. We also use it to refer to hypothetical events in the past (i.e. before now).
We form the past perfect simple with had(n’t) + past participle.

Positive Negative Question

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Had I / you / he / she / it / we /
had seen hadn’t seen they seen …?

He said he’d been a doctor. (= When we spoke, he no longer worked as a doctor.)

I wish I’d made better financial decisions, but I didn’t.

will have done (future perfect) and other modals

We use the future perfect to show an action will be complete before a particular time in the future.
We form the future perfect with will / may / should + have + past participle.

Positive Negative Question

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Will I / you / he / she / it / we /
will have seen won’t have seen they have seen …?

I will have left the cinema by two o’clock, so I’ll do the shopping then.

Participle clauses
We sometimes need an -ing form to form a participle clause.
Having checked his bank account online, Felipe realised he had been a victim of fraud.
(= After he checked / had checked …)

Infinitive form
We sometimes use an infinitive with to after certain verbs, for example, seem and believe.
I seem to have forgotten the tickets. (= before now)
A city bus is believed to have crashed in the city centre.

4  Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

 1   Complete the sentences with perfect forms of the verbs in brackets.
By this time next year, I ’ll have got (get) another job.

1 They should be here by now. I don’t know what could have happened (happen)
to them.
2 I’m so embarrassed. I wish I had checked (check) out the qualifications of the
travel agent before I paid him.
3 If you haven’t seen (not see) Paris, then you should get on a plane today!
4 Having already moved (already move) twice this year, I don’t think I’ll be moving again
for a long time.
5 They ’ll / must have hidden (hide) the money by now, so there’s no point in trying to
find them.
6 Oh dear. I seem to have left (leave) my book on the train.
7 All the work on the new shopping centre will have been done (do) by this time
next week.
8 Leimann is understood to have been followed (follow) by the security services all the
way to Buenos Aires, where he then disappeared.

2 Tick () the correct sentences. Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

Have already visited Rome, we decided to try Sorrento instead.
Having already visited Rome, we decided to try Sorrento instead.

1 I’ve already left Sao Paolo before I went to live in London.

I’d already left Sao Paolo before I went to live in London.
2 They were living in Kobe when the earthquake happened, which must had been awful.
They were living in Kobe when the earthquake happened, which must have been awful.
3 We were prepared for the snow as we’d lived in Zurich before we moved to Vancouver.

4 We’ve been waiting here for you while you’d been sightseeing.
We’ve been waiting here for you while you’ve been / you were sightseeing.
5 He told me he hasn’t tried Turkish food before he went to Istanbul.
He told me he hadn’t tried Turkish food before he went to Istanbul.
6 Next January, we’ll have lived here for exactly twenty years.

7 We’ve had a fantastic weekend. We’ve went up the Empire State Building
and the Chrysler Building. We’ve had a fantastic weekend. We’ve been / We went up the
Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building.
8 He’ll has finished work on his place by the time we get there.
He’ll have finished work on his place by the time we get there.

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced  5

 2 RELATIONSHIPS
WOULD
We use would for many purposes, including for conditionals, talking about past habits, giving
advice and for the past form of will.
We use the structure would + infinitive (without to) or would have + past participle.

Positive Negative Question

I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Would I / you / he / she / it / we /
would think wouldn’t think they think …?
I / you / he / she / it / we / they I / you / he / she / it / we / they Would I / you / he / she / it / we /
would have thought wouldn’t have thought they have thought …?

Conditionals
We use would in a conditional sentence to introduce a hypothetical result or consequence.
We use would + infinitive (without to) for a hypothetical present or future result and would have +
past participle for a hypothetical past situation.
If we hadn’t argued so much, we would still be together now.
I would’ve called her if I’d known she was upset.

Habits
We can use would instead of used to or the past simple to talk about habits.
We use would + infinitive (without to).
When I was a teenager, I’d cook lunch for my family every Sunday.
(= When I was a teenager, I used to cook lunch for my family every Sunday.)
We also use would with wish to talk about present habits we (don’t) want people to have.
I wish they wouldn’t keep parking in front of my drive.
They wish their children would stop waking up in the night.

