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Loads of AC Circuits Total impedance, Z Total voltage, VT

1. Purely resistive loads. Z = R + jX L = Z  VT = VR + jVL − jVC = VT 

Important properties of purely resistive loads: Z = R 2 + XL2 VT = VR 2 + ( VL − VC )

2

a) The current is always in phase with the  = tan -1

XL
( VL − VC )
voltage (phase angle is zero). R  =  tan -1
VR
b) The current I = V/R where V and I are rms
values. VT
c) The power consumed (dissipated) = Total current, IT IT = Total impedance, Z
Z
VI= I2R = V2/R.
Z = R + jX L − jX C = Z 
Series RC Circuit
2. Purely inductive loads.
Z = R 2 + ( XL − XC )
2

Important properties of purely inductive loads:

( X L − XC )
 =  tan -1
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a) The current always lags behind voltage by R

exactly 90 electrical degrees (ELI). VT IT
V V VT
b) The current I = = . Total current, IT IT =
X L 2fL Z
c) The power consumed (dissipated) is zero.
Formulas:
3. Purely capacitive loads. Total voltage, VT
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Parallel AC Circuits
When dealing with parallel AC circuits, use the
Important properties of purely capacitive loads: voltage source as the reference phasor since
VT = VR − jVC = VT  the same voltage appears across each
a) The current always leads the voltage by component. The total current is equal to the
exactly 90 electrical degrees (ICE). VT = VR 2 + VC 2 phasor sum of branch currents.

= (V )(2fC ) .
V VC
b) The current I =  = − tan -1 Parallel RL Circuit
XC VR
c) The power consumed (dissipated) is zero.
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Note:
Series AC Circuits
IT
- indicates that the voltage is lagging behind VT
the current. R L
When dealing with series AC circuits, use the
current phasor as the reference phasor since Total impedance, Z
the same current flows through all the
components. The phasor sum of the various Z = R-jX C = Z  Total current, IT
voltage drops is equal to the applied voltage.
Z = R 2 + XC2 IT = I R − jI L = IT 
Series RL Circuit X
 = − tan -1 C IT = I R 2 + I L 2
R
IL
 = − tan -1
VT IR
Total current, IT IT =
Z Note:
VT IT
- indicates that current IT is lagging behind
Series RLC circuit the voltage VT.

Total admittance, Y
Formulas:
Y = G-jBL = Y 
Total voltage, VT
Y = G 2 + BL 2
VT = VR + jVL = VT 
BL
 = − tan -1
VT = VR + VL 2 2
VT G
1
VL continue Total impedance, Z Z=
 = tan -1 Y
VR
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