Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Prospective Overview of Animal Husbandry, Milk

Production, Consumption and its Marketing in
Baghlan Province; Afghanistan
Moenuddin Naeimi1 Mohammad Mahdi Almas2
1
-Dean of Agriculture Faculty of Baghlan University and Assistant Professor of Animal Science Department
2
- Head of Animal Science Department and Senior Assistant Professor of Baghlan University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Department of Animal Science.
Baghlan Province, Pol-e Khumri City, Afghanistan

Abstract:- The objectives of the study were to investigate I. INTRODUCTION

problems against animal husbandry development, milk
production, consumption and its marketing in Baghlan Milk is the secreted fluid of the mammary glands of
Province of Afghanistan. Therefore, totally eighty female mammalian which mostly obtained throughout
questionnaires were distributed randomly among 80 milking of dairy cattle [12]. Milk contains nearly all the
animal handlers. Interview with responsible of dairy nutrients necessary to sustain life. Since the earliest time
cooperatives, dairy unions, administrative of dairy mankind has used the milk of goats, sheep and cows as food.
processing companies, directorate of Agriculture, Today the term milk is synonyms with cow’s milk [3]. Milk
Irrigation and Livestock, animal handlers and private is a soft and watery product which contains of 87.4% water
sectors were done and founded out that there are a wide and 12.6% solid materials. As an average only 3.7% of solid
range of problems and constraints against animal materials is fat, remaining 8.9 percent of solid includes of
husbandry development. Genetic resources problems, protein (3.4%), lactose (4.8%) and minerals (0.7%)
managerial constraints, human resources problems, lack subsequently [11]. According to Par Yard [11] there are
of governmental and non-governmental services, natural 220-million dairy cattle in the world which produces 430-
and uncontrollable disasters in addition of un-facilitated million-tons of milk annually. Around 2/3 part of produced
institutions and low quality education are the main milk consumed directly as fresh or pasteurized and
constrains against animal husbandry development in homogenized milk, remaining after processing consumed by
Baghlan province. Inexistence of reasonable market for human being.
produced milk, lack of hygienic milk and dairy products
are other factors affect negatively on cattle husbandry. Milk and dairy products are important elements for
Dairy products used by consumers are produced 61% by containing and improving health of human being and
indigenous and local cows and remaining 39% percent prevent from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other
obtained from crossbreed cows. Averagely, dairy cows abnormal conditions which includes of diabetes and obesity
produce 230-days milk/lactation and 7kgs of milk per [17].
day. Existence of animal diseases, indigenous breed with
low level of milk production, low price of milk in Around 74 percent of Afghanistan’s population are
markets, lack of forage and balanced diet, high price of busy with agriculture and animal husbandry and 50 percent
feed and concentrate in addition of unavailability of milk of them own dairy cattle [8]. Animal husbandry has an
markets are the main constraints and reasons of animal important value in Afghanistan. Before 1978 around 66
husbandry development and lower milk production in percent of Afghanistan’s exports was agricultural products
Baghlan Province. Among diseases brucellosis and which among that plant products 50%, animal products
mastitis are the most prominent diseases in Baghlan contained 16% and wool products was 10 percent of total
province. Therefore, it is recommended to increase milk exports of Afghanistan [22]. According to FAO [7], 3.7
production in dairy cows throughout increasing genetic million cows, 8.8 million sheep, 12.16 million poultries,
potentials of dairy cows by implementing programmed 0.42 million ducks and 0.6 million turkey exist in
artificial insemination and using artificial reproductive Afghanistan. Share of cattle, goat, camel and sheep in milk
technologies. Additionally, production of balanced diets production according to 2014 report is 81.58, 6.52, 0.46 and
according to the requirements of dairy cattle would 11.4 percent respectively. Cattle is mostly reared for milk
alleviate hygiene of animals and subsequently improve production [22]. Additionally; Cattle, sheep and horse are
immune systems of dairy cattle and reduces incidence of mostly in northern provinces, poultries in central provinces,
disease in the area. buffaloes in Hilmand province and yak are more in
Badakhshan than other provinces of Afghanistan. Nomads
Keywords:- Baghlan Province, Consumption, Dairy are owners of 74.6 percent of sheep, 52 percent of goat and
Products, Milk, Milk Marketing. 1 percent of dairy cattle in Afghanistan. Sheep is reared for
meat, wool and milk. Majority of Afghanistan’s population