Past of will
We use would as the past form of will. It tends to follow verbs such as knew, said, thought, promised
and threatened.
I knew he’d go behind my back and tell all his friends. You can’t trust him.
You said you’d be charming when you met my parents and you were. They loved you!
I didn’t think she’d arrive until later, so I’m very surprised.
We promised we wouldn’t make life difficult for them, despite what they’d done.
We often use won’t to refuse to do something and so we use would to report it.
Last weekend, I asked Tim to help me install some new software and he just wouldn’t. He said he was
too busy.

Advice
We use I’d to give advice. It sometimes goes with expressions such as if I were you and if I were in
your shoes, but we use it more often on its own.
If I were you, I’d lighten up. It’s not worth worrying about it.
You should take him to school on his first day, but after that, I’d let him take the bus with his friends.

6  Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

 Being more cautious with opinions
We often use I would / wouldn’t say to introduce our opinions about people or a situation. Note
we can also sometimes use I would’ve / wouldn’t have said in the same way. These structures show
more caution. We can use other opinion verbs instead of say, such as think, imagine and hope.
I wouldn’t say / wouldn’t have said she’s the least punctual in the office.
I would think / I would’ve thought you’d get a promotion soon.
We also sometimes use would with requests because it can sound more polite.
Would you mind taking me to the supermarket?
Would it be OK to borrow this book?

1 Complete the sentences with would(n’t) and the correct form of the verbs in
brackets.
I wish you ’d close (close) your mouth when you eat!

1 Even though he had promised that he wouldn’t be (be) late, he eventually

turned up as we were leaving.
2 If she’d said she knew him, I probably would have invited (invite) him to her party.
3 I just wish he wouldn’t talk (talk) so loudly on the phone. It’s very annoying.
4 I wouldn’t say / wouldn’t have said (say) it’s the end of the world – it’s a small
problem and we’ll deal with it.
5 If they had been nicer people, we probably would have stayed (stay) for a few
more days.
6 My laptop wouldn’t switch (switch) on today. I’ll have to see if Jem can help me.
7 You aren’t happy with it, are you? I ’d consider (consider) taking it back and
getting a refund!
8 Would it be (be) OK to get a lift with you today?
9 If I were in your shoes, I ’d admit (admit) you were wrong and say sorry.
10 They knew they wouldn’t have wanted (want) to be the centre of attention, so they only
had a small wedding.

2 Match the sentence halves.

If you’d told me about the concert, I would have come.

1 Don’t you wish she’d a thought they’d stay together forever.

2 If you’d warned me about Fred, b mind giving me a hand?
3 I would’ve c be here by twelve and they were right.
4 I wouldn’t have d try a bit harder in her classes?
5 Would you e go swimming every Saturday morning.
6 I probably would f I’d never have introduced him to Sara.
7 They said they wouldn’t g have agreed if you’d asked me first.
8 When I was seven, I’d h said she wasn’t a good driver.
9 I wish they’d i come up with excuses to stay out late.
10 As teenagers, we’d often j stop being such snobs.

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced  7

 3 CULTURE AND
IDENTITY
CLEFT SENTENCES
We can use cleft sentences to add emphasis. We often use them when correcting what we or
someone else has just said.
We form cleft sentences by changing the structure of the standard subject–verb–object sentence.

Fronting
We can place the information in bold in the example below at the front of the sentence. We start
the sentence with It + the verb be and then add a relative clause.
I didn’t have the operation last week. I had it last month.
It wasn’t last week (that) I had the operation; it was last month.

the thing, what, all

We often use phrases such as the thing, what and all + relative clause at the beginning of a
sentence to add emphasis.
We use the structure clause + be + noun / noun phrase / clause. We use different structures in the
clause after be.

