COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

ARASUR.
(Reaccredited by NAAC & an ISO 9001:2008 Recertified Institution)

STUDENT NAME :
ROLL NUMBER :
YEAR : III
SEMESTER : V
SUBJECT CODE / NAME : CE8511/Soil mechanics laboratory
REGULATION : 2017
BRANCH :
 V.R.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, ARASUR.
(Reaccredited by NAAC & an ISO 9001:2008 Recertified Institution)

NAME : ……………………………………………………………………….
DEPARTMENT :………………………………………………………………………..
ROLL NO :…………………………………………………………………….....

Register No.

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above Student in the

....................................................................................................................................................................................

Laboratory during the year 20 - 20

Head of the Department Lab-in-Charge

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on ..……………………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 CONTENT
PAGE.
[Link] DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARK SIGN
NO

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1 1
OF SOIL SOLIDS
DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE
2 DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL BY 5
SIEVE ANALYSIS

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT AND

3 11
PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL
DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT
4 19
OF SOILS
DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE
5 DISTRIBUTION OF SOILS 23
BY HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY OF
6 29
SOIL BY SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD
STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION
7 35
TEST
DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF
8 41
SOIL BY CONSTANT HEAD METHOD
DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF
9 45
SOIL BY VARIABLE HEAD METHOD
10 DIRECT SHEAR TEST 49
11 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 53
DETERMINATION OF UNDRAINED
12 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL BY VANE 59
SHEAR TEST

TRI-AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST IN

13 63
COHESION-LESS SOIL
DETERMINE THE CBR VALUE OF
14 COMPACTED SOIL BY CALIFORNIA 69
BEARING RATIO TEST
Ex. No: 1
Date:

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS

AIM
To determine the specific gravity of soil solids.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

Specific gravity of soil solids is the ratio of weight, in air of a given volume;
of dry soil solids to the weight of equal volume of water at 4º[Link] gravity of
soil grains gives the property of the formation of soil mass and is independent of
particle size. Specific gravity of soil grains is used in calculating void ratio,
porosity and degree of saturation, by knowing moisture content and density. The
value of specific gravity helps in identifying and classifying the soil type.

APPARATUS
1. Pycnometer
2. 450 mm sieve
3. Weighing balance
4. Oven
5. Glass rod
6. Distilled water

PROCEDURE
1. Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap. (W1)

2. Take about 200gmof oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into the
pycnometer and weigh again (W2).

3. Add sufficient de-aired water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Determine the specific gravity of soil grains (G) using the following equation

G= 𝑊2−𝑊1
(𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)

Where

W1 = Empty weight of pycnometer.

W2 = Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil

W3 = Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil+ water

W4 = Weight of pycnometer + water

OBSERVATION FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION

Sample W1 in gms W2 in gms W3 in gms W4 in gms Specific Average

Number Gravity(G) Specific
Gravity(G)

1 98 261 488 387 2.63

2 98 261 488 383 2.37 2.6

3 98 261 488 389 2.38

G= 261−98
(261−98)−(488−387)

= 163
62

= 2.63
 4. Shake the pycnometer well and remove entrapped air if any.

5. After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with water completely.

6. Thoroughly dry the pycnometer from outside and weigh it (W3).

7. Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.

8. Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to its top with cap
screw on.

9. Weigh the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly (W4).

[Link] the procedure for three samples and obtain the average value of
specific gravity.

RESULT

Average specific gravity of soil solids (G) = 2.63

Ex. No:2
Date:

DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL

BY SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM

To conduct sieve analysis of soil to classify the given coarse grained soil.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

Grain size analysis is used in the engineering classification of soils.

Particularly coarse grained soils. Part of suitability criteria of soils for road,
airfield, levee, dam and other embankment construction is based on the grain size
analysis. Information obtained from the grain size analysis can be used to predict
soil water movement. Soils are broadly classified as coarse grained soils and fine
grained soils. Further classification of coarse grained soils depends mainly on grain
size distribution and the fine grained soils are further classified based on their
plasticity properties. The grain size distribution of coarse grained soil is studied by
conducting sieve analysis.

APPARATUS

1. A set of Sieves 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm ,1.18 mm ,0.60mm, 0.30 mm

0.15 mm 0.075mm including lid and pan
2. Tray
3. Weighing Balance
4. Oven
5. Sieve Shaker
6. Brush
 OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

Weight of the soil taken for testing (W) = 1000 gm

Aperture Cumulativ
Weight of soil % Weight Percentage
[Link] Size of sieve e
retained (gm) Retained Finer
in mm Percentage
Retained

1 4.75mm 63 6.3 6.3 93.7

2 2.36mm 89 8.9 15.2 84.8

3 1.18mm 219 21.9 37.1 62.9

4 0.600mm 256 25.6 62.7 37.3

5 0.300mm 260 26.0 88.7 11.3

6 0.150mm 100 10.0 98.7 1.3

7 0.075mm 09 0.9 99.6 0.4

8 Pan 04 0.4 100 0

PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 1000gms of oven dry soil sample, of which grain size distribution has
to be studied.

2. Take the soil sample into 75μ sieve.

3. Wash the soil sample keeping it in the sieve. Washing of soil sample means:
place the soil in the sieve and gently pour water over the soil so that it wets
the soil and remove the fine particles in the form of mud, leaving only the
sand and gravel size particles in the sieve.

4. Transfer the soil retained in the sieve after washing into a tray. Invert the
sieve into the tray and pour water gently so that all the soil particles retained
in the sieve are transferred in to the tray.