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
are busy with agriculture and animal husbandry which 53 Therefore, it is necessary to intensify milk production
percent of national income is related to agriculture and and subsequently dairy products to supply enough
animal husbandry products and half of these is related nutritious, high quality and processed food for human
animal products, but still scarcity of human food exists and consumption in Afghanistan. Understanding of required
annually around 50000-ton milk powder imported to food, milk and dairy products without a clear information
Afghanistan [24]. about situation of animal husbandry, milk production and its
consumption is seems to be impossible. In this case the
Afghanistan’s dairy cattle are Kunari, Kandahari and objectives of the study were to find out constraints and
Sistani which are indigenous and cannot produce enough problems against animal husbandry development, assess
milk to meet the requirements of people. Cattle husbandry in milk production and consumption in the purpose of
Afghanistan is mostly done by family as livelihood and its resolving the problems in future and meet the requirements
improvement changes nutritional situation of families, of growing populations of cities as well as urban areas of the
increase incomes of handler and women and change them to country.
active persons of the society [18].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Population density in the cities of Afghanistan is
increasing and demand for milk and dairy products is high; The research conducted in Central Baghlan and Pol-e
the only way to meet the requirement is improvement of Khumri districts of Baghlan Province which has better
dairy husbandry and milk production [23]. Improvement of facilities and accessibility to milk and dairy products
dairy and dairy products in rural area improve economy of equipment. The system used for data collection was a multi
farmers, therefore processing and marketing is very valuable stage random sampling method. Totally 80 questionnaires
and important [13]. were distributed randomly among animal handlers which 40
of them had membership of Dairy Cooperatives and
Annual milk consumption per person should be 150 remaining 40 had not membership of any Dairy Unions or
liters/year while this amount in Asian countries is 95 Dairy Cooperatives (Table.1) Interview with administrative
liters/person. Consumptions of milk and dairy products in of animal husbandry, animal handlers, cooperative
many Asian and African countries are lower than American members, processing factories’ responsible, dairy union’s
and European countries (Tisimia and Marcus, 2009). chief and directorate of agriculture, irrigation and livestock
Average milk and dairy consumption in developing of Baghlan Province, governmental and non-governmental
countries are 50-60kgs while in developed regions of the organizations (NGOs) and private sectors was done.
world annual milk consumption/person/year exceeds 280 Additionally; direct observation from situation of animal
kilograms (Idres and Watan Khah, 1998). husbandry system of animal handlers was done.

Table.1: discerption of research area included in the research

No. District Geographic Situation Village Village Situation Number of Families
Baghlan Province

1 Zaman khil North 6

Pol-e Khumri

Band-e Do Band-e Do 7
Center of

Transport Bonder South-East 6

Gaw Sawara North- west 8
600 kuti West 6
Hossain Khil North 6
2 Sarak 2 Fabrika North 7
North-east
Baghlan