First clause be Noun or noun phrase / clause

Emphasising how The thing that makes me happy is spending a lot of time with
we feel my family.
What was annoying was not being able to go to the
hockey match.
Emphasising and The only thing she does is (to) watch TV all day.
action with do All we did was give our opinion.
Emphasising All that happens is (that) the screen turns blue.
an action with What happened was (that) it hadn’t been plugged in.
happen
Emphasising a The reason why I didn’t turn up was (that) my car broke down.
reason
Emphasising a The place (where) you can get is the town hall.
place married

Emphasising how we feel

We often use a ‘feelings’ verb rather than an adjective when we emphasise how something makes
us feel, for example, frustrates me, upsets me, I love, disturbs me, amazes me, I can’t stand, scares me,
drives me mad, I find difficult, bothers me and I find weird.
What frustrates me most is people asking where I’m from.
The thing I love most about city life is the diversity.
We use a number of different noun phrases to start the second clause, for example, the way …, the
fact that …, the number of …, the amount of …
What irritates me most about politicians is how often they break their promises.
What I love about going hiking is the fact that I can get fit and enjoy nature at the same time.

8  Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

 1 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

all did didn’t fact happened how is is

it it’s main not only reason that the
thing was wasn’t what where which

The main reason I left was that the manager was incredibly rude, but the
food was awful too.

1 It’s not his manner that annoys me; it’s his insensitivity.
2 The thing that always surprises me is the fact that no one has challenged
him.
3 She reacted so angrily. All I did was comment on her choice of jacket.
4 The only thing that happens is that people sit in the town centre
drinking coffee.
5 The reason she won the prize was that she had worked the hardest in the
class.
6 It wasn’t speaking the language that I found hard; it was writing it.
7 What happened in the end was they showed me how to prepare the dish.
8 The place where you’re most likely to find fresh milk is at a local market.
9 The thing which excites me most is not knowing what to expect.
10 What we didn’t appreciate was how difficult communicating would be.

2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

happens / that / the streets / all that / throw / is / on / people / litter
All that happens is that people throw litter on the streets.

1 it was Simon / John who / it wasn’t / got fired

It wasn’t John who got fired; it was Simon.
2 I failed / that / the reason / study enough / I didn’t / was
The reason I failed was that I didn’t study enough.
3 is paying / what / stuff back / annoys me / to send
What annoys me is paying to send stuff back.
4 so many / that / the thing / homeless children / is seeing / upsets me
The thing that upsets me is seeing so many homeless children.
5 the corruption / one thing / of the politicians / was / I hated
One thing I hated was the corruption of the politicians.
6 found hard / the heat / what / was / to cope with / I
What I found hard to cope with was the heat.
7 loved most / the temple / place / was / I / the
The place I loved most was the temple.
8 of monkeys / what / the number / scared / running around / Julia / was
What scared Julia was the number of monkeys running around.
9 is / that / panic / she / all / starts / to / happens
All that happens is she starts to panic.
10 weather / about / only / the / was / thing / we / the / talked
The only thing we talked about was the weather.

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced  9

 4 POLITICS
CONDITIONALS 1
General truths
We can use conditionals to talk about things that are generally or always true.
Both the if-clause and the result clause can use present tenses or going to + infinitive. The result
clause can also use will / should / might and a number of other structures.

if-clause Result clause

If people work hard at school, they should get a good job.
If we are planning a day trip to the beach, it’s always raining.

Likely future events

We can also use conditionals to talk about likely / possible events in the future.
The if-clause uses present tenses. The result clause often uses going to + infinitive / will + infinitive
(without to), but a number of other structures are also possible.

if-clause Result clause

As long as the government keep cutting benefits, then poverty will continue to be a big issue.
If you practise with him every day, he’s bound to learn to read eventually.

Imagined events now or in the future

We can use conditionals to talk about imagined / hypothetical events now or in the future.
The if-clause uses past tenses. The result clause uses would / wouldn’t (or might / could) + infinitive
(without to).

if-clause Result clause

If they improved the service, everyone would go to that restaurant.
If I could, I’d live in a sunnier country.

Alternatives to if
As well as if, there are other words used to introduce conditions.
Supposing (= what if / imagine if ) we had enough money and could afford to buy the house?
Even if (= this condition does not change the result in any way) we had enough money, I wouldn’t
buy that house.
Unless they (= if they don’t) have enough money, they won’t be able to buy the house.
They’d better have enough money or (= because if they don’t) they won’t be able to buy a house.
They’d better have enough money. Otherwise, (= if they don’t) they won’t be able to buy a house.
I’m going to move abroad whether you want me to or not! (= It doesn’t make any difference even if
you want it to.)
What job do you think I should do, assuming (= if it’s true – and I think it is) I move abroad?
As long as / So long as / Provided / Providing (= on condition that) I can get the correct visa, I’m
definitely moving abroad.

