Researched and compiled by
DTEUL-ASARAL
02/10/2020
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SWIMMING HISTORY.
History gives no exact date when and where swimming started. However, it is as old as
mankind and undoubtedly was discovered through accident, when a person fell into the
water and tried his best to survive using the human stroke, which is known as “Dog paddle.”
This is the earliest form of a swimming stroke. Probably, based on researches our ancestors
learned to swim because it was necessity that is for life preservation and for comfort.
Previous evidences showed that some had their swimming lessons as early as 2500 BC.
Drawing curved in caves showed that man had the ability to swim as early as 9000.
In the Ancient times, swimming was considered an important activity in training soldiers.
However, during the Middle Ages, it became uncommon since people feared that such
outdoor activity helped spread diseases. In England, during the early 19th century, swimming
was revived when the English people organized swimming competition in 1840.
In 1873 John Arthur Trudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions
after copying the front crawl used by Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first
modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 Richard Cavil introduced the front crawl
to the Western world.
The first four Olympics competitions were not held in pools, but in open water.
1. 1896 --The Mediterranean
2. 1900 –The Seine River
3. 1904 –An artificial lake
4. 1906—The Mediterranean
The 1904 Olympics freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards, instead of
the usual 100 meters. A 100 meter pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the
center of the main stadium’s track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics held in the Stockholm
harbor marked the beginning of electronic timing.
The 1924 Summer Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 meter pool with marked
lines. In the freestyle, swimmers originally dived from the pool walls but diving blocks were
incorporated at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The flip turn was developed by the 1950s and
goggles were first used in the 1976 Olympics.
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There were also changes in the late 20 th century in terms of technique. Breastrokers are
now allowed to dip their head completely under water which allowed for a longer stroke
and faster time. Backstrokers are now allowed to turn on their stomach before the wall in
order to perform a “flip-turn”. Previously, they had to reach and flip backwards.
In 1908, the world swimming association, Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA)
signaled the commencement of recording the first official world records in swimming. At
that time, records could be established in any swimming pool of length not less than 25
yards and records were also accepted for intermediate distance split times from longer
distance events. The Danish swimmer Ranghild Hveger established forty-two records
between 1936 and 1942 due to these rules.
In 1952 the national federations of the United States and Japan proposed at the FINA
Congress the separation of records achieved in long course and short courses pools.
By 1969 there were 31 events in which FINA recognized official world records—16 for men
and 1 5 for women—closely resembling the event schedule that was in use at the Olympic
Games.
Records in short course (25m) pools began to be officially approved as “short course worl
records” from 3 March 1991. Prior to this “record” times were not officially recognized but
were regarded a “world best time “ (WBT). From 31 )ctober 1994 records in 50m
backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly records were added to the official record listings.
DEFINITION OF SWIMMING
⮚ Wonderful art of moving through water. (David and Mathur, 1994)
⮚ To propel oneself in water by the use of arms and legs; To float in a liquid or to do a smooth
gliding motion in water. (Webster, 1997)
⮚ It is a competitive and recreational activity consisting of various motions that propel the
body through the water. (Grolier)
⮚ Is an art of self-support or self-movement by means of hands and feet in or on the water
generally practiced as a sport or means of recreation. (Internet)
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FACILITY.
A. The POOL.
FINA, (International Swimming Federation) sets widely recognized standards for competition
pools.
Long --------------25 meters (82 feet) or 50 meters (164 feet)
Deep -------------at least 1.35 meters (4.4 feet)
Competition pool are generally indoors and heated to enable the use all year round and to more
easily comply with the regulations regarding temperature, lighting and Automatic Officiating
Equipment.
An Olympic sized swimming pool (first used at the 1924 Olympics) is a pool that meets FINA’s
additional standards for the Olympic Games and the for world championship events. It must be:
50 meters in length by 25 meters wide
Divided into eight (8) lanes of 2.5 meters each plus two areas of 2.5 meters each side of the
pool.
The water must be kept at 25-28 degrees centigrade (77-82.4 degrees fahrenheit.
Lighting level at greater than 1500 lux.
Depth at least 2 meters (6.5 feet)
Color of lane rope, positioning of backstroke flags. 9 5meters from each wall)
Touchpads mounted on both walls.
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B. ATTIRE.
Trunks and Swimsuit today are scientifically designed. They are made up of nylon, stretch
nylon, lycra, copel and miraculon. They come in a multitude of designs and colors. The nylon
suit is most suitable because of its strength, snag resistance and fast drying qualities. In
swimming we shoud always choose a suit that does not interfere with our movements.
C. ACCESSORIES.
1. Cap
-
swimming cap is made up of latex, silicon or lycra while the traditional cap
(chinstrap) is made of heavy weight rubber. The main purpose of the cap is to keep
the hair in place, especially for those who have long hair. It is used to protect our
hair and keep the natural oil of the scalp out of water.
2. Goggles- they come in a variety of tints and various shapes, colors, sizes and eye
gaskets with polycarbonate features, adjustments for nose pieces and head strap
and hard plastic storage case. Goggles can be used to protect the eyes from
chlorinated water.