Baba Nazar South 7

Central

BB AAiena West 6
Polchak Ghurbandiha South 6
Poza-eshan South 7
Total 2 12 80

Statistical analysis III. RESULTS

Data and opinion which ware received throughout
interview with administrative office of animal husbandry, A. Constraints against animal husbandry development
responsible of dairy cooperatives and dairy unions, Several factors exist in the research area which need
directorate of agriculture, irrigation and livestock, animal resolution to bring development and improvement in the
handlers, representative of dairy processing companies were area of animal husbandry and dairy production. The
divided into groups to clarify their response according to the following six factors are summarized according to the types
questionnaires. Following questionnaire distributed in of problems and constrains exist in Baghlan Province and
research area and after receiving analyzed according to the research area.
response of targeted people in the area.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
1- Genetic resource problems Injection (ICSI) and In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) were not
Breeds of animals that animal handlers mostly rear in used. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and even
the research area are indigenous and their potential for FAO, World Bank, WFP and other international
producing enough milk for consumption of local consumers organizations also just surveyed the number of animals in
and families are very low. Therefore, most producer and Afghanistan and did not supported the country to have
animal handlers keeps dairy cattle and other domestic sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry to improve
animals only for household requirements as livelihood. The genetic potentials of animals for milk, meat, egg and fish.
process of genetic reformation and animal breeding pace is As a result, the animal husbandry of Afghanistan remained
very slowly. Any animal breeding center and genetic traditionally and unimproved.
resources conservation is not existing and biotechnology of
animal reproduction is not used efficiently. Although, some 5- Natural and uncontrollable disasters problems
activities by directorate of agriculture, irrigation and Traditionally the animal rearing system in most areas
livestock and Agha Khan Foundation (AKF) in the area was are depending on rangeland’s and grassland’s forages which
done but the result is not very satisfactory and still there is is completely depending on the amount of annual
no dairy cattle with potentially higher level of production. A precipitation. If the amount of rainfall is enough availability
few cases of fourth and fifth generation of Jersey and of forages would satisfy the requirement of animal but if the
Holstein reported which their availability are limited to the rainfall during spring and winter decreases, animal
owners in remote villages (Andarabha) and their availability husbandry and most especially sheep and goat rearing will
for using in the purpose of further improvement and fall down suddenly. Unfortunately, during years of conflict
breeding is impossible. and during recent decades deforestation and desertification
intensified and caused land degradation and soil erosion in
2- Managerial problems the mountainous areas. The land is bared and plants, shrubs
There is not proper and accurate management of and trees are disappeared. Therefore, during warm seasons
animals in the area. Most animals cannot receive enough of the year’s rainfall cause catastrophic flooding which
feed to sustain life, hay and straw are the most common feed reduces availability of feed for animals and human
supplemented for the dairy cattle during winter, fall and consumption.
summer. Just in some areas dairy cattle and other animals
during spring season have access to fresh forages come from In addition of natural disasters on going conflict
pasture or receive through rangelands. Graduated students between government and opposite groups, armed people,
and most businessmen/women are not eager to invest in irresponsible armed groups are the main constraints against
animal husbandry and related opportunities such production, animal husbandry development and reduced the eagerness of
storage and processing, marketing and merchandising of investment in research area.
animal products. Scarcity of water in rangelands and lack of
drinking water has increased problems of animal rearing and 6- Lack of higher education development and institutional
decreased productivity and reproductive performance of all problems.
dairy and other domestic animals. The ministry of higher education just increased the
number of faculties and institutions related to agriculture,
3- Human resource problems animal science and veterinary but there is not any
Skillful, experienced and well-educated veterinarian to laboratory, research center, experimental farm or equipment
diagnose, treat and do sanitation is not existing. Experts of for practical subjects. Therefore, student graduate from
feed, feeding and animal nutritionist to formulate the feed universities without beneficial skills, knowledge and
according to the physiological requirement of animals are experiences to take part in animal husbandry development.
unavailable. Moreover, laboratory specialist, technician and As a result of low quality education after two decades of
trained mangers are not existing. Animal handler’s effort and attempt still there is no skillful expert to pay
knowledge are insufficient and do not understand especial attention on expertizing graduated students. Some
management strategies for improving productivity of others with enough ability are leaving country as a result of
animals, sanitation, hygiene, quarantine and other required ongoing conflict and inexistence of life insurance.
management skills. Most animals just receive feed for
maintenance, therefore supplemented feed cannot meet their B. Milk production and consumption
requirement for growth, reproduction and production and Indigenous dairy cattle and traditional animal
resulted low productivity and fertility of animals. husbandry system are the main characteristics of animal
husbandry especially cattle husbandry (dairy and beef) in
4- Governmental and non-governmental services problems Baghlan province. Average, Maximum and minimum dairy
Although since 2001 and after collapse of Taliban cattle per families are 2.3, 8 and 1 dairy cattle respectively.
regime billions dollar international aids descended to Every individual dairy cattle produce 7kg of milk per day
Afghanistan but the government could not use it efficiently which in 24 hours’ total milk production is 689kg.
for development and improvement of agriculture and animal
husbandry. Infrastructures for genetic improvement and Totally in a day 1242kg of milk produced by animal
animal breeding were not established. Reproductive handlers in research area which 331.5 consumed by
technologies such as Embryo Transfer (ET), Artificial themselves and additional 929kg of surplus milk sold to
Insemination (AI), Sexed Semen, Intracytoplasmic Sperm dairy processing factories. As an average dairy producers

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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receives 24 Afghani (Afghanistan currency=Afg.) for every to 5 million Afghni in Baghlan Province which the incomes
liters of milk. Minimum and maximum payment milk of families differ according to the daily milk production and
producers receive per every liter of milk are 18-45 Afghani average money they receive for produced and sold milks in
(Table.2). Total incomes of dairy producers in a year is near processing centers.