10  Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc

 Rewrite the sentences. Use the word given. Do not change the word given.
Providing you study, you’ll pass the exam.
Unless you don’t study, you’ll pass the exam. UNLESS

1 What if Bronson comes in first instead of Davies?

Supposing Bronson comes in first instead of Davies? SUPPOSING
2 They’d better listen to us this time. Otherwise, I won’t vote for them again.
If they don’t listen to us this time, I won’t vote for them again. IF
3 If they put up taxes again, they will almost definitely lose votes.
If they put up taxes again, they’re bound to lose votes. BOUND
4 They could buy me a new car, but I still wouldn’t vote for them.
Even if they bought me a new car, I still wouldn’t vote for them. EVEN
5 I’ll vote for them provided they stick to their promises.
I’ll vote for them as long as they stick to their promises. LONG
6 If you’re not interested in politics, don’t talk about it!
Unless you’re interested in politics, don’t talk about it! UNLESS
7 On the understanding that interest rates don’t rise, the government
will be unbeatable.
Assuming interest rates don’t rise, the government will be unbeatable. ASSUMING
8 My advice is you should take some time off.
If I were you, I’d take some time off. WERE

CONDITIONALS 2
General past truths
We can use conditionals to talk about things that were generally true in the past.
Both the if-clause and the result clause can use past tenses. The result clause also often uses would
+ infinitive (without to). Note the if-clause can be replaced with when to mean the same thing.

if-clause Result clause

If we had someone who was good with it was useful.
computers working in the office, (= They had someone who was good at
computers working in the office and this
was useful.)

Imagined events in the past

We can use conditionals to talk about imagined events in the past.
The if-clause uses past perfect tenses. The result clause often uses would / wouldn’t + have + past
participle.

if-clause Result clause

If I’d learnt French at school, I would have been able to understand him.
(= In reality, I didn’t learn French at school, so I
couldn’t understand him.)

Imagined events in both the past and the present

© 2019 Cengage Learning Inc Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced  11

 We can use conditionals to talk about imagined events in both the past and present.
If the if-clause uses the past perfect, it’s about an imagined past. If the if-clause uses the past
simple / continuous, it’s about an imagined present.
If the result clause uses would / might / could + have + past participle (or would / might / could +
have been + verb + -ing), it’s about an imagined past result. If the result clause uses would / might /
could + verb (or would / might / could + be + verb + -ing), it’s about an imagined present result.

if-clause Result clause

Imagined present + If I could drive, I wouldn’t have taken the bus.
imagined past (= I took the bus in the past
because generally / now I
can’t drive.)
Imagined past + If they hadn’t found the it would not be alive now.
imagined present injured puppy, (= The reason the puppy is
alive now is because in the
past they found it.)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. You may
need to use negative forms.
I wouldn’t know (know) about the court ruling if I hadn’t overheard
(overhear) you talking about it.

1 They would have been (be) in a much stronger position at last night’s election if
they hadn’t changed (change) their position on education at the last minute.
2 Relations between the two countries would be (be) cordial now if last
year’s diplomatic incident hadn’t taken (take) place.
3 She was a really great leader. When anyone wanted (want) to talk to her,
her door was (be) always open.
4 I’d particularly like to thank the fire service – if they hadn’t arrived (arrive) when
they did, I wouldn’t be standing (stand) here in front of you now.
5 I would have voted (vote) for the Green Party last week, but unfortunately, I just
didn’t like (like) any of the candidates.
6 It’s impossible to say for sure, but if more people had registered (register) their
vote, we could / might be (be) in a completely different situation now.
7 We might never have known (know) of this completely ridiculous man if he
hadn’t appeared (appear) on a tacky reality TV show.
8 If the rules had been properly followed (follow), that
building would be standing (stand) today.

12  Outcomes Grammar Worksheets  • Advanced © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc