15.3 Detecting sound by the ear (Book 2, p.
15-26)
A Structures of the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)
outer
The human ear consists of three main parts: the (1) _______________ ear ( ), the
(2) _______________
middle ear ( ) and the (3) _______________
inner ear ( ).
Structures of the ear:
D E F G H
A B C I
outer ear middle ear inner ear
Label Structure Description
A (4) _______________
pinna ( ) Collects sound waves in the air
(5) _______________
auditory
B canal Directs sound waves to the eardrum
_______________ ( )
C eardrum
(6) _______________ ( ) Converts sound waves to sound (7) ______________
vibrations
(8) _______________
ear bone (9) _______________
Amplify and transmit vibrations from
D
_______________ ( ) the eardrum to the oval window
(10) _______________
oval window (11) _______________
Transmits vibrations from the ear bones
_______________ ( ) to the inner ear
(12) _______________
semicircular canal
cont.
F Detect the (13) _______________
directions of head movement
_______________ ( )
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 57 -
Contains (15) _______________
sensory _______________
hair
G (14) _______________
cochlea ( ) _______________
cells ( ) which detect
vibrations and send nerve impulses to the brain
(16) auditory
_______________
nerve Transmits nerve impulses from the cochlea to the
H
_______________ ( ) brain for (17) _______________
interpretation
(18) _______________
round window Releases fluid pressure to the air in the
_______________ ( ) (19) _______________
middle ear
(20) Eustachain
_______________
tube (21) _______________
Equalize pressure between the middle
J
_______________ ( ) ear and the atmosphere
Structure of the cochlea:
central canal filled with
(23) _______________
endolymph ( )
sensory hair cell
upper and lower canals filled with hair of sensory
(22) _______________
perilymph ( )
hair cell
sensory hair cell
nerve fibres of sensory hair cells
form auditory nerve
When the (24) _______________
endolymph vibrates, the hairs of the sensory hair cells are
(25) _______________.
bent The sensory hair cells are (26) _______________.
stimulated They send nerve
impulses along the (27) _______________
auditory_______________
nerve to the auditory centre in the
brain for interpretation.
Ä Go to
Practical 15.3 Examination of a human ear model
(Book 2, p. 15-26; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-9)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 58 -
B How do we hear? (Book 2, p. 15-29)
The process of how we hear:
I II III IV V VI
auditory centre
perilymph
endolymph sensory hair cells
VIII VII
Key: transmission of vibration transmission of nerve impulse
Step Description
I a The ear bones amplify and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval
window.
II b Nerve impulses travel along the auditory nerve to the auditory centre to produce
the sensation of hearing.
III c Sensory hair cells in the central canal are stimulated and they send out nerve
impulses.
IV d Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the endolymph of the central
canal.
V e The pinna collects and directs sound waves along the auditory canal to the
eardrum.
VI f Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the round window, which bulges
outwards into the middle ear to release fluid pressure.
VII g The oval window vibrates, making the perilymph in the upper canal of the
cochlea vibrate.
VIII h Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate.
I: (28) ________
e II: (29) ________
h III: (30) ________
a IV: (31) ________
g
V: (32) _______
d VI: (33) _______
c VII: (34) _______
b VIII: (35) _______
f
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 59 -
15.4 Detecting light by plants (Book 2, p. 15-31)
The responses of plants usually involve (1) _______________
growth of certain parts of the body
towards or away from the stimulus.
unilateral
The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to a (2) _______________
stimulus ( ) is called (3) _______________
tropism ( ).
A How do plants respond to light? (Book 2, p. 15-31)
The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to unilateral light is called
(4) _______________
phototropism ( ).
Shoots respond to light by growing (5) _______________
towards
(towards / away from) it. They are (6) _______________
positively
(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables
the leaves to obtain the maximum amount of light for
(7) _______________.
photosynthesis
Roots respond to light by growing (8) _______________
away from
(towards / away from) it. They are (9) _______________
negatively
(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables
the roots to grow deep into the soil to get better
(10) _______________.
anchorage
▲ Growth response of the shoots
and roots to unilateral light
Ä Go to
Practical 15.4 Investigation of the phototropic responses of shoots and roots
(Book 2, p. 15-31; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-11)
B What substance controls phototropic response in plants?
(Book 2, p. 15-32)
(11) _______________ ( ) are commonly used in the study of
Coleoptiles
tropism because:
- their response to light is easy to observe
- they grow (12) _______________
rapidly
- they are small and easy to handle, making them easy to be
grown in (13) _______________ numbers.
large
▲ An oat coleoptile
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 60 -
Some investigations of phototropism:
Charles Darwin (1880)
Investigation Result
Unilateral light
intact tip removed light-proof light-proof
coleoptile (decapitated) cap collar
A B C D A B C D
Conclusion / Explanation:
- tip
The results of coleoptiles A and B show that the (14) _______________ is necessary for
growth.
- The results of coleoptiles A, C and D show that the tip is (15) _______________
sensitive to
unilateral light.