5. Keep the tray in the oven for 24 hours at 105ºc to dry it completely.

6. Weigh the oven dry soil in the tray (W)

7. Clean the sieve set so that no soil particles were struck in them.

8. Arrange the sieves in order such that coarse sieve is kept at the top and the
fine sieve is at the bottom. Place the closed pan below the finest sieve.

9. Take the oven dried soil obtained after washing into the top sieve and keep
the lid to close the top sieve.

[Link] the sieve set in the sieve shaker and sieve the sample for a period of
10 minutes.
 Plot the graph between percentage finer and logarithmic grain size (mm).From the

graph, obtain the percentage of coarse, medium and fine sands.

Uniformity coefficient Cu = D60 / D10

= 0.9/0.3 = 3.00

Coefficient of Curvature Cc = (D30)2 / D60 x D10

=(0.45)2/0.3 x 0.9 = 0.75

[Link] the sieves and weigh carefully the amount of soil retained on each
sieve.

[Link] the observations in the Table and calculate the cumulative percentage
of soil retained on each sieve.

[Link] the grain size distribution curve between grain size on log scale on the
abscissa and the percentage finer on the ordinate.

RESULT

Percentage of gravel (>4.75mm) =4%

Percentage of coarse sand (4.75mm – 2.36mm) = 16%

Percentage of medium sand (2.36mm – 1.18mm) = 52 %

Percentage of fine sand (1.18mm – 0.6 mm) = 27%

Percentage of fines (<0.075mm) = 1%

Uniformity Coefficient Cu =3

Coefficient of Curvature Cc = 0.75

Ex. No: 3
Date:

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL

AIM
To determine liquid limit and plastic limit of the given soil sample.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

Liquid limit is the water content expressed in percentage at which the soil
passes from zero strength to an infinitesimal strength, hence the true value of liquid
limit cannot be determined. For determination purpose liquid limit is that water
content at which a part of soil,cut by a groove of standard dimensions, will flow
together for a distance of 12.5mm under an impact of 5 blows in a standard liquid
limit apparatus with a height of fall of 1cm.
The moisture content expressed in percentage at which the soil has the
smallest plasticity is called the plastic limit. Just after plastic limit the soil displays
the properties of a semi solid
For determination purposes the plastic limit it is defined as the water content
at which a soil just begins to crumble when rolled into a thread of 3mm in
diameter.
The values of liquid limit and plastic limit are directly used for classifying
the fine grained soils. Once the soil is classified it helps in understanding the
behavior of soils and selecting the suitable method of design construction and
maintenance of the structures made-up or and resting on soils.
APPARATUS

1. Casagrande Liquid limit device 6. Moisture content bins

2. Grooving tool 7. Drying oven

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

1. Use the table for recording number of blows and calculating the moisture

content.

Use semi-log graph paper. Take number of blows on log scale (X –Axis) and

water content on nominal scale (Y – axis). Plot all the points.

2. Read the water content at 25 blows which is the value of liquid limit.

TABLE.1 Observation for Liquid limit

Mass of the No. of

[Link] % of water content Quantity of water added (ml)
soil in gms blows
1 120 20 24 44
2 120 24 30 29
3 120 28 36 10
4 120 32 42 07
5 120 36 48 04
From graph:

Water content corresponding to 25 blows (WL) = 24.8%

Page 12 of 71
3. Glass plate 8. Sensitive balance

4. 425 micron sieve 9. Mixing bowl

5. Wash bottle 10. Spatula

PROCEDURE

(A) LIQUID LIMIT

1. Adjust the cup of liquid limit apparatus with the help of grooving tool gauge

and the adjustment plate to give a drop of exactly 1cm on the point of

contact on the base.

2. Take about 150gm of an air dried soil sample passing 425μ sieve.

3. Mix the soil thoroughly with some distilled water to form a uniform paste.

4. Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device; smooth the

surface with spatula to a maximum depth of 1 cm. Draw the grooving tool

through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool

perpendicular to the cup.

5. Turn the handle at a rate of 2 revolutions per second and count the blows

until the two parts of the soil sample come in contact with each other, at the

bottom of the groove, along a distance of 10mm.

6. Transfer about 15 gms of the soil sample forming the wedge of the groove

that flowed together to a water content bin, and determine the water content

by oven drying.

7. Transfer the remaining soil in the cup to the main soil sample in the bowl
and mix thoroughly after adding a small amount of water.
 TABLE.2 Observation for Plastic limit

[Link] Description 1 2

1 Container number 1 2
Weight of empty pan,W1
2 27.608 28.273
(gms)
Weight of pan + wet soil, W2
2 33.638 33.911
(gms)
Weight of container +dry soil,
3 32.992 33.234
W3 (gms)

Calculation: 𝑋100 %
Plastic limit of the soil (Wp) =
𝑊2−𝑊3

𝑊3−𝑊1

2
=
3 4
3.
7 .
7
4 8
5 -
−
3
3. 1
1
1 2
3
33.113−27.941
.
7
= 9
1
2 =
. 1
7 2
9 .
% 0
1
Plasticity index (IP) %
=WL - WP

=
𝑋 100
8. Repeat steps 4 – 7 .Obtain at least five sets of readings in the range of 10 –

40 blows.

9. Record the observations in the Table.

(B) PLASTIC LIMIT

1. Take about 20g of air dried soil sample passing through 425μ sieve.

2. Mix thoroughly with distilled water on the glass plate until it is plastic

enough to be shaped into a small ball.

3. Take about 10g of the plastic soil mass and roll it between the hand and the

glass plate to form the soil mass into a thread of as small diameter as

possible. If the diameter of the thread becomes less than 3 mm without

cracks, it indicates that the water added to the soil is more than its plastic

limit, hence the soil is kneaded further and rolled into thread again.

4. Repeat this rolling and re-moulding process until the thread start just

crumbling at a diameter of 3mm.

5. If the soil sample start crumbling before the diameter of thread reaches 3mm

in step 3, it shows that water added in step 2 is less than the plastic limit of

the soil. Hence, some more water should be added and mixed to a uniform

mass and rolled again, until the thread starts just crumbling at a diameter of

3mm.

6. Collect the piece of crumbled soil thread at 3mm diameter in an airtight

container and determine moisture content.

7. Repeat this procedure on the remaining masses of 10g.
 8. Record the observations in Table and obtain the average value of plastic

limit.

RESULT

1. Liquid limit of the soil = 24.8%

2. Plastic limit of the soil = 12.79%

3. Plasticity index of the soil = 12.01%

[Link]: 4

DATE

DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOILS

AIM

To determine shrinkage limit, shrinkage index and shrinkage ratio of the given
soil sample.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

● Shrinkage dish
● Glass plate with three metal brass
● Mercury
● Balance for weighing
PROCEDURE

1. About 30 gms of soil passing through 425 micron sieve is taken with
distilled water.
2. The shrinkage dish is coated with a thin layer of Vaseline .The soil sample is
placed in the dish by giving gentle taps. The top surface is surfaced with a
straight edge.
3. The shrinkage dish with wet soil is weighed. The dish is dried first in air and
then in oven.
4. The shrinkage dish is weighed with dry soil. After cleaning the shrinkage
dish its empty weight is taken.
5. An empty porcelain dish which will be useful for weighing mercury is
weighed.
6. The shrinkage dish is kept inside a large porcelain dish it is filled with
mercury and the excess is removed by pressing the plain glass plate firmly
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

TABLE 1

[Link] Description Trial 1

1 Weight of shrinkage dish, W1 (gms) 40

2 Weight of dish + wet soil pat in gms, W2 85

3 Weight of dish + dry soil pat in gms, W3 73

4 Weight of dry soil pat, Wd = (W3 – W1 ) 33

5 Weight of water present, Ww = (W2 – W3 ) 12

6 Weight of mercury filling shrinkage dish, W4 349

7 Weight of mercury displaced by dry soil pat, W5 237

Volume of wet soil pat, V1 (cm3) = (W4 / unit weight of 25.66

8
mercury)
Volume of dry soil pat, V2 (cm3) = (W5 / unit weight of 17.42
9
mercury)
Initial water content 0.35
10
(W) = Ww / Wd x 100
11 Shrinkage limit, SL (%) = 𝑊 − V1−V2 𝑋 100 10.76
Wd

12 Shrinkage ratio, SR (gm/cm3) = Wd 1.89

V2

13 Volumetric shrinkage, Vs (cm3) = (W - SL) X SR 0.46

 over the top of the dish. The contents of the shrinkage dish are transferred to
the mercury weighing dish and weighed.
7. The glass cup is kept in a large dish, filled it with over flowing mercury, the
excess is removed by pressing the glass plate with three prongs firmly over
the top of the cup.
8. It is placed in another large dish. The dry soil is placed on the surface of the
mercury and submerge it under the mercury by pressing with the glass plate
with prongs.
9. The mercury displaced by the dry soil pat is transferred to the mercury
weighing dish and weighed.

RESULT

1. Shrinkage limit of soil = 10.76%

2. Shrinkage ratio = 1.89 gm/cm3

3. Volumetric shrinkage = 0.46 cm3

[Link]
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOILS
BY HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

AIM

To conduct Hydrometer analysis of soil to study the grain size distribution

of the fine grained soil.

APPARATUS
1. Hydrometer
2. 1000 ml glass cylinder with solution
3. Evaporating dish
4. Thermometer
5. Stop watch
6. Stirrer

PROCEDURE

1. Take 50g of dry soil in an evaporating dish, add 100 ml dispersing agent,
and prepare a suspension.
2. Transfer the suspension into the cup of a mechanical stirrer, add more
distilled water and operate the stirrer for three minutes.
3. Wash the soil slurry into a cylinder and add distilled water to bring up the
level to the 1000 ml mark.
4. Cover the open and of the cylinder with a stopper and hold it securely with
the palm of the hand. Then turn the cylinder upside down and back upright
repeatedly for one minute.
5. Place the cylinder down and remove the stopper. Insert a hydrometer and
start a stop watch simultaneously. To minimize bobbing of the
TABULATION
[Link] Elapsed Hydrometer Meniscus Correct Effective Particle Percentage
time (t) reading correction hydrometer depth He in size fineness (N)
Min (Rn) reading Rn cm diameter
= Rn’ + Mc (mm)
1 30 25.8 1 26.8 8.5 0.0514 85.5
2 1 25.6 1 26.6 8.6 0.0366 84.8
3 2 25.2 1 26.2 8.8 0.0262 83.6
4 4 23.5 1 24.5 9.4 0.0191 78.1
5 8 22.5 1 23.5 9.8 0.0138 75
6 15 21.5 1 22.5 10.2 0.0103 71.8
7 30 20.5 1 21.5 10.6 0.0074 68.6
8 1hr 19.5 1 20.5 11 0.0053 65.4
9 2hr 18.5 1 19.5 11.5 0.0038 62.2
10 4hr 17.2 1 18.2 11.8 0.0028 58.1
11 8hr 16.4 1 17.4 12 0.0020 55.5
13 24hr 15.5 1 16.5 12.4 0.0012 52.6
 hydrometer, It should be released close to the reading depth. This requires
some amount of rehearsal and practice.
6. Take hydrometer readings on to upper rim of the meniscus formed by the
suspension and the hydrometer stem after time intervals of periods of 0.5,
1.2 & 4 minutes.
7. After the 4 minutes reading, remove the hydrometer slowly, and float it in
a second cylinder containing 100 ml dispersing agent and distilled water
up to 1000 ml mark.
8. Take further reading after elapsed time periods of 8, 15 and 30 minutes and
also after 1, 2, 4,
9. 8 and 24 hours. Insert the hydrometer only just before the reading and
withdraw immediately after the reading.
10. Observe and keep recording the temperature of the soil suspension.

11. Shake the solution in the second cylinder thoroughly. Insert the hydrometer
and note the meniscus correction which is the reading difference between
the top of the meniscus and the level of the solution in the cylinder when
observed along the hydrometer stem.
12. The composite correction is the difference between the top meniscus
reading and value of 1 corresponding to the usual hydrometer calibration
temperature of 27ºC. This may be positive or negative.
13. Calibrate the hydrometer to establish a relation between any reading and
its corresponding effective depth and obtain a calibration plot.
14. The effective depth is the distance from the surface of the soil suspension
to the level at which the density of the suspension is being measured.
Tabulation:
Hydrometer Effective
Height
[Link] reading depth He
(cm)
(Rn) (cm)
1 30 0.6 7.39
2 25 2.5 9.29
3 20 4.4 11.19
4 15 6.3 13.09
5 10 8.2 14.99
6 5 10 16.79
7 0 11.9 18.69
8 -5 13.4 20.19
Calibration of hydrometer:
1. Effective depth (He) = H + 0.5 (h-(vh/A))
2. Volume of hydrometer = 70ml
3. Height of bulb (h) = 16.1 cm
4. Sectional area of the jar(A) = 27.78
cm3 5. Constant 0.5 (h-(vh/A)) = 6.79
Result:
From graph
1. The percentage of silt = 28%
2. The percentage of clay = 72%
Ex. No: 6
Date:

DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL BY SAND

REPLACEMENT METHOD

AIM

To determine the field density of soil at a given location by sand

replacement method.

APPARATUS

1. Sand pouring Cylinder

2. Calibrating can
3. Metal tray with a central hole
4. Dry sand (Passing through 600 micron sieve )
5. Balance
6. Metal tray
7. Scraper tool
8. Glass plate

THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

In core cutter method the unit weight of soil obtained from direct measurement of
weight and volume of soil obtained from field. Particularly for sandy soils the core
cutter method is not possible. In such situations the sand replacement method is
employed to determine the unit weight. In sand replacement method a small
cylindrical pit is excavated and the weight of the soil excavated from the pit is
measured. Sand, whose density is known, is filled into the pit. By measuring the
weight of sand required to fill the pit and knowing the density of soil , volume of
the pit is calculated .Knowing the weight of soil excavated from the pit and the
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

TABLE 1
CALIBRATION OF UNIT WEIGHT OF SAND

Trial
[Link] Description
No 1

1 Volume of the calibrating container, V 1138

2 Weight of SPC + sand , (W1) gms 7393

Weight of SPC + sand after filling

3 conical portion on a flat surface, (W2) 7019
gms
Weight of SPC + sand after filling
4 4920
calibrating can, (W3) gms
Weight of sand required to fill cone,
5 374
(Wc = W1-W2) gms
Weight of sand required to fill cone and
6 2099
can, (Wcc= W2-W3) gms
Weight of sand in calibrating can,
7 1725
(Wcc – Wc) gms

8 Unit weight of sand, (Wcc – Wc ) g/cm3 1.516

V
volume of pit the density of soil is calculated. Therefore in this experiment there
are two stages (1) Calibration of sand density and (2) Measurement of soil density.

PROCEDURE

CALIBRATION OF SAND DENSITY

1. Measure the internal dimensions diameter (d) and height (h) of the
calibrating can and compute its internal volume V.
2. Fill the sand pouring cylinder (SPC) with sand with 1 cm top clearance to
avoid any spillover during operation and find its weight (W1)
3. Place the SPC on a glass plate, open the slit above the cone by operating the
valve and allow the sand to run down. The sand will freely run down till it
fills the conical portion. When there is no further downward movement of
sand in the SPC, close the slit.
4. Find the weight of the SPC along with the sand remaining after filling the
cone (W2)
5. Place the SPC concentrically on top of the calibrating can. Open the slit to
allow the sand to rundown until the sand flow stops by itself. This operation
will fill the calibrating can and the conical portion of the SOC. Now close
the slit and find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand(W3)
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL DENSITY

1. Clean and level the ground surface where the field density is to be
determined.
2. Place the tray with a central hole over the portion of the soil to be tested.
3. Excavate a pit into the ground, through the hole in the plate, approximately
12cm deep (Close the height of the calibrating can ) The hole in the tray will
guide the diameter of the pit to be made in the ground.
4. Collect the excavated soil into the tray and weigh the soil (W)
 TABLE 2 DETERMINATION
OF UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