Table 2: summary statistics of milk production and consumption in Baghlan Province.

No. Items Total Average Max Min
1 Dairy cattle 189 2.3 8 1
2 Milk Pro/24hours per families (kg) 689 7 15 2
3 Total Milk Pro/24 hours (kg) 1242 12 70 7
4 Milk Consumption/Fa/24 hours (kg) 331.5 4 15 0.5
5 Surplus Milk/Family in 24 hours (kg) 929 12 90 1.5
6 Milk Price/kg (Afghani) 24 45 18
7 Incomes of Families in 1 lactation Period 4935187 Afg. 61690 Afg. 495000 Afg. 5670 Afg.
(Afghani=Afg*.)
*Afghani=Afg.=currency of Afghanistan

C. Incidence of Diseases D. Preference of consumers

The most prominent disease in the research area was Eagerness to consuming and purchasing internal dairy
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) which contains 45% of all products is high in the research area (Fig.2) which contains
diseases and abnormalities occurs in research area. 50 percent of all consumers and 35% of consumers buy
Following to FMD, brucellosis and mastitis are other external and imported milk and dairy products only 15
diseases which includes 20 percent and 15 percent of percent of milk customers do not showed preference to any
incidence respectively and cause milk reduction and type of milk (Internal or external) and buy the most
economic loses for animal handlers and dairy producers. available in stores and supermarkets.
Other diseases include of Bovine Ephemeral Virus, external
and internal parasites (Fig.1). Additionally, because High quality of milk, neutrality, clearness and feeling
brucellosis is a zoonosis disease it threatens the health issues of cooperation for supporting animal handlers and internal
of consumers. There is not enough knowledge about producers are the main reasons of customers for consuming
diseases and especially zoonosis among animal handlers to internal milk and dairy products. While consumers and
pay attention on hygiene of milk and dispose contaminated customers of imported milk and dairy products responded
milk. Furthermore, booklet, guidance and instruction file for that their reason for choosing externally imported milk and
animal handlers and dairy producers are not exist and it dairies are good processing, favorite packaging, hygienic
would increase incidence of zoonosis in research area as and availability in all supermarket and store.
well as among households and consumers which depends on
internal milk and dairy products as source of income and Milk production by goats and sheep are not very
nutritious food to sustain life and support internal reasonable but some families depends on milk produced by
productions. goats and sheep in research area. According to Saleemi [19]
there is six breeds of sheep in Afghanistan which mostly
reared for breeding, meat, milk and wool production. But
according to Zafar [21] cited form Yalcin’s publication
(1979), there is 8 breeds of ship in Afghanistan which six of
them are fat-tailed (Hazaragi, Ghiljaee, Gadic, Karakul,
Baluchi and Kandahari/Herati) and two other breeds are
rump tailed (Arabi and Turky). Sheep contribute meat, milk,
skin, fiber and manure to agricultural system and help to
meet the country’s demand for carpet wool, ropes, bags,
Kuchi’s tents, skin and meat. Because milk of sheep and
goat is very low, their milk production mostly denied by
researcher and producer. While sheep rearing is an
important source of earning for livestock owners, and are
the sole or subsidiary occupation for many small, marginal
farmers and landless laborers which most of them are poor
and engaged with subsistence agriculture. Additionally,
length of lactation in goats and sheep are very short and
Fig.1: incidence of diseases in research area with highest cannot produce milk for longer term (Table.3).
occurrence of FMD and lowest internal Parasites.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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In Baghlan province most shepherds own Turkey and
Arabi breeds which rearing them for meat production and
other breeds of sheep is not exist. 20 17.5%
18 16.25%
16 15%
Table 3: characteristics of sheep breeds of Afghanistan with
length of lactation, amount of milk production and type of 14 12.5%
breed according to their production (Saleemi, 2015). 12 10%
Breeds of Length of Amount of milk Type of 10 8.75%
8
sheep lactation production/lactation breed 5% 5%
6 3.75%
(days) (liter) 2.5% 2.5%
4
Qaraqul 120-130 35-45 Skin,
2
wool 0
Arabi 130-140 45-55 Meat 180 190 200 215 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
Ghilja-e 120-130 35-45 Wool, Lenght of Lactation/day
meat
Turky 130-140 55-65 Meat Fig.3: Length and percentage of lactation periods in dairy
Balachi 120-130 35-40 Wool, cattles of Baghlan province.
meat
Hazaragi 120 30-35 Wool, F. Availability of markets for milk and dairy products
meat Accessibility to market is an important issue that can
improve animal husbandry and increase productivity.
Unfortunately, in Baghlan province availability of market
Preferance of Milk Consumption in research area and market place for all producers and animal handlers is
not very reasonable. Dairy cattle’s owners sell produced
milk to local seller, local milk collectors of districts and
provincial centers, then local salesmen/women distribute
Internal Milk and products to consumers. But in remote villages and
15%
Dairy Products mountainous areas milk collection centers and local
50% salesmen/women is not exist, instead milk producers change
External Milk and
35% Dairy Products milk to milk products such as ghee, butter, cheese, whey,
Both (Enternal and
yogurt, churned yogurt (doogh) and dried yogurt and on a
External) reasonable time sell to customers.

According to finding of this research milk, dairy

products and other by-products of animals is an important
source of income for farmers in remote districts of Baghlan
Fig.2: Preferences of consumer for consuming milk and Province, but war, conflict, drought, diseases, weak
dairy products of internal, external and both resources. economy of animal handlers, unavailability of market,
inexistence of credit throughout government, indigenous and
E. Length of lactation period local breeds with low level of production caused reduction
Length of lactation period in research area is varying in production as well as investment in animal husbandry
from 180-days/lactation as minimum up to 240- systems. Furthermore, low quality feeds (wheat and rice
days/lactation as a maximum length according to the straw) during winter, fall and part of summer reduces milk
respondents of questionaries’ in research area. The average, production during these seasons of the year.
minimum and maximum length of lactation period/dairy
cattle is 230.4545-days, 180-days and 240-days respectively. Seventy-three percent of animal handler do not have
Near to 18% of dairy cattle have 240-days length of access to market and sell own products very cheap to local
lactation and 16.25 percent of dairy cattle produce 215-days salesmen or milk collectors. Eleven per cent of producers
milk per lactation. While milk production in 15% of dairy sell own produced milk to cooperatives. only 11% of milk
cattle just continue for 190-days after parturition and 12.5 producer have access to market to sell milk and dairy
percent continue to produce milk for only 200-days per products and 5% of produced milk is consumed by ice-
lactation. Except five percent of dairy cattle which produce cream producers (Fig.4).
220-days and 250-days milk per lactation for each, the
percentage of others are under 5% for 260, 270 and 280-
days respectively (Fig.3).

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
degradation, disastrous floods, draught and diseases of
forages and crop products) and 6- higher education and
11% 5% institutional problems (inexistence of laboratory,
11% experimental farm and practical lessons for students of
animal science department and veterinary faculty as well as
73% institutes of agriculture, unavailability of teaching material
and laboratory chemicals and equipment). These six
mentioned category is not reported previously by any other
researcher. But Zia [22] stated partially some problems
categorized by researchers of this publication and reported
that low level of production in developing countries is
local salesmen/women cooperatives because inappropriate management, unbalanced feeding,
feeding of low quality forages, and inexistence of
Market Ice Creame Producers concentrate and high quality feed are the main reasons of
low production.
Fig.4: Availability of market for milk producers in Baghlan
province.
According to Nadim [14] and Almas [2], Problems and
constraints against animal husbandry development in
IV. DISCUSSION
Baghlan province is divided into five categories which
includes other findings of this research, except higher
Annual Consumption of milk in Afghanistan is 1.55-
education and institutional problems.
million-ton while internal production was 1.45-million-ton,
additional 10000-million-ton milk is required to import from
According to Omari [15] there is an increase of 16
abroad and neighboring countries. Reformation of veterinary
percent in dairy cattle during 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011.
services, nutrition, breeding and improving market places
Unfortunately, the animal husbandry and other related
for selling milk and dairy products can solve the problem.
activity in Afghanistan and especially in Baghlan Province
But problems against animal husbandry development in
depend on annual precipitation and drought. If during winter
Baghlan province is wider and need more accurate strategy
season there is enough rainfall on the following year the
and plan to meet the requirement of people.
animal husbandry, milk production, goat and sheep rearing
would increase but if rainfall decreases subsequently
Analytical points and categorization of the problems
negative impacts become obvious on all aspects of animal
against animal husbandry development in Baghlan province
husbandry as well as incomes of families and economic of
showed six categories of problems which includes of 1-
animal handlers.
genetic resource problems (indigenous breeds with low
potential of production, low fertility, low reproductive
Marketing, production and consumption of milk
performance, and low capacity for converting feed to
according to our finding is not reasonable. Seventy-three
consumable products for human consumption, lack of data
percent of milk producer do not have access to market and
about genetic capacity of existing breeds), 2- managerial
sale own milk very cheap to local consumer, this finding
problems (inexistence of trained and well-educated person
reported by Nadim [14] and assign that marketing,
in the area of animal management, scarcity of feed, forage
production and consumption is not improved during recent
and concentrate, lack of available feed and concentrate for
years. Only improvement done is pasteurization and caning
animals according to their physiological requirement, lack
of some amount of milk by local milk processors in Pol-e
of knowledge and low investment eagerness in the area of
Khumri and Baghlan Dairy Factory. But still some
animal husbandry, dairy products and milk processing
producers produce yogurt in glass can and sell them as local
among businessmen/women), 3- Human resource problems
retailer no wholesaler exist in the research area.
(inexistence of experienced, well-educated and skillful
veterinarian to diagnose, treat and do therapy for reducing
According to Nadim [14], incidence of diseases such
incidence of diseases, inexistence of animal nutritionist to
as FMD, mastitis, anthrax and tuberculosis in Baghlan
formulate feed according to requirement of animals, lack
province is 34%, 23%, 15% and 10 percent respectively,
and inexistence of technician, managers and animal
while according to our finding incidence of FMD includes
pharmacist), 4-lack of governmental and nongovernmental
45 percent of total diseases happening in the research area
services (lack of technology transformation for improving
and shows 11 percent increase in comparison to 2019. Eight
animal genetic resources which includes of artificial
percent reduction in mastitis happened in 2021 (15%) in
insemination=AI, in vitro fertilization=IVF, embryo
comparison to 2019 (23%). According to Nadim [14]
transfer=ET, frozen sexed semen and other artificial
incidence of rinderpest, anthrax, Gambro, tuberculosis and
reproductive technologies, lack of investment in
influenza was existing in Baghlan province which is 2021
infrastructures to increase genetic capacity and conserve
according to finding of this research is not exist in Baghlan
existing genetic resource), 5- natural and uncontrollable
province, instead internal and external parasites contains 4%
problems (low level of precipitation in some area, warmth
and sex percent of total diseases respectively.
during summer and fall, ongoing conflict between opposite
groups and government, trafficking, smuggling and land

