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ABO Blood Typing: Forward & Reverse Methods

Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. He conducted the first forward and reverse blood typing. In 1902, von Decastello and Sturli discovered the AB blood group. The Landsteiner law states that cells express antigens, while the corresponding antibody is found in serum. Forward typing uses anti-sera to detect antigens on red blood cells. Reverse typing detects antibodies in serum using known red blood cells. ABO antigens are present from the second month of fetal life and persist throughout life. ABO antibodies are normally not present at birth but develop around 3-6 months of age.

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Danica Agojo
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433 views10 pages

ABO Blood Typing: Forward & Reverse Methods

Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. He conducted the first forward and reverse blood typing. In 1902, von Decastello and Sturli discovered the AB blood group. The Landsteiner law states that cells express antigens, while the corresponding antibody is found in serum. Forward typing uses anti-sera to detect antigens on red blood cells. Reverse typing detects antibodies in serum using known red blood cells. ABO antigens are present from the second month of fetal life and persist throughout life. ABO antibodies are normally not present at birth but develop around 3-6 months of age.

Uploaded by

Danica Agojo
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FORWARD AND REVERSE

TYPING
1901 – ABO
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE discovered

 Karl Landsteiner –
Discovery of the first
human blood group
system.
 First to conduct reverse
and Forward typing
 ABO Blood group

 In 1902, Sturle and


Von Descatello
discovered the fourth
blood group in the
system (Group AB)
THE LANDSTEINER LAW

1. The antigen is present on the RBC surface and


determines the blood group/type

2. The corresponding antibody is NEVER FOUND


in the individual’s serum

3. The OPPOSITE naturally occurring antibody is


always present in the individual’s serum
Blood Antigens on the Naturally occurring
groups RBC surface antibody in serum

A A Anti-B

B B Anti-A

AB A and B None

O O Anti-A and Anti-B


THE ABO FORWARD AND REVERESE
GROUPING/TYPING
Forward Blood Typing
➢ Uses known sources of commercial anti-sera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect
antigens on an patient’s RBC
➢ Specimen: patient’s Red cells
➢ Reagent: anti-sera
BLOOD GROUP REACTION REACTION REACTION
(detection of WITH ANTI-A WITH ANTI-B WITH ANTI-
antigen) AB
A + - +

B - + +

AB + + +

O - - -
 Reverse Blood Typing
➢ Detects ABO antibodies in the patient’s serum by using known reagent
RBC’s (A and B cells)
➢ Only unique to the ABO blood group system; checks results of forward
typing
➢ Specimen: patient’s serum/plasma
➢ Reagent: Known Red cells

BLOOD GROUP (detection of REACTION WITH A REACTION WITH B


antibody) CELLS CELLS

A - +

B + -

AB - -

O + +
CHARACTERISTIC OF ABO ANTIGENS

1. They can be demonstrated as early as second month of fetal life. The A


antigen appears to be weak at birth but at the age of one year,
agglutinogens reach final strength

2. They persist throughout life analtered. However, abnormal antigens may


be found as acquired characteristics in leukemia (weak A antigen) and
cancer (abnormal secretion of ABH substance)

3. They may be found in saliva, pancreatic secretions, gastric secretions of


people who are secretors

4. They may be found in bacteria and other species


CHARACTERISTICS OF ABO ANTIBODIES

1. Not normally present at birth. If present at birth, they originated from the
mother through placental leakage during delivery
2. They develop 3-6 months after birth

3. Predominantly IgM and react at room temperature or colder

4. Occur in two forms:


✓ Naturally occurring antibodies
✓ Immune antibodies produced during incompatible transfusion or
incompatible pregnancies
5. They are present in some animals and plants as lectins. Lectins are plants or
seed extracts diluted to agglutinate specific human blood group antigens
✓ Dolichos biflorus: agglutinates A1 or A1B cells (anti-A1 lectin)
✓ Bandeiraea simplicifolia: agglutinates B cells (anti-B lectin)
✓ Ulex europaeus: agglutinates O cells (H specificity) and other ABO blood
groups depending on the amount of H antigen (anti-H lectin)

6. Present in low titer or even absent in cases of acquired and congenital


hypogammaglobulinemia and agamma globuleniemia
Thank you!!!

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