Trial
[Link] Description
No 1
Weight of SPC after filling the hole and
1 3329
Conical portion, (W4) gms
Weight of sand in the hole and cone
2 1591
(W3 – W4) gms
Weight of sand in the pit
3 1217
Wp = (W3 – W4) – Wc gms
Volume of sand required to fill the pit,
4 1138
(Vp) cm3
Weight of the soil excavated from the pit,
5 1600
(W) gms
unit weight of the excavated soil, ( W )
6 1.405
Vp
g/cm3
 6. Determine the moisture content of the excavated soil.
7. Place the SPC, with sand having the latest weight of W3, over the pit so that
the base of the cylinder covers the pit concentrically.
8. Open the slit of the SPC and allow the sand to run into the pit freely, till
there is no downward movement of sand level in the SPC and then close the
slit.
9. Find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand W4.

RESULT

Field unit weight of the soil = 1.516 g/cm3

Ex. No: 7
Date:

STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

AIM

To determine Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum dry density for a

soil by conducting standard proctor compaction test.
THEORY
Compaction is the process of densification of soil mass, by reducing air
voids under dynamic loading. On the other hand though consolidation is also a
process of densification of soil mass but it is due to the expulsion of water under
the action of continuously acting static load over a long period.
The degree of compaction of a soil is measured in terms of its dry density.
The degree of compaction mainly depends upon its moisture content during
compaction, compaction energy and the type of soil. For a given compaction
energy, every soil attains the maximum dry density at a particular water content
which is known as optimum moisture content (OMC)
APPLICATIONS
Compaction of soil increases its dry density, shear strength and bearing
capacity. The compaction of soil decreases its void ratio permeability and
settlements. The results of this test are useful in studying the stability earthen
structures like earthen dams, embankments roads and airfields .In such
constructions the soils are compacted. The moisture content at which the soils are
to be compacted in the field is estimated by the value of optimum moisture content
determined by the Proctor compaction test.
APPARATUS
1. Cylindrical mould of capacity 1000cc ,internal diameter 100mm and
height 127.3 mm
2. Rammer

3. Mould accessories
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

1. Enter all the observations in Table and calculate the wet density.

2. Calculate the dry density by using the equation

3. Plot the moisture content on X axis and dry density on Y axis .Draw a

smooth curve passing through the points called compaction curve.

4. Read the point of maximum dry density and corresponding water content

from the compaction curve.

Diameter of the mould, d = 10 cm

Volume of the mould, v = 1005.3 cm3

Height of the mould, h = 12.8 cm

Weight of the mould, W1 = 4236 gms

 4. Balance
5. Graduated jar
6. Straight edge
7. Spatula
8. Oven
9. Moisture bins

PROCEDURE
1. Take about 3 kg of air dried soil
2. Sieve the soil through 20mm sieve. Take the soil that passes through the
sieve for testing
3. Take 2.5 kg of the soil and add water in it, to bring its moisture content upto
4% in coarse grained soils and 8% in case of fine grained soils
4. Clean, dry and grease the mould and base plate. Weigh the mould with base
plate. Fit the collar.
5. Compact the wet soil in three equal layers by the rammer with 25 evenly
distributed blows in each layer.
6. Remove the collar and trim off the soil flush with the top of the mould. In
removing the collar rotate it to break the bond between it and the soil before
lifting it off the mould.
7. Clean the outside of the mould and weigh the mould with soil and base plate.
8. Remove the soil from the mould and obtain a representative soil sample
from the bottom, middle and top for water content determination
9. Repeat the above procedure with 8, 12, 16 and 210 % of water contents
for coarse grained soil and 14, 18, 22 and 26 % for fine grained soil
samples approximately. The above moisture contents are given only for
guidance. However, the moisture contents may be selected based on
experience so
 TABLE.1
Water
content by Weight of Weight of soil, Dry density
Bulk density 𝜸
the weight of mould with W = W 2 – W1 𝜸=𝑾 𝜸𝒅 =
𝑽 𝟏+𝑾
dry soil soil, W2 (gms) (gms) (gm/cm ) 3

in% c/c (gm/cm3)

4 80 6056 1820 1.810 1.740

6 120 6157 1921 1.91 1.801

8 160 6245 2009 1.998 1.85

10 200 6296 2060 2.049 1.863

12 240 6342 2106 2.094 1.87

14 280 6376 2140 2.128 1.867

 that, the dry density of soil shows the increase in moisture content. Each trial
should be performed on a fresh sample.

RESULT

1. Optimum Moisture Content OMC (%) = 12%

2. Maximum dry density (𝜸𝒅) = 1.870 gm/cm3

Ex. No: 8
Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY BY

CONSTANT HEAD METHOD

AIM
To determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil by conducting
constant head method by using Jodhpur permeameter.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

The property of the soil which permits water to percolate through its
continuously connected voids is called its permeability .Water flowing through the
soil exerts considerable seepage forces which has direct effect on the safety of
hydraulic structures. The quantity of water escaping through and beneath and
earthen dam depends on the permeability of the embankment and the foundation
soil respectively. The rate of settlement of foundation depends on the permeability
properties of the foundation soil.