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Main reasons for prevalence of diseases according to producer which are animal handlers and dairy cattle owners
Nadim [14] are contaminated and spoiled feeds, lack of sell surplus milk to dairy cooperatives and milk processing
vaccination, high temperature during summer and low centers. The amount paid for every kilogram of milk is 24
temperature during winter which cause heat stress and cool Afghanis, poor families sell more milk to receive more cash
stress, improper milking, inappropriate feeding, for supplying other requirements of live, therefore, consume
unstandardized housing and unreasonable hygiene and less amount of milk in the families. Length of lactation
sanitation accordingly. differ completely because dairy cattle are indigenous and
their management, feeding, breeds and environmental
According to our finding in this research preference of condition is different. Maximum and minimum length of
consumers is very high and consumers tend to pay for lactation in dairy cattle is 280 and 180-days respectively but
internal milk and dairy products more (50%) than imported as an average the length of lactation is 230 days. Preference
products (35%), but consumption of internal milk and dairy and eagerness for consuming local milk and dairy products
products is completely related to the availability of milk and is very good (50%), but still 35% of consumers prefer to buy
its products in the markets. According to Ministry of imported milk and dairy product, remaining 15% do not
Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock cited from CSO [10] prefer source of milk and dairy products (internal or
Afghanistan import 62.72 million kg milk and dairy external) and just pay attention on price and says cheaper is
products (US$62.98 million) from Pakistan (58%), Iran better. Markets for produced milk is not existing and most
(12%), Ireland (6%), Uzbekistan (5%), India (4%) and other dairy producer sell own milk very cheap to local consumers.
abroad countries (15%). When internal products is not
available consumers are compiled to consume imported milk RECOMMENDATIONS
and dairy products.
Animal husbandry in Baghlan Province is completely
Dairy cows in Baghlan Province produce 7kg of milk traditional and mostly animal handlers own indigenous
per day and their lactation period averagely continue until breeds of animals which their genetic capacity for producing
230-days according to finding of our research. While in meat, milk and other products is very low, in this case it is
some other provinces of Afghanistan the situation of milk recommended to establish animal breeding center and
production is worst than Baghlan. According to Charkhi [4] intensify reformation of breeds throughout Artificial
minimum and maximum milk produced by local and Insemination (AI), Embryo Transfer (ET), sexed semen and
crossbreed dairies in Logar province is 6kg and 10kg other reproductive technologies.
respectively and minimum length for lactation is reported
180-days/dairy cattle, while maximum length of lactation in Management of water resources and controlling
the same province is not reported. surface waters of Afghanistan can sustain and irrigate
rangelands, pastures and grasslands to produce enough feed
According to Akbary [1], daily milk production in for grazing and improve extensive sheep and goat rearing.
dairy cattle’s of Kapisa province 3.5kg and the length of Therefore, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock
lactation as an average is 200-days. Finding of this research (MAIL) with coordination and cooperation of Ministry of
in comparison to milk produced by dairy cattle in Logar and Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) and
Kapisa Provinces is better and improved. National Water Affairs Regulation Authority (NWARA)
efficiently manage water resources for improvement and
According to Dunkley.and Pelissier [5] todays many sustainable development of agriculture and animal
dairy breeds in developed countries is reformed, their husbandry which subsequently increase availability of feed
adaptation and consistency to environment differs for animals and decrease scarcity of forages.
completely. Dairy cattle rearing by animal handlers in
Baghlan and other area is not reformed but their adaptation Graduated students and even most professors and
and consistency to the environmental condition and harsh lecturers of universities and institutions of Agriculture,
climate of areas is very well. animal science and veterinary do not have enough
knowledge about treatment and diagnosis of diseases,
V. CONCLUSION therefore Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) and
Ministry of Education (MoE) should improve infrastructures
A wide range of problems and constraints exist against in Agriculture Faculties and Institutions throughout
animal husbandry development in Baghlan Province. (1) constructing experimental farms and equipped laboratories
Genetic resource problems, (2) managerial problems, (3) to increase practical lesson for student and research
human resources problems, (4) governmental and NGOs opportunities for lecturers and professors.
services problems, (5) natural and uncontrollable disasters
and (6) higher education and institutional problems are the Animal handler are poor people, they cannot expand
most prominent problems and needs improvement and animal husbandry system and change traditional animal
resolution ways for animal husbandry development. husbandry to semi-industrial and industrial system, if the
Average milk production per dairy cattle in Baghlan government support them through giving credit and loan as
province is 7kg and most dairy cattle produce 5 kg of well as insurance, they would develop and expand animal
milk/day. Average milk consumption by every individual rearing systems.
person in Baghlan Province is 300-400 gr per day. milk

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [16]. Par, Yard, Ali. “). Milking in Dairy Farms,” Tehran,
Iran, 2007, pp.17-142
The Directorship of Agriculture, Irrigation and [17]. Pereira, P.C. “Milk nutritional composition and its role
Livestock of Baghlan Province, dairy unions and in human health. Nutrition,” PMID, 2014, pp.619-627
cooperative’s members in addition of Baghlan Dairy Factory [18]. Rashiq, Mohammad, Hassan. “Dairy Cattle
cooperated kindly and supported researchers in the area of Husbandry,” textbook for Master’s program of Kabul
data collection and shared own opinions patiently, therefore, University, 2015, pp.87-113
their cooperation warmly welcomed and greatly appreciated. [19]. Saleemi, Fazl, Hamed. “Analyzing of Production and
Marketing of Milk in Kabul City,” Master’s Thesis,
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