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3. Nose clip- made of rubber or hard plastic. Is widely used in synchronized swimming
and sometimes in swimming backstroke.
4. Ear plug- made up of silicon and wax.
D. EQUIPMENT.
1. Kickboards – are made up of Styrofoam. It is approximately 22” X 12” with one rounded
end. It supports the part of the body and allows one
to breath normally as in developing a strong kick.
2. Pull Buoys- they are made of Styrofoam that is compose of 6” to 8” long cylinder shaped
pieces. It should be held between the thighs.
3. Fins – comes in a variety of size and style. They may have either a full shoe foot or a
foot pocket with a heel strap.
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5. Hand Paddle- hand paddle is made up of hand plastic materials. They come n several
shapes, size, colors, resistance design and hand attachments. The shape of the hand
paddle eliminates shoulder stress and promotes high
elbow in the pull and recovery phase of the stroke.
TERMINOLOGIES.
Breatholding. To inhale and hold the inspired air for a certain period of time before exhaling.
Inhale. To take air through the mouth.
Exhale. To breathe out air through the nose.
Bob up and down. To take air through the mouth above the surface of the water and breath out
the
air through the nose under water.
Floating. To extend the legs and arms with the face facing towards the bottom.
Tuck float. To fold the body like a ball with the hands interlocking with the knees and face.
Prone float. Propel the body with front or ventral part downward, lying face down.
Supine float. Propel the body lying on the back face upward. To float one’s back with limbs
extended.
Flutter kick. To move the legs in alternate and downward, originating from the hips down to the
toes
which are slightly pointing toward or inward while the knees and ankles are held
flexible.
Gliding. To move smoothly and continuously under the water.
Push-off. Both feet on the wall either in prone or supine position and pushed against the wall.
Cycle. Equivalent to two-arm strokes using the left and right arms.
Breathing arms. Sides where breath is taken in.
Swing out. An imaginary horizontal circular arm motion of the recovering arm.
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Rounding out. An imaginary vertical and circulation motion.
Arm recovery. Swinging of the arm above the surface up to the initial start in the pool.
Line up along the side of the pool. To put the ball of the foot against the wall while the other foot
is
at the bottom.
Standing recovery. To pull the arm down at the same time bending both knees towards the chest,
head up, both feet at the bottom.
Sculling. To propel oneself in the water using hands in a figure of eight.
Thread water. To maintain the body erect in the water with the head above the surface.
Combined strokes. Performing two or more strokes in a series.
Water balance. To maintain the position of the body to the water.
Rules and Safety measures in the used of swimming pool.
1. Present a medical certificate certifying that you are physically fit person.
2. Use the proper attire for swimming.
3. Take a shower before and after swimming.
4. Observe proper decorum while in and around the pool area and even in shower room.
5. Observe proper hygiene while in and around the pool. Use comfort room when need arises.
6. Take good care of your valuables.
7. Members of the class who are indisposed and cannot swim should stay at the bleachers.
8. Wearing of jewelry and other accessories is not allowed while you are in the pool.
9. Non-swimmers are not allowed in the pool area.
10. D.o not apply oil, lotion, make up before going into the swimming pool.
11. Never swim on an empty stomach or just after a heavy meal.
12. Never swim alone. Always swim with a companion.
13. Learn how to swim and know your limitations. Do not over estimate your ability.
Guidelines in and around the swimming pool.
1. Persons with skin diseases or other contagious diseases and infected/open wounds are not
allowed in swimming pool.
2. Eating, drinking and smoking are not allowed.
3. Shouting and other unnecessary/excessive noise should be avoided.
4. Running, jumping, pushing, diving and horse playing are prohibited.
5. Wearing of shoes or slippers in the pool area is not allowed.
6. Destroying the facilities especially those in the shower room and vandalism is strictly
prohibited.
SWIMMING FUNDAMENTALS. Principles of stroke mechanism.
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1. Buoyancy or Archmedes’Law. (Pressure is exerted upward called buoyancy).
2. Newton’s Third Law of Motion. (For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction)
The greater the resistance of the water, the greater the forward
thrust.
3. Bermoulli’s Principles of Streamlining. (Keeping body aligned with your central axis).
OFFICIALS.
There are several types of officials.
1. Starter sends the swimmers off the blocks and may call a false start if a swimmer leaves the
block before the starter sends them.
2. Finish Judges determine the order of finish and make sure the swimmers finish in
accordance with the rules (two hands simultaneously for breaststroke and butterfly, on the
back for backstroke, etc).
3. Turn Judges check that the swimmers’ turn are within rules.
4. Stroke Judges check the swimmers’ strokes.
5. Timekeepers time the swimmers’ swims.
6. The Referee takes overall responsibility for running the race and makes the final decisions
as to who wins the competition.
✔ If an official catches a swimmer breaking a rule concerning the stroke he/she is
swimming, that swimmer is said to be disqualified commonly referred to as a ”DQ” and
the swim is not considered valid.