APPARATUS
1. Permeability apparatus with accessories

2. Stop watch
3. Measuring jar
4. Beaker
5. Straight edge

PROCEDURE

1. Compact the soil into the mould at a given dry density and moisture content
by a suitable device. Place the specimen centrally over the bottom porous
disc and filter paper.
2. Place a filter paper, porous stone and washer on top of the soil sample and
fix the top collar.
 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Calculate the coefficient of permeability of soil using the equation
K = QL / Ath
Where
K = Coefficient of permeability
Q = Quantity of water collected in time t sec (cc) t
= Time required (sec)
A = Cross sectional area of the soil sample ([Link]) h
= Constant hydraulic head (cm)
L = Length of soil sample (cm)

TABLE 1
(i) Length of soil sample (cm) = 12.7 cm
(ii) Area of soil sample ([Link]) = 𝜋 𝑥 d2/4 = 𝜋 x 10 x 10/4
= 78.53cm2

[Link] Hydraulic Time Quantity of Coefficient of

head interval Water Permeability(cm/sec)
h in cm T (sec) collected(cc)
1 10 134 450 0.0543
2 20 220 730 0.0268
3 30 441 1500 0.01833
3. Connect the stand pipe to the inlet of the top plate. Fill the stand pipe with
water.
4. Connect the reservoir with water to the outlet at the bottom of the mould and
allow the water to flow through and ensure complete saturation of the
sample.
5. Open the air valve at the top and allow the water to flow out so that the air in
the cylinder is removed.
6. When steady flow is reached, collect the water in a measuring flask for a
convenient time intervals by keeping the head constant. The constant head of
flow is provided with the help of constant head reservoir
7. Repeat the for three more different time intervals
RESULT
Coefficient of permeability of the given soil sample = 0.03314 cm/s
Ex. No: 9
Date:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY BY

VARIABLE HEAD METHOD

AIM

To determine the coefficient of permeability of a given soil sample by

conducting Variable head test.

THEORY AND APPLICATION

The property of the soil which permits water to percolate through its
continuously connected voids is called its permeability .Water flowing through the
soil exerts considerable seepage forces which has direct effect on the safety of
hydraulic structures. The quantity of water escaping through and beneath and
earthen dam depends on the permeability of the embankment and the foundation
soil respectively. The rate of settlement of foundation depends on the permeability
properties of the foundation soil.

APPARATUS
1. Permeability apparatus with accessories

2. Stop watch
3. Measuring jar
4. Funnel
PROCEDURE

1. Compact the soil into the mould at a given dry density and moisture content
by a suitable device. Place the specimen centrally over the bottom porous
disc and filter paper.
2. Place a filter paper, porous stone and washer on top of the soil sample and
fix the top collar.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Calculate the coefficient of permeability of soil using the equation.
K = 2.303 al / At log 10 (h1/h2)
K = Coefficient of permeability a
= Area of stand pipe ([Link])
t = Time required for the head to fall from h1 to h2 (sec) A
= Cross sectional area of the soil sample ([Link])
L = Length of soil sample (cm)
h1 = Initial head of water in the stand pipe above the water level in the reservoir
(cm)
h2 = final head of water in the stand pipe above the water level in the reservoir
(cm)
(i) Diameter of the stand pipe (cm) =2 cm

(ii) Cross sectional area of stand pipe ([Link]) = 3.145 cm2

(iii) Length of soil sample (cm) = 12.7 cm
(iv) Diameter of soil sample (cm) = 10 cm
(v) Area of soil sample ([Link]) = 78.50 cm2

[Link] Initial head Final head Time interval Coefficient of

h1 in cm h 2 in cm t (sec) Permeability(cm/sec)
1 100 90 85 0.015
2 90 80 323 4.079 x 10-3
3 80 70 360 3.178 x 10-3
4 70 60 439 4.35 x 10-3
3. Connect the stand pipe to the inlet of the top plate. Fill the stand pipe with
water.
4. Connect the reservoir with water to the outlet at the bottom of the mould and
allow the water to flow through and ensure complete saturation of the
sample.
5. Open the air valve at the top and allow the water to flow out so that the air in
the cylinder is removed.
6. Fix the height h1 and h2 on the pipe from the top of water level in the
reservoir
7. When all the air has escaped, close the air valve and allow the water from
the pipe to flow through the soil and establish a steady flow.
8. Record the time required for the water head to fall from h1 to h2.
9. Change the height h1 and h2 and record the time required for the fall of
head.

RESULT
Coefficient of permeability of the given soil sample at 270c = 6.234 x 10-3 cm/sec
Ex. No: 10

Date:
DIRECT SHEAR TEST

AIM

To determine the angle of shearing resistance of the given soil sample.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Direct shear box apparatus

2. Loading frame (motor attached).
3. Dial gauge.
4. Proving ring.
5. Tamper.
6. Straight edge.
7. Balance to weigh upto 200 mg.
8. Weights

PROCEDURE

1. The shear box assembly is put together using pin

2. The bottom grid plat is placed in position, so that then groove in the grid
plate should be perpendicular to the direction of shear
3. The top grid plate loading pad is placed in layers and each layer is tamped to
the density.
4. The normal load frame is placed on the loading pad.
5. The proving ring is set to read zero.
6. The required normal load is applied.
7. The pins from shear box assembly is removed.
 OBSERVATION AND TABULATION
Cross-sectional area of the specimen = 6 x 6 = 36 cm2
Proving ring constant = 0.246 N

ACTUAL NORMAL PROVING RING DIAL SHEAR LOAD AT SHEAR STRESS AT

LOAD
STRESS READING (DIV) FAILURE (Kg) FAILURE (Kg/cm2)
(Kg)

1.4 0.10 39 9.59 0.27

2.8 0.20 54 13.28 0.37
4.2 0.30 63 15.50 0.43

Shear load at failure = Proving ring dial reading X Proving ring constant

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Shear stress at failure = 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

From graph,
Normal shear stress = 0.2 kg/mm2
Shear stress failure = 0.15 kg/mm2

θ= tan-1 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
 8. The separating screw is turned to have a gap of 1mm between the two
handle
9. The hand wheel is rotated to apply the shear load.