Boysen-Jenson (1913)
Investigation Result
Unilateral light
agar block tip placed on mica plate
agar block
A B C A B C
decapitated coleoptiles
Conclusion / Explanation:
- The tip produces a substance that is (16) _______________
chemical in nature, because it can
pass through the (17) _______________
agar _______________
block but not the
(18) _______________ _______________.
mica plate
- This chemical moves down from the tip and causes growth (19) _______________
below the
tip.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 61 -
Investigation Result
Unilateral light
mica plate inserted on mica plate inserted
illuminated side on shaded side
A B A B
Conclusion / Explanation:
- The chemical produced by the tip passes down the (20) _______________
shaded side of the
coleoptile.
Paal (1919)
Investigation Result
In darkness
tip put on left side tip put on right side
of cut end of cut end
A B A B
Conclusion / Explanation:
- The side with the displaced tip receives a (21) _______________ (higher / lower)
higher
concentration of the chemical.
- This side grows more (22) _______________
rapidly (rapidly / slowly), causing bending.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 62 -
Went (1926)
Investigation Result
In darkness
tip tip placed on agar block placed
removed agar block for on cut end
some time
A A
Unilateral light In darkness
tip removed from Y
coleoptile X
X Y
X Y
mica plate
agar blocks
B B
Conclusion / Explanation:
- While the chemical produced by the tip diffuses into the agar block, light causes an
(23) _______________
uneven distribution of the chemical.
- The shaded side has a (24) _____________
higher (higher / lower) concentration of the chemical.
- The (25) _____________
shaded side grows more rapidly, causing the shoot to bend towards light.
auxin
The chemicals that cause bending are called (26) ______________ ( ). They are a group
tips
of plant hormones produced in small amounts at the (27) _____________ of shoots and roots.
The most common naturally occurring auxin is (28) ______________
indoleacetic ______________
acid (IAA).
It is produced mainly in the (29) _______________
apical meristems. It is transported to the region
of (30) _______________,
elongation where it promotes (31) _______________ (primary / secondary)
growth by increasing the rate of cell elongation.
C How does light affect the distribution of auxins? (Book 2, p. 15-35)
Two hypotheses:
i Light destroys auxins.
ii Light causes auxins to move away from the illuminated side to the shaded side of the
coleoptile.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 63 -
Investigations for testing the above hypotheses:
Investigation Results
Uniform light In darkness
agar block A
24°
coleoptiole decapitated
tip coleoptile
agar block A
A A
In darkness In darkness
agar block B
24°
agar block B
B B
Conclusion / Explanation:
- Since both coleoptiles A and B bend to the same degree, the agar blocks have collected
(32) _____________________
the same (the same / different) amount(s) of auxins regardless of
light or dark condition.
- This shows that light (33) _____________________
does not destroy (destroys / does not destroy) auxins.
Investigation Results
Unilateral light In darkness
L R
mica plate 24° 24°
coleoptiole
tip
L R
C D C D
Unilateral light In darkness
L R
12° 31°
mica plate
L R
E F E F
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 64 -
Conclusion / Explanation:
- (34) _______________ _______________ stop the lateral transport of auxins. As light
Mica plates
does not destroy auxins, both coleoptiles C and D receive (35) _____________________
the same
(the same / different) amount(s) of auxins and they bend to the same degree.
- Coleoptile (36) __________
F bends the most. This shows that light causes auxins to move
illuminated
from the (37) _______________ shaded
side to the (38) _______________ side.
D How does the concentration of auxins affect the growth of
shoots and roots? (Book 2, p. 15-36)
Different parts of a plant respond differently to the same concentration of auxins:
200
percentage
stimulation
150
growth response
100
50
0
percentage
roots shoots
inhibition
50
100
10–6 10–4 10–2 1 102 104
concentration of auxins (ppm, parts per million)
▲ Effects of auxin concentrations on the growth of roots and shoots of oat seedlings
Lower auxin concentrations (10–6 to 10–2 ppm) (39) _______________
promote (promote / inhibit) root
growth.
root
Most auxin concentrations which promote (40) _______________ (root / shoot) growth
shoot
(10–6 to 10–3 ppm) are too low to promote (41) _______________ (root / shoot) growth
The concentration which produces the greatest (42) _______________
root (root / shoot) growth
(10–4 ppm) is lower than that which produces the greatest (43) _______________
shoot (root / shoot)
growth (1 ppm).
Higher auxin concentrations (above 10–2 ppm) (44) _______________
promote (promote / inhibit)
shoot growth but (45) _______________
inhibit (promote / inhibit) root growth.
inhibit
Very high auxin concentrations (above 102 ppm) (46) _______________ (promote / inhibit)
both root and shoot growth.
E The mechanism of phototropic response in shoots and roots
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 65 -
(Book 2, p. 15-37)
The growth of the shoot and the root under light coming from all directions:
Auxins are produced at light from all directions
shoot tip and root tip.
The shoot
auxins grows straight
shoot
(47) upwards.
______________
even
The root
distribution of grows straight
root auxins downwards.
auxins
The growth of the shoot and the root under unilateral light:
Higher auxin concentration
(50) ______________
promotes shoot growth.
Thus, the (51) ______________
shaded
Auxins move from the side grows faster and the shoot bends
(48) ______________
illuminated side to the towards the light.
Auxins are produced at
shoot tip and root tip. shaded
(49) ______________ side.
auxins unilateral
shoot light
root
auxins
Higher auxin concentration
(52) ______________
inhibits root growth.
Thus, the (53) ______________
illuminated
side grows faster and the root bends
away from the light.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2015
(Second Edition) - 66 -
