a) 1)Armstrong oscillator:
The Armstrong oscillator (also known as the Meissner oscillator[2]) is an electronic
oscillator circuit which uses an inductor and capacitor to generate an oscillation. It is the earliest
oscillator circuit, invented by US engineer Edwin Armstrong in 1912 and independently by Austrian
engineer Alexander Meissner in 1913, and was used in the first vacuum tube radio transmitters. It is
sometimes called a tickler oscillator because its distinguishing feature is that the feedback signal needed
to produce oscillations is magnetically coupled into the tank inductor in the input circuit by a "tickler
coil" (L2, right) in the output circuit. Assuming the coupling is weak, but sufficient to sustain oscillation,
the oscillation frequency f is determined primarily by the tank circuit (L1 and C in the figure on the right)
and is approximately given by This circuit was widely used in the regenerative radio receiver, popular
until the 1940s. In that application, the input radio frequency signal from the antenna is magnetically
coupled into the tank circuit by an additional winding, and the feedback is reduced with an adjustable
gain control in the feedback loop, so the circuit is just short of oscillation. The result is a narrow-band
radio-frequency filter and amplifier. The non-linear characteristic of the transistor or tube also
demodulated the RF signal to produce the audio signal. The circuit diagram shown is a modern
implementation, using a field-effect transistor as the amplifying element. Armstrong's original design
used a triode vacuum tube. Note that in the Meissner variant, the LC resonant (tank) circuit is exchanged
with the feedback coil, i.e. in the output path (vacuum tube plate, field effect transistor drain, or bipolar
transistor collector) of the amplify. Many publications, however, embrace both variants with either
name. Apparently, the English speakers using Armstrong, and the German speakers Meißner.
DIAGRAM
ii) ADVANSTAGE:
I It is portable and inexpensive.
(ii) An oscillator is a device that does not rotate.
(iii) The frequency of oscillation can be easily changed.
(iv) Any frequency (20 Hz to 100 MHz) voltage or current can be created over a large range.
b) Principle of amplification
Amateurs employ amplification in two different ways: in WiFi systems and in amateur radio. You
may simply make a deafening sound using a knob or a cursor and a very faint signal taken from a
CD reader or a tuner. The strength of your signal has been increased.
Class B power amplifier and highlight:
Class-B Amplifiers use two or more transistors biased in such a way so that each
transistor only conducts during one half cycle of the input waveform. It is possible to
construct the power amplifier circuit with two transistors in its output stage to enhance
the entire power efficiency of the previous Class A amplifier by decreasing the wasted
power in the form of heat, resulting in a Class B amplifier, also known as a push-pull
amplifier configuration.
Push-pull amplifiers employ two “complementary” or matching transistors, one NPN-type
and the other PNP-type, with both power transistors receiving the same input signal of
equal magnitude but opposite phase. As a result, one transistor only amplifies half of the
input waveform cycle (180o), while the other amplifies the other half.