[Link] maximum deflection is recorded in the proving ring which gives the
maximum shear stress.
11. The shear load is released, the normal load and the shear box is
removed. [Link] test is repeated with a fresh sample of soil for other normal
loads.
[Link] graph between the shear stress and the corresponding shear stress at
failure is drawn.
[Link] shear parameter is founded out from graph.

RESULT

Shear parameter of given sample

1. Cohesion (C) =0
2. Angle of shear resistance (φ) = 36052’11.63”
Ex. No: 11

Date:
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION
TEST
AIM

To determine shear parameter of cohesive soil

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Loading frame

2. Proving ring

3. Soil trimmer

4. Frictionless end plats

5. Evaporating dish

6. Soil sample

7. Dual gauge

8. Venire calliper

FORMULA

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛(𝑒) =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
1−
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
OBSERVATION
Diameter of the specimen = 38 mm
Area of the specimen = 1136.11 mm2
Height of the specimen = 68 mm
Weight of the specimen = 143 gms
Proving ring constant 1division = 2.65 N
Deformation dial least count 1 division= 0.01 mm
TABULATION
Deformation dial Proving
reading Strai Compression
dial Load Corrected
[Link] n ‘e’ stress
reading (w) area mm2
Division mm X10-3 X10-3
(division
)
1 50 0.5 7.35 14 37.14 1142 32.50

2 100 1.0 14.7 21 55.67 1151 48.60

3 150 1.5 22.107 24 63.62 1159 54.85

4 200 2.0 29.47 26 68.93 1168 58.98

5 250 2.5 36.76 27 71.58 1177 60.72

6 300 3.0 44.11 28 74.29 1186 62.56

7 350 3.5 51.47 28.5 75.55 1196 63.70

8 400 4.0 58.82 28.5 75.55 1205 62.69

9 450 4.5 66.17 28.5 75.55 1215 62.20

10 500 5.0 73.5 28.0 74.28 1224 60.60

11 550 5.5 80.8 27.5 72.9 1233 59.00

12 600 6.0 88.2 27.5 72.9 1243 58.00

13 650 6.5 73.2 27.0 71.57 1253 57.00

PROCEDURE

1. Take two friction less bearing plates of 75mm diameters

2. Place the specimen on the base plate of the load frame

3. Place a hardened steel ball on the bearing plate

4. Adjust the centre line of the specimen such that the proving ring and the

steel ball are in the same line.

5. Fix the dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the specimen.

6. Adjust the gear position on the load frame to give suitable vertical

displacement.

7. Start applying the load and record the reading of the proving ring dial and

compression dial every 5mm compression.

8. Continue loading till failure is complete.

CALCULATION

1. Strain (e) = 7.33 x 10-3

2. Load = 37.114 N

3. Corrected area = 32.50 x 10-3

4. Compression stress = 32.50 x 10-3

RESULT

Compression stress = 32.50 x 10-3 N/mm2.

Ex. No: 12

Date:
DETERMINATION OF UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL BY
VANE SHEAR TEST

AIM

To determine the un-drained shear strength of soil by conducting

laboratory vane shear test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

✰ Vane shear apparatus

✰ Specimen

✰ Specimen containers

✰ Measuring jar

FORMULA

Torque at failure, T = Kθ .kgcm

= 𝑇
Shear strength kg/cm3
1. Single
shear 𝑟
𝐻 𝑑
𝑠
𝜋𝑑 [ 2 + ]
2

12 kg/cm3
= 𝑇
2. Double
shear 𝑟
 𝐷 2 𝐻 𝑑 𝜋𝑑 [ 2 +6]

where,
K = Spring Constant on kgcm θ
= Angle of twist in radians h =
height of vane in cm
d = diameter of vane in cm
OBSERVATION

Diameter of vane (d) = 1.2 cm

Height of the vane (H) = 2.4 cm

Spring constant (K) = 2 kg, 4kg

Type of soil = cohesive soil

TABULATION

Nature of Angle of twist (θ) Torque

Spring Shear
the at
Initial Final constant strength
penetration Difference failure
reading reading
Fully
penetration
4kg 280 342 62 4 4.33 0.684
2kg 120 212 92 2 3.21 0.506
Partially
penetration
4kg 119 162 43 4 3.00 0.510
2kg 136 225 89 2 3.11 0.529
PROCEDURE

1. Prepare two or three specimen of the soil sample of dimension

of at-least 37.5mm diameter and 75mm length in specimen.

2. Mount the specimen containers with the specimen on the base

of the vane shear apparatus. If the specimen container is closed at one end, it

should be provided with a hole of about 1mm diameter at the bottom.

3. Gently lower the shear vanes into the specimen to their full

length without disturbing the soil specimen. The top of the vanes should be

at-least 10mm below the top of the specimen. Note the readings of the angle of

twist.

4. Rotate the vanes at a uniform rate say 0.1% by suitable

operating torque application handle until the specimen fails.

5. Note the final reading of the angle of twist.

6. Find the value of blade height in cm.

7. Find the value of blade width in cm.

RESULT
The shear strength of the given soil sample at 25% water content

Partially penetration = 0.520 kg/cm2.

Fully penetration = 0.595 kg/cm2.
Ex. No: 13
Date:

TRI-AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST IN COHESION-LESS SOIL

AIM
Since the shear strength of a soil is determined in terms of the total
stress in this test (the total stress being equal to the effective stress plus the
pore pressure), the strength depends on the pressure developed in the pore
fluid during loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

✰ Platform Weighing Scale Equipped With A Screw-Jack

Activated-Load Yoke;

✰ Deadweight Load Apparatus;

✰ Hydraulic Or Pneumatic Loading Device

PROCEDURE
⮚ Position the specimen in the chamber and assemble the tri-axial
chamber
⮚ Bring the axial load piston into contact with the specimen cap
several times to permit proper seating and alignment of the piston
with the cap.
⮚ During this procedure, take care not to apply a deviator stress to the
specimen exceeding 0.5% of the estimated compressive strength.
⮚ If the weight of the piston is sufficient to apply a deviator stress to the
specimen exceeding 0.5% of the estimated compressive strength: the
piston should be locked in place above the specimen cap after checking
the seating and alignment; and left locked until application of the
chamber pressure.
⮚ Place the chamber in position in the axial loading device.
⮚ Carefully align the axial loading device, the axial load-measuring
device, and the tri-axial chamber to prevent the application of a lateral
force to the piston during testing.
⮚ Attach the pressure-maintaining and measurement device.
⮚ Fill the chamber with the confining fluid to a predetermined level.
⮚ Adjust the pressure-maintaining and measurement device to the
desired chamber pressure and apply pressure to the chamber fluid.
⮚ If the axial load-measuring device is located outside the tri-axial
chamber, the chamber will produce an upward force on the piston that
will react against the axial loading device. In this case, start the test
with piston slightly above the specimen cap, and before the piston
comes in contact with the specimen cap, measure and record the initial
piston friction and upward thrust of the piston produced by the
chamber pressure. Later correct the measured axial load, or adjust the
axial load-measuring device to compensate for the friction and thrust.
⮚ If the axial load-measuring device is located inside the chamber, it
will not be necessary to correct or compensate for the uplift force
acting on the axial loading device or for piston friction.
⮚ In either case, record the initial reading on the deformation
indicator when the piston contacts the specimen cap.
⮚ Approximately 10 minutes after the application of chamber
pressure begin to apply the axial load to produce axial strain at a
rate of approximately:
▪ 1%/minute for plastic materials
 ▪ 0.3%/minute for brittle materials that achieve
maximum deviator stress at approximately 3–6%
strain.
⮚ At these rates, the elapsed time to reach maximum deviator stress
will be approximately 15–20 minutes

Result
The tri-axial compression test were studied.
 Ex. No: 14
Date:
DETERMINE THE CBR VALUE OF COMPACTED SOIL BY
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
AIM

To determine the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of a compacted soil sample

in the laboratory in un-soaked state.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
⮚ CBR Mould
⮚ Steel Cutting collar
⮚ Displacer block
⮚ Surcharge weight
⮚ Dial gauges
⮚ IS Sieves
⮚ Loading frame
FORMULA
× 100 %
1. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) =

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑡
𝑎
2. CBR at 2.5 mm penetration
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 2.5𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑛
𝑑
𝑎
𝑟
𝑑
𝑙
𝑜
𝑎
𝑑

3. CBR at 5.0 mm penetration

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 5.0𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=
× 100 %
× 100 %
PROCEDURE
▪ Normally 3 specimens each of about 7 kg must be completed so that
their compacted densities range from 95% - 100% generally with 10, 30
and 65 blows.
▪ Weigh of empty mould.
▪ Add water to the first specimen and after compaction remove he collar
and level the surface.
▪ Take sample for determination of moisture content.
 Observation:
Providing ring constant = 3.75 kg
Penetration Load
Divisions mm Divisions mm
50 0.5 18 67.5
100 1.0 23 86.25
150 1.5 26 97.5
200 2.0 29 108.75
250 2.5 32 120
300 3.0 34 127.5
350 3.5 37 138.75
400 4.0 39 146.25
450 4.5 42 157.5
500 5.0 44 165
550 5.5 46 172.5
600 6.0 49 183.75

Table.1
Standard load used in CBR test

Penetration of plunger Standard load

[Link]
in mm Kg N
1 2.5 1370 13440
2 5 2055 20160
3 7.5 2630 25800
4 10 3180 31196
5 12.5 3600 35316

Calculation: CBR of 5.0 mm penetration = 165

2055
CBR of 2.5 mm penetration = 120

1370
× 100 = 8.76 %

× 100 = 8.03 %
 ▪ Weight of mould + compacted specimen and place the mould in the
soaking tank for 4 days.
▪ Take other samples and apply different blows and repeat the whole
process.
▪ After 4 days measure the swell reading and find % of swell.
▪ Remove the mould from the tank and allow water to drain.
▪ Then place the specimen under the penetration piston and place
surcharge load of 10 lb.
▪ Apply the load and note the penetration load values.
▪ Plot the graph by taking penetration in X-axis and load in Y-axis.

Result: The CBR value of given soil sample

corresponding

i. 2.5 mm penetration = 8.76%

ii. 5.0 mm penetration = 8.03%